Науковий журнал Львівського державного університету безпеки життєдіяльності «Львівський філологічний часопис».

№ 7, 2020
Scientific journal of the Lviv State University of Life Safety “Philological Periodical of Lviv”. № 7, 2020

UDC 81.111’42
DOI https://doi.org/10.32447/2663-340X-2020-7.16

POETIC MEANS OF REVEALING UNCERTAINTY

IN POSTMODERN EXPERIMENTAL TEXTS

Zavarynska Maria Serhiivna

Postgraduate Student at the Department of Translation Studies and Contrastive Linguistics
named after Hryhoriy Kochur
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
Universytetska Street, 1, Lviv, Ukraine
This article deals with the notion of “poetics”, “rhizome”, poetic means of uncertainty revealing through
rhizome principles in postmodern experimental texts (PET). Literature as an experiment is typical for postmodern
philosophy (ХХ–ХХІ с.), a period of irreversible changes in culture, spirituality, science, politics, economics and
social tendencies in general. Postmodernism is an outlook that reflects tendencies and benchmarks of contemporary
society and an emergence of experimental texts is a logical stage in literature development. The basic statement of the
research is that a word in a literary context of PET is enriched by meanings and starts to function in a specific entity
called rhizome – a fundamental category of postmodern outlook. Rhizome as a flexible, non-linear, non-hierarchical
system of text formation produces uncertainty. It is proved that uncertainty leads to multiplicity of meanings which
enables the author to “play” with the reader and leaves open the possibility of free text interpretation. A text
form, not text content, plays the main role in PET. The reader should use critical thinking due to difficulties in
reading PET such as multiplicity of realities, interpretations and which are seemed to be intentionally created by
the author. The research demonstrates that uncertainty can be realized by the following poetic means: lipogram,
pangram (holoalphabetic sentence), mondegreen, antithesis, personification and some rhizome principles that
include multiplicity (intertextuality means), connection and heterogeneity, “asignifying rupture”, cartography and
decalcomania (applying of antimyth, mythologeme). The article research makes a contribution to the study and
development of universal methods of revealing uncertainty through poetic means in PET.
Key words: poetics, uncertainty, rhizome, postmodernism, experimental text.

Introduction. Poststructural philosophy of research. PET of different ХХ–ХХІ C. authors

ХХ–ХХІ c. has influenced greatly contemporary serve as illustrative material for revealing poetic
literature, which under these circumstances has means of uncertainty.
become totally experimental. Wide spread of PET The aim of the article is to examine poetic means
is caused, to my mind, by readers’ postmodern of revealing uncertainty in PET. The aim requires
outlook, in which experiment is taken as a basic realization of the following tasks: to identify the
method of investigation, on one hand, and their notions of “poetics”, “rhizome”, “uncertainty”,
ability to produce multiplicity of answers and to define uncertainty as the basic feature of PET.
meanings, on the other. Despite the fact that there The object of the article is a range of poetic means
is a number of researches dedicated to poetic which create uncertainty in PET.
peculiarities of postmodern literary texts, these Research findings. PET as a literary genre is a
issues leave much to be clarified, particularly in logical stage in the development of contemporary
poetic essence of PET. literary process which is greatly influenced by
Theoretical framework. Poetic analysis of postmodern outlook. The term “PET” includes
PET seems to be fruitful while revealing specific postmodern prose genres (antinovel, short-
“aesthetics of chaos” of PET created by uncertainty short story, “hint” fiction, purple prose etc.) and
as the key feature of those texts. Scientific works postmodern poetry genres (palindrome, acrostic,
of postmodern classicists and theorists such as visual poetry, holorime, concrete poetry etc.).
G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, R. Barthes, M. Foucault, PET emerges as a product of innovation period
J. Derrida, J.-F. Lyotard are analyzed and taken in human history in all spheres of everyday life
as theoretical basis of the article. In particular the and the non-stop IT development raging from the
latest researches of O. A. Babelyuk, I. A. Bekhta, second half of the ХХ c. to the beginning of the XXI
O. V. Kolyasa dedicated to genre and stylistic C. While creating PET the author violates classic
investigation of postmodern literary texts as well canons of text formation combining formerly
as exploration of rhizome and its principles applied incompatible genres, styles, extraordinary forms
to such texts are also of great importance for this and wordplay.

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 Zavarynska M. S. Poetic means of revealing uncertainty in postmodern experimental texts

A distinctive characteristic of postmodern outlook The concept of J. Derrida, a French philosopher,

is rhizome (from Ancient Greek: rhízōma “mass is considered to be the basis in postmodern theory.
of roots”), a notion that implies non-linear method According to J. Derrida, “the world is the text,
of entity arrangement. Rhizome is a fundamental and the text is the only possible model of reality”,
postmodern category in the course of postmodern art which is not original, not new. That’s why a French
study in general and postmodern poetics in particular, philosopher R. Barthes introduced the notion
which produces such specific features of PET as of “the death of the author” which refers to the
simulation, irony, fragmentation, decentering, and multiplicity of a postmodern text caused by the
uncertainty among them. By the way, a concept reader not by the author (the essay “The Death of
of rhizome was firstly represented by French the Author”, 1968) [17]. Hence, any postmodern
philosophers G. Deleuze and F. Guattari in their text is a specific, unique expression of “global
“Capitalism and Schizophrenia” (1972–1980) project writing”, produced by a team work of the reader
[10]. It is based on the comparison of rhizome and a and the author as an example of their experimental
tree: while a tree is ruled by linearity and hierarchy, interrelations.
rhizome is unbounded and distributed. Rhizome is a The notion of experimental literature (EL)
means that denotes an alternative to closed and static appeared in XVIII C. and signified literary texts
structures with an axial orientation. The culture of in prose genre, with such features as innovative
“tree structure” includes classic genres and outlook technique and writing style. The first experimental
while “rhizome structure” is a non-linear connection text is considered to be the novel of L. Sterne “The
between the world and culture which produces Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman”
multiplicity of relations and symbioses. (1759) [14] due to its violation of novel cannons of
There is a number of principles of rhizome that time, extraordinary text structure and rhizome
formation typical for PET. Among them: narration which became the basis of antinovel
multiplicity (never-ending game of meaning principles.
diffusion where narration lines link the author, An experiment, which lies in the heart of PET,
the reader, the characters), connection and is a justified method of cognition in all spheres of
heterogeneity (no dominant point in a text that life because of its universality, particularly in the
dictates a single meaning, one point of a “root” can context of postmodern vision. EL, at its core, is
be connected to the other), “asignifying rupture” a specific innovative activity of the author aimed
(ripped root of rhizome continues growing and to rebirth a literary language, the role of the
doesn’t mean incompleteness but a new twist, author and approaches of text perception. The key
for example, unfinished plot line make the reader features of PET include: displaying the unreal
create the ending of his own, to his liking), world, experimenting with typography and format
cartography and decalcomania (rhizome is a of the text, mixing several genres in one literary
map with multiplicity of entrances rather than a text, developing reader’s critical thinking.
calque which copies). In the most general sense Thus, uncertainty in PET may be viewed in two
a rhizome concept may be applied as a scheme ways: as an unintentional result of the experimenting
of connection among different types of scientific with a text and as a number of specific poetic
knowledge becoming a flexible method of means used by the author intentionally to create
investigation. All these abovementioned rhizome multiplicity of textual meaning and entertain the
principles form uncertainty, which became a reader. In both cases uncertainty in PET creates
dominant feature of PET. a unique “aesthetics of chaos” which becomes an
The uncertainty phenomenon is interpreted as inexhaustible source for an analysis of its poetics.
a key feature of a postmodern literary text in the By the way, under poetic analysis of PET we mean
context of postmodern poetics. Under its influence poetic means which are tricky applied in order to
the meaning of the text is not on the surface, not form literary peculiarities of PET.
simply hiding but try to “escape” from a reader [1]. In ancient times the term “poetics” (from Greek
Such outstanding post-structuralism theorists as “poietike” - creative, productive) [16] meant the
U. Eco, I. Hassan, F. Jameson, E. Kafalenos consider study about fiction. In a broader sense poetics is
uncertainty to be the fundamental characteristic regarded as a theory of literature, in a narrow sense
of postmodernism in general. Application of it can be interpreted as the investigation of literary
uncertainty to linguistics, namely to postmodern language (stylistic expressive means and stylistic
poetics is possible due to indeterminism philosophy devices) of any literary text of any author. The
of a free will which emerged in ancient times. That direct aim of poetics is investigation of principles
is owing to a possibility of a free text interpretation of literary text formation through description and
performed by the reader. classification of different poetic means.

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Науковий журнал Львівського державного університету безпеки життєдіяльності «Львівський філологічний часопис». № 7, 2020
Scientific journal of the Lviv State University of Life Safety “Philological Periodical of Lviv”. № 7, 2020

Poetics is divided into “general poetics” that constrained writing or word game consisting of
investigates author’s literary approaches to express writing paragraphs or longer works in which a
the idea in a text and rules of combination of these particular letter or group of letters is avoided [13].
approaches. Literary devices or poetic means can The plot of M. Dunn’s novel is presented through
be classified according to levels where the idea of a mail or notes sent between various characters.
text is located; “descriptive poetics”, which deals The book is called “progressively lipogrammatic”
with the description of structure of literary text which means that during the development of the
when separate levels and parts considered to be a story more and more letters of the alphabet are
single whole; “historical poetics” that examines excluded from the characters' writing. As letters
the development of literary devices and categories disappear, the novel becomes more and more
of a particular epoch. phonetically or creatively spelled. Thus, the base of
Poetics of PET is based on rhizome approach the plot of “Ella Minnow Pea” are the pangrams,
and reveals the emergence of new hybrid literary or holoalphabetic sentences (from Greek: “every
forms. That’s why the poetics of postmodern texts letter” - a sentence using every letter of a given
is connected with such metaphorical characteristics alphabet at least once): “The quick brown fox
as “disharmonious harmony”, “assymetrical jumps over the lazy dog” and “Pack my box with
symmetry”, “dualism poetics” etc. [4, 118]. five dozen liquor jugs” (4).
According to V. Ivanov [3, 936-943], in the most Postmodern authors of PET also use mondegreen
general sense poetics is a study that examines (a mishearing or misinterpretation of a phrase as a
literary text structure/formation and system of result of near-homophony, in a way that gives it a
aesthetic devices applied to it. Uncertainty, as new meaning) which can be also considered as a
plurality of meanings, or the so called “lexical device of uncertainty [2][9]. The term mondegreen
polyphony”, can be created by means of wide was created by S. Wright in 1954 who had misheard
poetic context which may cover a text passage or the lyric “laid him on the green” in the Scottish
the whole text [6, 135]. ballad “The Bonny Earl of Murray” as “Lady
The theory of J. Cazares, Y. Naida, O. Savchenko Mondegreen” [18].
claims that compatibility is the key reason why a Rhizome principle of multiplicity can be
word in each context gets different meanings. The realized with the usage of intertextuality, the
essential feature of poetic style is the compatibility notion firstly presented by J. Kristeva and signifies
of poetic means but compatibility of different the shaping of a text's meaning by another text
meanings is perceived as intentional multiplicity. [12]. As the example one can choose an absurdist
Narrow context offers one meaning while wide play “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead” by
context produces a number of associations T. Stoppard (1966) in which the author uses two
and connotations [5, 27]. This multiplicity minor characters from W. Shakespeare's “Hamlet”
of interpretations leads to “desctruction of (1599-1601). Furthermore, “Hamlet” is based on
expected connotations”. Text formation became a legend of Amleth, what we might call “double
extraordinary to such an extent that the reader often intertextuality”.
feels cheated and confused during identifying an “CLAUDIUS: Welcome, dear Rosencrantz…
appropriate meaning of a word. (he raises a hand at GUIL while ROS bows – GUIL
As an example of an experiment with poetic bows late and hurriedly.)… and Guildenstern. (He
means let’s consider M. Kington’s bizarre raises a hand at ROS while GUIL bows to him –
holorime (from Greek: a form of rhyme where two ROS is still straightening up from his previous bow
very similar sequence of sounds can form phrases and half way up he bows down again. With his
composed of slightly or completely different words head down, he twists to look at GUIL, who is on
and with different meanings [11] “A Scottish the way up.) Moreover that we did much long to
Lowlands Holiday Ends in Enjoyable Inactivity” see you, the need we have to use you did provoke
(2003): “In Ayrshire hill areas, a cruise, eh, lass?” our hasty sanding (ROS and GUIL still adjusting
Inertia, hilarious, accrues, helas!” (1). “Helas” is their clothing for CLAUDIUS’S presence.)” (5).
an exclamation of woe or disappointment, related T. Stoppard creates his own W. Shakespeare's like
to alas. Backwords both lines are pronounced lines, but sometimes leaves the text directly from
almost identically ("In Ayrshire" is pronounced original version. The reading of such text requires
roughly like "iTertia"). additional knowledge of the reader who should have
The novel by M. Dunn “Ella Minnow Pea”, or read “Hamlet” before to understand the purpose of
“Ella Minnow Pea: a progressively lipogrammatic Stoppard’s commentary on it. As we can observe,
epistolary fable” (2001) impresses with its structure. such experimental intertextual insertings compose
Lipogram (from Greek: “leaving out a letter”) is a specific textual structure, style, polyphony and

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 Zavarynska M. S. Poetic means of revealing uncertainty in postmodern experimental texts

serve as linkers among other texts, expanding text “An outburst of anger near the road, a refusal
boarders and understanding to endlessness. to speak on the path, a silence in the pine woods,
Rhizome principle of cartography and a silence across the old railroad bridge, an
decalcomania can be realized due to the attempt to be friendly in the water, a refusal to
usage of antimyth, a belief or system that end the argument on the flat stones, a cry of anger
opposes a myth or myths [7]. There is “an on the steep bank of dirt, a weeping among the
underlying commonality” to myth and ritual of bushes” (2).
traditional societies and the antimyth of modern, “The Outing” serves as the skeleton of a story
technological society [10, 86]. in which emerges an opposition between nature
Applaying antimyth suggests the usage of a landscapes and human problems. The aim of
traditional mythologeme (a basic core element, antithesis applying here is displaying of nature
motif or theme of a myth) with “rebound effect”. superiority over a human.
For example, a postmodern American writer Conclusions. The concept of rhizome is essential
D. DeLillo’s in his novel “Cosmopolis” (2003) in PET formation where the key feature is uncertainty.
uses a mythologeme of New York city by analogy Therefore, during PET formation the author and
of J. Joice’s mythologeme of Dublin in the novel the reader enter the “bilateral negotiations” which
“Ulysses” (1922). In “Cosmopolis” New York city produce special reality with specific poetics when
is not only the place of the odyssey but also acts as the linear plot is dismissed in favor of fragmentation.
the main character. The big city determines the fate Each poetic mean can be interpreted differently due
of people who are only parts of it and transform to the context that, for its part, acquires “multiple
their personalities. The image of big city makes the shades” soaked in uncertainty. Reading of PET
impression of ominous and dark place: “The city requires skills to navigate in the text field. The sense
eats and sleeps noise. It makes noise out of every of poetic analysis lies in investigation of a text taking
century” (3, 71). Thus, we observe personification into account its literary, compositional and plot
(an anthropomorphic metaphor, occurs when a peculiarities. Poetic analysis enables to infer how
thing or abstraction is represented as a person) [15]. the combination of poetic means can influence on
Another example of an experiment with poetic the image. Uncertainty can be realized by rhizome
means is a book of very short stories called “Almost principles such as multiplicity, connection and
No Memory” (1997) by L. Davis who considered heterogeneity, “asignifying rupture”, cartography
to be a crowned master of the very short story of and decalcomania. Results of the research in the
modern times. For instance, in the very short story article represents the value in exploring of universal
“The Outing” there is an applying of antithesis methods of revealing uncertainty through poetic
(from Greek “setting opposite”, a figure of speech means in PET. Thus, the perspective of further
involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, research is to investigate different poetic means of
words, clauses, or sentences within a balanced revealing uncertainty in the context of the latest PET
grammatical structure. Parallelism of expression and work out methods which help to monitor that
serves to emphasize opposition of ideas) [8]: “desctruction of expected connotations” in PET.

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ПОЕТИКА НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ В ПОСТМОДЕРНІСТСЬКИХ

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНИХ ТЕКСТАХ

Заваринська Марія Сергіївна

аспірант кафедри перекладознавства і контрастивної лінгвістики імені Григорія Кочура
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
вул. Університетська, 1, Львів, Україна
У статті розглянуто поняття “поетика”, “ризома”, засоби вираження невизначеності як ключової риси
постмодерністських експериментальних текстів (ПЕТ). Література як експеримент притаманна концепції філософії
постмодернізму (ХХ-ХХІ ст.), періоду потоку незворотних змін у культурі, духовності, науці, політиці, економіці
та соціальних тенденцій загалом. Постмодернізм – світогляд, який відображає тенденції й орієнтири сучасного
суспільства, а поява експериментальних текстів є логічною сходинкою у розвитку сучасної літератури. У статті
йдеться, що слово в художньому контексті ПЕТ збагачується сенсами, починає функціонувати в ключі специфічного
цілого – ризоми, основної категорії постмодерністського світогляду. Ризома як гнучка, нелінійна, неієрархічна
система організації тексту породжує невизначеність. Доведено, що невизначеність як експеримент призводить до
множинності значень, що дає змогу авторові “бавитися” з читачем, залишати можливість вільного прочитання
тексту. Важливу роль у поетиці ПЕТ відіграє не стільки зміст, скільки форма художнього тексту. Автори ПЕТ
навмисно створюють труднощі у прочитанні, будуючи множинність реальностей, трактувань і спонукаючи читача
до критичного мислення. У дослідженні виявлено, що невизначеність може реалізуватися за допомогою таких
поетичних засобів, як ліпограма, панграма, мондеґрін, антитеза, персоніфікація, та відповідних ризоматичних
принципів: множинності (засоби інтертекстуальності), зв’язку та гетерогенності, незначущого розриву, картографії
та декалькоманії (використання антиміфу, міфологеми). Результати досліджень у статті становлять певний внесок
у вивченні та розробці універсальних методів виявлення невизначеності крізь призму поетичних засобів в ПЕТ.
Ключові слова: поетика, невизначеність, ризома, постмодернізм, експериментальний текст.

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