THEORY & PRACTISE OF

COUNSELLING

Dr. Phil. Fr. Boby Xavier Ocd

(UNIBAS, Switzerland)
OVERVIEW

Module 1.Introduction to counselling

Module 2. Counselling Process

Module 3. Approaches and Techniques of

Counseling

Module 4. Cognitive Behavioral approaches

and Techniques

Module 5. Indian Approaches in Counselling

Module 6. Special areas in Counselling

Module I. Introduction to counselling

a. Definition of Counselling ?

b. Counselling, Psychotherapy and Guidence

c. Counselling as helping relationship

d. Scope of Counselling

e. Goal of Counselling

f. Counselling Ethics

Ref : S. Narayana Rao (late) & Prem Sahajpal , IIIrd edition

 a. Definition of Counselling

1. Counselling is an interactive process conjoining the counselee who needs assistance

and the counsellor who trained and educated to give assistance (Perez,1965)

2. Counselling is a series of direct conduct with the individual which aims to offer
Him/her assistance in changing his attitude. ( Carl Rogers)

3. Counselling is a process conjoining in which the counsellor assists the counselee to make
interpretations of facts relating to a choice, pain, or adjustments which he needs to make (Smith
,1995)

4. Counselling is that interaction which occurs between two individuals (counsellor and counselee).
takes place in a professional setting and is initiated and is initiated and maintained to facilitate
changes in the behaviour of a client.

All definitions concur with the view that counselling is a process which involves bringing
about sequential changes over a period of time, leading to set a goal.
Misconceptions about counselling

1. Giving information

2. Giving advice, making suggestions and recommendations.

3. Influencing the clients values,attitudes,belief,interests,decisions..etc with

or without any threat or admonition.

4. Interviewing clients
 Goal of Counselling

The ultimate goal of counselling is to help clients towards taking effective responsibility for

their own self-realising. Four mediating goals toward higher levels of self-realising are

described: realism, relatedness, rewarding activity, and right-and-wrong (an ongoing process

of ethical living).

1.Facilitating behaviour change.

2. Improving the client’s ability to establish and maintain relationships.
3. Enhancing the client’s effectiveness and ability to cope.
4. Promoting the decision-making process and facilitating client potential.
5. Development.
Goal of Counselling
- Counselling helps individuals to overcome many of their future
problems.
- Counsellor is concerned with identification and development of
positive strengths.
- Counselling is primarily concerned with normal people
- Emphasizes personality strengths as assesets of the client.
- Emphasizes cognitive ability involved in choice and decision making
- Counselling aims at helping the clients to understand and accept
themselves as they are such they are able to work towards realising
their potential.
- Counselling helps the individual reach a stage of Self-autonomy
through self-understanding and Self-direction
b. Counselling, Psychotherapy and Guidence as related

- Psychotherapy concerned with the alleviation suffering of human being.

- It is a science represents body of Knowledge that gathers it’s idea
From differant Profession which aims at helping function.
- Psychotherapy, according to more orthodox view, is concerned with
reconstruction of individual both the conscious and unconscious level.
- Psychotherapy is more concerned with allievating pathological
Condition.
- Psychotherapy utlizes psycho-analyisis hypnosis and such other
psychological approaches for therapeutic puposes
- Psychotherapist more concerned with the felt presence of a problem

involving deeper Dynamics.

- Psychotherapy looks more towards re-interepreation and reorganization

of malignant , conflictual elements within the Personality through the relationship

with the therapist.

- In psychotherapy person receving help is patient and in counselling it is Client

- Psych. uses Psycho Analysis and hypnoses and such other psychological approaches

for theraputic purposes .

Guidence

Guidence is the assistence given to individuals in making intelligent choices and

adjustments.

The basic Concept:

1. Everyone has the right to Chose his/her own way

without hindering others right.

2. Every human being is potentially capable of achiving goals but blocked by internal

Conflicts. Person has to learn to overcome this obstacle.

3. Humans have Internal Conflicts coz we are bascially emotional.

4. Guidence counsellor has to clarify the role of emotions both in their positive and

Negative aspect.
 GC helping process that includes both material or non material help

It makes the Client self-dependeant and self-directed.

Helps two ways

1. Promote utlization of one’s own potential.

2. Helps to Change in one’s Personality for desirable adjustments.

Guidence essentially gives Information Eg : Guidence counsellor

Allport’s three common Models of Guidence

1. Man as a reactive being . It includes Psy Terms naturalism,behaviourism

based on Stimulus and Response (Eg. An animal is cold so it moves into the sun.
Response :how the organism reacts to a stimulus and results in a change in behaviour.)

2. Man as a reactive being in depth. ( Psy analysis, psychdynamics..etc.)

3. Man being in the process of becoming ( Cultivating the out-look of tentativeres

based on Dogmas, culture and Social and Religious)

- Gives positive attitude on one’s own capacities & on world

 Counselling as helping relationship

1. Is meaningful beacuse it is personal and intimate .

2. It is affective in nature coz it involves mild to strong emotional relationships

3. Involves integrirty of the helper and the helped and is sustained voluntairly.

4. Mutual consent of the counsellor and counsellee.( direct or indirect)

5. Client is aware of his /her limitations and inadeqqacies.

.6. Involves renewal of confidence in the helper

7. It is not one- way process, there is give and take,

communication and interaction.

8. Involves a certain amount of stracture (vaguely or clearly

defined )

9. It is marked by the desire for Change in the exisistng

condition of the Client

( concerned with the improvement of the Client)

10. Counselling helping the Client to accept themselves and Unterstand.

Through modification of attitudes , out Look and behaviour.

11, Counsellor does not solve the issues instead Client is helped to discover his /her

Stregeth and weakness

12. Counselling aims at helping the Client to reach Self-autonomy through Self

understanding, Self direction and Self-motivation.

( Fully functioning person)

 Scope of
Counselling

Counselling is a part of guidance, so it has also the same dimensions of scope as guidance.
Beside these, counselling as a specialised programme has some special needs also.
Problems and needs in society are not new.

But today they seem to be proliferating at an unprecedented rate. Counselling is required to solve a variety
of social problems Counselling is necessary in different areas like Juvenile delinquency, Marriage,
Weaker sections, Disadvantaged groups, Drug addiction etc. Scope of counselling is very vast.

It is concerned with various problems and progress of an individual for example the planning relating to
financial and health problems, problems related to family, society and emotional
adjustments.
Ethics in Counselling
1. Confidentiality and Privileged Communication:

Confidentiality plays a major role in defining the communication between a counsellor

and a client.

a. Record keeping information

b. Confidentiality of the information that the client has

revealed identity to be kept a secret.

2. Autonomy

- is the principle that addresses the concept of independence. The essence of this

principle is allowing an individual the freedom of choice and action. It addresses the

responsibility of the counselor to encourage clients, when appropriate, to make their

own decisions and act on their own values.

 a. Counsellors should make every effort to foster self-determination and
individual responsibility on the part of clients.

b. It prohibits the counsellor from manipulation of the client against their will
may be for socially Beneficial ends.

2. Beneficence

A commitment to promoting the clients well being. This principle means to act in the best
Interest of your client.

Here, the obligation of the counsellor becomes important because the client may have at that
point of time diminished autonomy based an immaturity, distress, psychological disturbance,
emotional imbalance or nervous break down.
3.Non-maleficence

A commitment to avoiding harm to the client. This principle is to avoid sexual, financial and emotional
or any form of exploitation.

4. Justice

a. Counsellor needs to provide fair, impartial and adequate service to all clients.
b. Respect for human rights and dignity should actually reflect in their work.

5. Self-respect

Fostering the practitioners self-knowledge and care for self.

.
Unethical Practise arise from:

1. Ignorance

2. Inadequate Training

3. Self-interest

( SN RAO.264-266 )
Module II. Counselling Process
a. Stages of counselling process

b. Variables affecting counselling process

* Counsellor Characteristic and Skills

* Counselee Characteristic

c. Core condition of helping relationship

* Empthy
* Unconditional Positive regard
* Congurance
a. Stages of Counselling Process
Counselling Process involves :

1. A loosening of Feelings

2. A Change in the manner of experiance

3. A shift from incongurance to congruence

4. A Change in the manner and extent to which the individual is willing and able to communicate
himself in a receptive climate.

5. A widening of the coginitive maps of experiance and a breaking rigid bounderires.

6. A Change in the individual’s manner of relating himself to others and to his own experiance.

7. A Change in the individual’s reactions to his Problems. (Pages 84 -86)

 Variables affecting the Counselling Process
a. Counsellor Characteristic and Skills

Basic qualities of a counsellor : Belief in each individuals

Commitment to individual human values

Alertness to the world

Open- mindedness

Understanding of Self

Professional commitment
Parker (1966) adds. Sensitivity to others
Objectivity to analyze individual’s stregeth ad weakness
Awarness of the nature
Extent of individual differances
Ablittity to identifiy the learning diffculites
Hypotheized Characteristic
Bandura (1956): ” The presence of anxiety in the therapist , wheather recognized or

Not, affect his ablity to do sucessful Psychotherapy and insight into his anxietites

Alone is not sufficent».

Effective counsellor

a. Tolerance

b. Understanding

c. Ablity to have an appropriate emotional distance

 Personality and Characteristic of the Counsellor

1. Interested in helping people – Gives comfort to the Client.

2. Percptual sensitivity- Be sensitive to the thoughts and Feelings

3. Personal adjustments- Counsellor should normally adjusted with himself

4. Personal Security – Counsellor should Feel secure as a role of a counsellor (outside)

5. Genuineness - Counsellor should be real to the Client.

6. Belief- Dominant belief of the counsellor can influence in Session.

7. Values – Counsellor has to express his values, should aware of counselee’s value.

8. Accepatance – Rogers : a warm regards for the Person of unconditional Self-worth

and of value, no matter what his condition, his behaviour or his Feelings are».
It includes acceptance of individual differances.Secondly the realization of
experiance of each Person comprises a complex pattern of striving,thinking
and feeling.(Tyler 1961)
9. Understanding – To grasp clearly and completely the meaning the client is trying

to convey (Tyler 1961) . Davis (1963) Understanding comprises 1. Knowledge about another

individual his behaviour , Personality ad interest. 2. Verbal or intellectual understanding and

behavioural or operational understanding.3. Kge of client’s fears,anxities,loves…etc.

4. Self understanding.

10. Rapport – Comfortable and unconditional relationship.

11. Empthy – Means feeling into . It is the ablity to feel and describe the thoughts and feelings

of others ( Dymond , 1949)

Counselee Characteristic

• Readiness to communicate and respond.

• Dominant client behaviour will evoke dependant Interviewer.

• Dependant client behaviour make dominant behaviour for counsellor.

• Hostile client evoke hostile behaviour to the counsellor.

• Friendly Client evoke Friendly behaviour of the counsellor

• Hostile client evoke anxiety to the counsellor

Core condition of helping relationship
Essance of Counselling is helping relationship.

Counsellor alleviates the suffering by esctablishing a helping relationship

According to Shertzer and Stone (1968)

1. It is Personal and intimate

2. Affective in nature involving mild to strong emotional relationship
3. Involves the integrirty of the helper and helped and sustained voluntarily
4. Mutual consent of the counsellor ad client.
5. Individual aware of his limitations
6. Confidence Level is high
7. Not one way Process
8. There is a stracture in Counselling
9. It is concerned with the improvement of the client

In Short helping Profession involves specialized Knowledge, trained Skills

and desire to provide comfort to others.
 Empthy

Empathy has been described in different ways: walking in another's shoes,

entering into another person's frame of reference or having the ability to
experience life as the other person does by entering the person's world of
thoughts, feelings, emotions and meanings.

Sympathy is feeling sorry for someone

How to express empathy :

Give themselves time to think, take time to listen and understand the client's perspective.

Use short responses.

Gear your response to the client

Always respond.
Three kinds of Empathy

Cognitive empathy is the ability to understand how a person feels and what they
might be thinking. Cognitive empathy makes us better communicators, because it
helps us relay information in a way that best reaches the other person.

Emotional empathy (also known as affective empathy) is the ability to share the
feelings of another person. Some have described it as "your pain in my heart." This
type of empathy helps you build emotional connections with others.

Compassionate empathy (also known as empathic concern) goes beyond simply

understanding others and sharing their feelings: it actually moves us to take action,
to help however we can.
Values of Empathy

Intensity — responding to the feelings expressed at the appropriate level of intensity

e.g. if you are working with a client. They are very agitated, about to be evicted and
their mother is sick. Your response is “You are a bit upset”. The client becomes distant
you have not reflected his/her level of emotion accurately.

Context — take all aspects into account, not just word and non-verbal behaviour.
A lot of people we come into contact with have multiple problems in their lives.
They may behave in ways we find inappropriate but taken in context of their experience
are understandable.

Selective responding — sometimes it may be appropriate to respond only to feelings or behaviour.

Some clients do not respond well to discussing their feelings, and in these cases it is useful to
focus on more concrete elements, such as experience and behaviour.
 Unconditional Positive Regard
Unconditional positive regard refers to accepting and supporting another exactly
as they are, without evaluating or judging them.

Hypothesise

It is that the individual has within him or her self vast resources for self-understanding,
for altering her or his self-concept, attitudes, and self-directed behaviour —and that
these resources can be tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative psychological
attitudes can be provided.
Congruence
Being congruent means staying connected with self, client, space and time.
Being congruent is to share a persistent thought or feeling.
According to Rogers. This implies that the therapist is real and/or genuine, open,
integrated and authentic during their interactions with the client.
Rogers’ concept of congruence does not imply that only a fully self-actualized
therapist can be effective in counselling (Corey, 1986) Since therapists are also human,
they cannot be expected to be fully authentic. Instead, the person-centered model assumes that ,
if therapists are congruent in the relationship with the client, then the
process of therapy.
 Steps in Counselling Process

1. The awarness of need for help .

2. Development of relationship

3. Counselling is to aid expression of feelings and clarification of Problems ( Ventilation)

4. Exploration of deeper feelings

5. Integration of feelings ( Client Sees in each feelings in proper perspective)

6. Clarify with the time perspective : helping the Client to find logically the root reason

7. Developing the awarness of the Client (insight into oneself and to the world)

8. Termination of Counselling (clent has to adpat himself to his surronding )

Module III. Approaches and
Techniques of Counselling

1. Human nature, Role of Counsellors, goals and Stregeth and limitations

according to Freud.

2. Person Centered Counselling

3. Existential Counselling

4. Gestalt Counselling

5. Psychoanalysis

6. Client centered therapy

7. Existential therapy
 1. Human nature, Role of Counsellors, goals and Stregeth and limitations
according to Freud.

A . The first major idea in Freud’s theory of human nature is the application of
determinism to psychology. his would seem to imply that humans do not possess
free will, but Freud was ambivalent about that philosophical question. On the one
hand, he thought the contents of consciousness are determined by the individual’s
psychological and biological drives, while on the other hand, he believed that we
sometimes make rational decisions and judgments.

B . The second key idea in Freud’s theorizing is the postulation of the unconscious. For
Freud, there are not only preconscious states, those we aren’t continually conscious
of but can recall if needed, but unconscious states that can’t ordinarily become conscious.
Our minds contain elements of which we have no awareness, but which exert influence on
us nonetheless. Some elements of the unconscious may have originally been conscious, say a
traumatic event in childhood, but were subsequently repressed—a process of pushing ideas
into the unconscious.

C . He also advanced his famous three-part division of the structure of the mind: 1) id, instinctual
drives that seek immediate satisfaction according to the pleasure principle; 2) ego, conscious mental
states governed by a reality principle; 3) superego, the conscience, which confronts the ego with
moral rules or feeling of guilt and anxiety.
D. The third main idea in Freud is his focus on drives or instincts. These drives
manifest themselves in multiple ways. Freud emphasized the sexual drive to
a much greater extent than any previous thinker, but other important drives
include the drive for self-preservation and other life-enhancing drives (Eros),
as well as self-destructive drives for sadism, aggression or death instinct (Thanatos).

E. The fourth major aspect of Freud’s theorizing was his offering of a developmental
account of human personalities. He places particular emphasis on the crucial importance
of childhood for future psychological development. In fact, he didn’t believe you
could understand any adult without knowing about facets of their childhood, including
various sexual stages of development.

Freud believed that repression was a primary cause of neuroticism. If someone experiences
drives or desires (or beliefs) that conflict with standards or norms they are supposed to adhere
to, then such feelings are often repressed. Repression is a defence mechanism used to avoid
mental conflict.
Counsellor's Role (Acco: Freud)

1. Maintain a sense of neutrality to foster a transferance relationship

2. Very little disclosure

3. Assist the client in achiving Self awarness, honesty and more effective personal relationships,

dealing with anxiety in realistic way, and gaining control over impulsive and irrational behaviour.

4. The therapist listens,learns,and interprets, which assists in accelerating the process of uncovering

the conscious.

5. Esctablishing working relationship

6 To listen for gaps and inconsistencies in the client’s stories, infers the meaning of reported dreams

and remain sensitive to clues concerning the client’s feelings towards analyist.
 Strengths

• Since it has generated so much controversy it has stimulated further thinking

and development of therapy.
• The development of psychoanalytic premises such as reisistance,tranferance
counter-transferance and defenses mechanism.
• Provides the understanding that unfinished business can be worked through.

Weakness

• Practical application of PA techniques are limited due to factors such as,time,expense

and the aviailablity of trained therapists.
* It Stresses the biologcal and ignores Social , culture and interpersonal factors.
• Role of the counsellor is restrictive
• Longtime committment is required
• Unfairly gender bias aganist women and too much Focus on psychsexual development
 THERAPIES IN GENERAL

1. Supportive 2. Insight therapies

Supportive therapy : believe in restoring the individual’s adaptive capacities

by teaching them new ways to maitain and Control by stregenthing the exisistng
defenses against anxiety.( reassurence, environmental manipulation,muscular relaxation
behaviour modification)

2. Insight therapies : a. Re-Educative – it is directed towards producing more harmonious

self-stracture. Reconstructive – the gaining of insight into an individual’s unconscious conflict
thus bring about extensive alteration in individuals in the individual’s character structure
and the release of energies for the development of new adaptive culture.
 Person Centered Counselling
Person-centered therapy, also known as person-centered psychotherapy,
person-centered counselling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy,
is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl beginning in the 1940
and extending into the 1980s. Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client’s
Self-actualizing tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfilment", via
acceptance (unconditional positive regard), therapist congruence (genuineness), and
Empathetic understanding.

Core conditions

1. Congruence – the willingness to transparently relate to clients without hiding behind a

professional or personal facade.
2. Unconditional positive regard – the therapist offers an acceptance and prizing for their
client for who he or she is without conveying disapproving feelings actions or characteristics
and demonstrating a willingness to attentively listen without interruption, judgement or giving
advice.
3. Empathy – the therapist communicates their desire to understand and appreciate their client’s
perspective.
 Process

Rogers believed that a therapist who embodies the three critical and reflexive attitudes

(the three 'Core Conditions') will help liberate their client to more confidently express their

true feelings without fear of judgement. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully

avoids directly challenging their client's way of communicating themselves in the session in order

to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external

referencing
Existential Counselling

Founders : Emmy Van Deurzen ( 1951) Irvin D. Yalom (1931)

What is Existential psychotherapy ?

Existential psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy based on the model of

human nature and experience developed by the existential tradition of European philosophy.

It focuses on concepts that are universally applicable to human existence including death,

freedom, responsibility, and the meaning of life. Instead of regarding human experiences

Such as anxiety, alienation and depression as implying the presence of mental illness, existential

psychotherapy sees these experiences as natural stages in a normal process of human development

and maturation. In facilitating this process of development and maturation existential psychotherapy

involves a philosophical exploration of an individual's experiences while stressing the individual’s

freedom and responsibility to facilitate a higher degree of meaning and well-being in his or her life.
 Irvin Yalom
What is Yalom's theory?
Yalom's theory is
based on the idea that
individuals have
Yalom's eleven therapeutic factors that influence change i n h e r e n t e x i s t e n t i a l
concerns, such as the
and healing in group therapy: The instillation of hope fear of death, freedom,
creates a feeling of optimism. Universality helps group isolation, and
members realize that they are not alone in their impulses,m eaninglessness.
concerns the core of
problems, and other issues. many psychological
issues and that
addressing them can
lead personal growth
and healing.
Yalom's therapeutic approach emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship,
authenticity, and the exploration of existential themes. He often uses techniques such as
group therapy, existential questioning, and confronting the client's fears and anxieties to
help them gain insight and make positive changes in their lives.

Overall, Yalom's theory focuses on helping individuals confront their existential

concerns, find meaning and purpose in their lives, and ultimately achieve a sense of
fulfillment and well-being.
The instillation of hope creates a feeling of optimism.
Universality helps group members realize that they are not alone in their impulses, problems,
and other issues.
Imparting information helps to educate and empower people with knowledge pertaining to their
specific psychological situation.
Altruism allows clients to gain a sense of value and significance by helping other group members.
Corrective recapitulation provides for the resolution of family and childhood events within the
safety of the group family.
Socializing techniques promote social development, tolerance, empathy, and other interpersonal
skills.
Through imitative behavior group members learn to adopt the coping strategies and perspectives
of other group members.
Interpersonal learning teaches clients how to develop supportive interpersonal relationships.
Group cohesiveness gives members a sense of acceptance, belonging, value, and security.
Catharsis releases suppressed emotions and promotes healing by disclosing information to group
members.
Existential factors incorporate learning how to just exist as part of something larger than
oneself. This factor brings a client into the awareness that life will continue on, with pain, death,
sadness, regret, and joy. By living existentially, clients learn how to accept these conditions
without escaping from them. Instead, they learn how to live with them and through them
 Logotherapy
- Logotherapy is a school of psychology and a philosophy
based on the idea that we are strongly motivated to live
purposefully and meaningfully, and that we find meaning in
life as a result of responding authentically and humanely
(i.e. meaningfully) to life's challenges.
- Logotherapy is the pursuit of that meaning for one's
life. Frankl's theories were heavily influenced by his
personal experiences of suffering and loss in Nazi
concentration camps

- Man's Search for Meaning is a 1946 book by Viktor

Frankl chronicling his experiences as a prisoner in Nazi
concentration camps during World War II, and describing
his psychotherapeutic method, which involved identifying a
purpose in life to feel positively about, and then
immersively imagining that outcome.
 Paul Goodman US (1911 -1972)
Fritiz Perls , German Psychotherapist (1893-1970)
Psychotherapist and Novelist
Gestalt therapy

Gestalt therapy is an existential/experiential form of psychotherapy that emphasizes

Personal responsibility , and that focuses upon the individual's experience in the

present moment, the therapist–client relationship, the environmental and social contexts

of a person's life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their

overall situation.
Goal of Gestalt therapy

Substantial increase in self-awareness and self-acceptance. Improved ability to live fully

in the present moment. Improved communication skills. Better and satisfying relationships

with others.

Key Concept

Wholeness and Integration: Wholeness refers to the whole person or the individual’s mind and
body as a unit rather than as separate parts (Seligman, 2006). Integration refers to how these
parts fit together and how the individual integrates into the environment.

Awareness : Awareness is one of the most important elements in Gestalt Therapy as it is seen as
a “hallmark of the healthy person and a goal of treatment” (Seligman, 2006).
When individuals are “aware”, they are able to self-regulate in their environment
There are two main causes lacking awareness:

1. Preoccupation with one’s past, fantasies, flaws and strengths that the individual becomes
unaware of the whole picture.

2. Low self-esteem

There are three ways people may achieve awareness through therapy :

Contact with the environment: This is through looking, listening, touching, talking, moving,
smelling, and tasting. This enables the individual to grow in his or her environment through
reacting to the environment and changing.

Here and now: This is the individual living in and being conscious at the present moment rather
than worrying about the past or the future.

Responsibility: This refers to the individual taking responsibility for his or her own life rather
than blaming others.
Energy and blocks to energy: Gestalt Therapists often focus on where energy is in the
body, how it is used, and how it may be causing a blockage (Corey, 2005). Blocked
energy is a form of resistance, for example, tension in a part of the body, not breathing
deeply, or avoiding eye contact. Gestalt Therapy is about finding and releasing the
blockages that may be inhibiting awareness.

Growth Disorders: Growth disorders refer to emotional problems that are caused by
people who lack awareness and do not interact with their environment completely
In doing so, people are unable to cope with the changes in their lives successfully and,
instead deal with the problems in a defensive manner (Seligman, 2006).

Unfinished business: Unfinished business refers to people who do not finish things in their
lives and is often related to people with a “growth disorder” (Seligman, 2006). People with
unfinished business often resent the past and because of this are unable to focus on the here
and now. One of the major goals of Gestalt Therapy is to help people work through their
unfinished business and bring about closure.
Important Concepts in Gestalt Therapy

Present focus – Many people have a very difficult time staying in the present. They avoid the
present by dwelling on the past or thinking (worrying, fantasizing) about future events that may
never actually take place. Awareness of what they’re experiencing in the present is one of the
most essential elements of Gestalt therapy.

Importance of experience – Tied in with the emphasis on living in the present, Gestalt therapy
also emphasizes experience. This includes fully and vividly experiencing one’s thoughts,
emotions, physical sensations, behaviours, and perceptions. Techniques used in Gestalt therapy
help clients become more aware of what they’re experiencing.

Contact – In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between the client and therapist is one of the most
important aspects of the therapy process. Contact – as opposed to resistance to contact – is
essential for clients to grow and change. Additionally, healthy relationships (which require self-
awareness) with others as well as with oneself are regarded as a crucial aspect of living life
fully.

Respect for the Client – In Gestalt therapy, it’s imperative that therapists treat all clients with
the deepest respect. Therapy can be an uncomfortable process at times because it requires
openness and honesty on the part of the client. When clients feel genuinely respected by the
therapist, they are more willing to open up and make the most of the process.
Personal and Social Responsibility – Both personal and social responsibility are important

concepts in Gestalt therapy. Individuals are responsible not only for the choices they make

regarding their own lives, but also for how they treat others and interact in society.

but also for how they treat others and interact in society.

Role of the Gestalt therapist

1.Creating a safe atmosphere that enables clients to identify and explore their
current thoughts, feelings, and perceptions, experiment with new behaviours, and engage
in open dialogue.
2. Helping clients increase their self-awareness
3. Encouraging and helping clients stay focused in the present moment
4. Paying close attention to clients’ verbal and non-verbal behaviour; non-verbal behaviour like
body language often indicates the presence of strong emotions
5. Treating clients with the utmost respect and as equals
6. Listening closely without judgment
7. Participating as fully as possible in the client’s experience without becoming enmeshed in it
8. Sharing his or her experience which includes observations, emotions, thoughts,
and perspective (this also provides a model for the client to follow)
9. Refraining from interpretation and explanation

10. Encouraging clients to learn to regulate themselves

11. Being committed to connect and dialogue with the client without attempting to
manipulate or control the client or the process in order to reach a or control the client
or the process

Theraputic Techniques
Dialogue – Authentic and meaningful dialogue often involves more than simply talking in
Gestalt therapy. Forms of dialogue may include things like singing, dancing, or even laughing
together.

Dream Work – Although your dreams play a significant role in Gestalt therapy,
the goal is not to analyze, interpret, or explain their meaning. Instead, the therapist
will encourage you to relive the dream in therapy. Dreams are believed to be a projection
of yourself, so exploring and understanding the emotions they elicit helps increase self-awareness.

Confrontation or “Making the Rounds” – This Gestalt exercise works best in a group therapy
format. While making the rounds, you say or do something with each group member.
This gives you the opportunity to try out new behaviours, such as disclosing something personal,
confronting a problem . The goal is to facilitate personal growth.
Reversal- It involves facing something that is causing distress or keeping you in denial.
In this exercise, you’ll act out the behaviours, traits, or symptoms that are the
exact opposite of the ones that have been causing you problems.
Doing so will enable you to accept whatever it is you’ve been denying or avoiding.

Rehearsal – Just as the name suggests, the rehearsal technique allows you to rehearse,
or try out, a new behaviour. his can be done by trying out the new behaviour with someone
in the group or in your life. This exercise increases your willingness to experiment with
new behaviours and become more spontaneous. It also helps decrease the anxiety
(the fear that you’re not doing it right) that often accompanies trying something new.

Exaggeration – One of the best ways to grasp the meaning and emotions attached to
body Language –a gesture, facial expression, or particular posture
(e.g. clenching your fists or crossing your arms) – is to repeatedly perform
it in an exaggerated manner. This will intensify whatever it is you associate
with the behaviour, such as defensiveness, anger, or frustration, and enable you to
understand it better.
Staying with the Feeling – This Gestalt exercise is designed
to help you face – rather than try to escape or avoid – uncomfortable or
unpleasant emotions as well as the things that trigger them. Staying with the Feeling –
This Gestalt exercise is designed to help you face – rather than try to escape or avoid
– uncomfortable or unpleasant emotions as well as the things that trigger them.
The Empty Chair – Of all the Gestalt exercises, the empty chair
is probably the most well-known and widely used. This powerful exercise
involves having you sit in a chair that is facing an empty chair. As you sit in the chair, you
imagine someone or something in the empty chair that is important to you and / or causing
distress or difficulties in your life. The person in the opposite chair may be yourself, someone
from your past or present, or even someone you’ve yet to meet (e.g. a future spouse or child).
The object can be anything, such as an aspect of your personality (e.g. something you don’t
like about yourself), a physical symptom (e.g. chronic migraines) or trait (e.g. a big nose),
your home, your job, a situation, an event, a stereotype (e.g. controlling women),
part of a dream you had, or something you wish you had, such as wealth or beauty.

The purpose of the technique is so the patient will become more in touch with their feelings
and have an emotional conversation that clears up any long-held feelings or reaction to the
person or object in the chair.
Techniques in counselling
1. Directive Counselling

Under directive counselling the counsellor issues certain instructions to the counsellee or he is directed to do
certain things e.g.: he is asked to behave in a particular manner, asked to abstain from alcohol or drug, asked
to respect his colleagues and superiors.

2. Non Directive Counselling

Under non directive counselling counsellor does not issue directions but observe the behaviour and attitude of
the counsellee towards his work and his colleagues and superiors and subordinates. If he errs then counsellor
comes to his rescue and corrects him realizing him that he was wrong. He will not issue him any instructions
or will not direct him.

3. Cooperative Counselling

This is a kind of counselling that can be done through extending full cooperation to the counsellee and makes
him realize his mistakes relating to his behaviour and attitudes so that he himself will be back on the track and
improve himself. It is winning the heart of the counsellee through cooperation. His confidence will be won by
the counsellee and he in turn will extend his cooperation and become self disciplined.

4. Marital and Family Counselling

Employees need counselling in respect of marriage and family problems. The troubled employees can discuss
out their problems with the counsellor who can take them into confidence and prescribe solutions for their ills.

5. Eclectic counselling
Eclectic counseling is defined as the combination of the two extremes that is directive and non-directive
counseling.. In eclectic counseling, the counselor is neither too active as in the directive counseling nor too
passive as in the non-directive counseling.
The following are some of the techniques used in counselling

1. Releasing Emotional Tension

Some people are more emotional. They become so at everything. They take things emotionally
and they come into the grip of emotions very often. The emotions are associated with fear,
respect, insult, anxiety, guilt, hostility etc. If the counselee is under emotional tension it is to be
released.

2. Effective Communication

Effective two-way communication help subordinates to narrate their difficulties to their

superiors through which many problems get automatically solved.

3. Clarified Thinking

One should think positively and shun negative thinking. It is negative thinking needs to be
removed from the mind of counsellee.

4. Performance Counselling:
As the name suggests it relates with the performance. If the employee is not keeping his
performance constant and it is below standard then counselling is required to maintain the
standard level of performance.
Module IV. Cognitive Behavioral Approaches
And Techniques

1. Human Nature, Role of Counsellors , Goals and Strengths and Limitation

of Behavioral approach

2. Coginitive approaches, Techniques and Behaviour modification

3. Systamatic desensitiation

4. Social Skills Training and coginitive therapy :REBT , Reality and CBT
HUMAN NATURE IN CBT

Kazdin (1984) argues that the major characteristics of

behavioural treatments are the following:

-primacy of behaviour- a concentration on overt

behaviour in particular
-importance of learning –all behaviour is learned both
adaptive and maladaptive
directive and active nature of treatments-importance of
assessments and evaluation
-Learning can be an effective means of changing
maladaptive behaviour
-Therapeutic goals are well-defined and rigorous
assessment of “baseline target behaviours” and
treatment process is imperative
-Maladaptive behaviour itself is seen as the problem
that needs to be changed, rather than looking for some
elusive underlying cause.
-Behaviourists stress the importance of obtaining
empirical evidence and support for the techniques used
 ROLE OF THE COUNSELLOR

Typically behaviour therapists is active

The counsellor tends to act as the teacher,

consultant, adviser, reinforcer, and facilitator

The therapist is often involved in instructing or supervising support people in the client’s life

The client’s role is to learn, unlearn, and relearn ways of behaving

GOALS FOR THERAPY

The focus of therapeutic goals is to modify or eliminate the maladaptive behaviours that
clients display, while helping them acquire healthy ways of behaving.

Unproductive actions must be replaced with productive ways of responding

Behavioral Techniques

Reinforcement

Shaping

Extinction

Generalization

Systemic desensitization

Assertiveness training

Journaling

Interoceptive

Exposure
 Reinforcement

In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence applied that will

strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by

a specific antecedent stimulus.

Exposure therapy

ET is a technique in behavior therapy to treat anxiety disorders. Exposure therapy

involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the
intention to cause any danger. Doing so is thought to help them overcome their
anxiety or distress
What is shaping ?

In this operant-conditioning experiments, Skinner often used an approach called shaping

Shaping refers to the reinforcement of behaviours that approximate or come close to the

desired new behavior. The steps involved are often called successive approximations

because they successively approximate or get closer and closer to the desired behavior.

Exposure and Response Prevention Technique

Exposure and Response Prevention, commonly referred to as ERP, is a therapy that

encourages you to face your fears and let obsessive thoughts occur without ‘putting
them right’ or ‘neutralizing’ them with compulsions.
 Exitnction

In psychology, extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned

response that results in the behaviour decreasing or disappearing.

In other words, the conditioned behaviour eventually stops

Generalisation
Generalization is the concept that humans and animals use past learning in present

situations of learning if the conditions in the situations are regarded as similar.

For example, if a person has learned in the past that every time they eat an apple,

their throat becomes itchy and swollen, they might assume they are allergic to

all fruit.
 Systemic desensitization

Systematic desensitization, also known as graduated exposure therapy, is a type of

Behaviour therapy developed by South African psychiatrist, Joseph Wolpe..

It is used in the field of clinical psychology to help many people effectively overcome phobias

and other anxiety disorder that are based on classical conditioning , and shares the same element,

and shares the same elements of both coginitive behaviour therapy and applied behaviour analysis.

It is also known as gradual exposure therapy

 Assertiveness training

A form of behaviour characterized by a confident declaration or affirmation of a statement

without need of proof; this affirms the person's rights or point of view without either aggressively

threatening the rights of another (assuming a position of dominance) or submissively permitting

another to ignore or deny one's rights or point of view.

Criticism
Assertiveness may be practiced in an unbalanced way, especially by those new to the process: "[One]
problem with the concept of assertiveness is that it is both complex and situation-specific. ...
Behaviours that are assertive in one circumstance may not be so in another".[
Journaling

Journaling about your feelings with the intent of identifying the irrational, negative or

distorted thoughts and perceptions that accompany them is called cognitive

journaling. Cognitive journaling helps you identify and revise your distorted perceptions

and irrational thoughts

Interceptive exposure

Interceptive exposure is the practice of strategically inducing the somatic symptoms

associated with a threat appraisal and encouraging the patient to maintain contact with the

feared sensations.
 Cognitive Therapy

Cognitions are thoughts, believes, and internal images that people hold in their lives

Big players in cognitive and cognitive behavioural therapy include: Aaron Beck,

Albert Ellis, William Glasser, David Burns

Successful clients of cognitive therapies tend to be:-average to above average intelligence

-able to identify feelings and thoughts, and behaviours-not psychotic or cognitively delayed

-willing and able to complete homework

 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

Two theories have a strong cognitive base-Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapies(REBT)

founded by Albert Ellis.

Reality Therapy created by William Glasser

Note that both these therapies also emphasize behaviour – therefore they are considered
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
 REBT
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational therapy and

rational emotive therapy, is an active-directive, philosophically and empirically

Based psychotherapy the aim of which is to resolve emotional and behavioural problem

And disturbance and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives .

a. Irrational beliefs are what get people into psychological difficulty

b. By nature he believed that people are gullible, highly suggestible and are easily disturbed.
He thought that people have within themselves the means to control their thoughts, feelings,
and actions, but they must first realize what they are telling themselves.

c. Ellis saw his role as pointing out people’s irrational beliefs and strongly “encourage” clients to
utilize their rational processes to create a life that maximizes the pleasure and minimizes the
pain of existence.

d. The therapist must listen carefully for illogical or faulty statements from the clients and
challenge beliefs
 REBT goals
1. Primary goal is to focus on helping people realize that they can live more rational and
productive lives.

2. Help clients stop “catastrophizing” and to help clients avoid having more of an emotional
Response to an event than is warranted.

3. Help clients change self-defeating habits of thought or behaviour.

4. A main goal is to help people learn how “emotions are attached to thoughts”
(this is a widely debated idea)
 Reality Therapy

Reality therapy is a therapeutic approach that focuses on problem-solving and making

better choices in order to achieve specific goals. Developed by Dr . William Glasser,

Reality therapy is focused on the here and now rather than the past.

Goal of Reality therapy

The primary goal of reality therapy is to help clients find better ways to fulfil their needs.

The counsellor teaches the client how to evaluate their behaviour, make plans for change, and

set goals for themselves.

 REBT Techniques

Two main techniques is teaching and disputing

Therapist teaches client how thoughts are attached to emotions and behaviours
(very didactic)

Therapist disputes thoughts and beliefs through cognitive, imaginal, and Behavioral
deputations
Limitations of REBT

1) Harsh on patients. REBT has always drawn criticism from counselors as being
harsh. Ellis even said that a caring relationship does not need to exist for REBT to
work.

2) When working in schools, REBT can be very difficult because often times students
lack the emotional or cognitive levels needed for this to be successful.

3) Another disadvantage is that the client needs to be willing to work on their

problem. Often time's, REBT requires the use of homework so if the client is not willing
to even work on it during the session, its a sure bet that they will not do any type of
homework.

4) Some emotional techniques are forceful and degrading. Activities like shame-
attacking exercises can be difficult for the client to enjoy and really understand the
purpose and whether is worth it.

5) People with a low frustration tolerance level will struggle.

*With all this being said, REBT is just like other theories, you have to choose your
patients wisely because it will not always be effective.
 View of Human nature in Reality Therapy

- Focoused more on consciousness Level ,not driven by the unconsciousous force.

- Second in human nature there is a health /growth force within everyone on two Levels

- 1 Physcial Orientation - Life sustaining necessitites ,Human behaviour is controlled

by physcial needs for survival such as breathing,digesting..etc.

- 2 Psychological Orientation : Belonging Power, freedom and Fun

 Role of the Counsellor

- Teacher and Model

- Positive constructive

- Not focusing on childhood experiences

-
WDEP System

Reality therapy is structured around the WDEP system (wants, doing, evaluation, and planning):
The reality therapist works with clients to explore their wants and what they are doing to achieve
those wants, evaluating whether what they are doing is helpful or harmful to their goals, and finally
and finally helping the client plan .
 Main Focus of R T

Glasser believes that there are five basic needs of all human beings: survival, love and belonging,

power, freedom or independence, and fun. Reality therapy maintains that the biggest reason

a person is in pain and acting out is because he/she lacks that one important 'other being'

to connect with.

Limitation of Reality Therapy

Like all forms of therapy, there are potential disadvantages of reality therapy, including the

Following : Lack of focus on the impact of internal issues ( eg: unconscious conflicts, unresolved

Trauma) ,
. Too much imp on here and now. Ignores mental illness, ignores complexity of human life.
MODULE. 5 Indian Approaches
in Counselling.
 Introduction

Indian Ancient Psychology research additionally has an unending exhibit of systems to raise

human awareness. Indian believed is a fortune rich with mental ideas, which have not yet

been completely investigated by therapists or in different fields of everyday life.

Ancient Indian believed is a storage facility of rich mental bits of knowledge clarifying unequivocal

and unpretentious subtleties of procedures and constructs, for example, psychological

well-being, attention , feeling, emotions, perceptions, inspiration, discernment self and

personality, psychopathology and its treatment.

The component of yoga s helps ability of affecting an organized psycho-physiological reaction,

which is the direct opposite of the anxiety reaction. Yogic contemplation speaks to profound

unwinding of the autonomic sensory system without laziness or rest and a sort of cerebral

action without exceptionally quickened electrophysiological indication yet likely with pretty

much obliviousness to some outside boosts for a short or long time.”

Yoga can possibly impact the treatment of tension, sorrow, and comorbid nervousness and

Wretchedness By tending to customers' physical bodies alongside considerations and feelings,

the act of Yoga can limit this crevice in the middle of understanding and change. Yoga offers

customers procedures that they can rehearse all alone and, in a generally brief time, outside

of the connection of remedial sessions.

Advaita Vedanta is a Hindu sādhanā, a path of spiritual discipline and experience,
and the oldest extant tradition of the orthodox Hindu school Vedānta. The term
Advaita refers to the idea that Brahman alone is ultimately real, while the transient
phenomenal world is an illusory appearance of Brahman.
THREE GUNAS

Rajas expresses as passion, action, energy, and motion. Rajas is characterized by

a feeling of attachment, a longing for satisfaction and desire. A sattvic teacher has
attained the highest spiritual level.

Sattva manifests itself as purity, knowledge, and harmony. It is the characteristic of

goodness, joy, satisfaction, nobility, and contentment. It is free of fear, violence, wrath, and
malice. Sattva is pure and forgiving. In order to reach Samadhi or liberation, people want
to increase their Sattva guna.

Tamas manifests itself as impurity, laziness, and darkness. It is the consequence of

ignorance and it prevents all beings from seeing reality. To decrease the tamasic elements
in your mind and body, avoid eating tamasic foods (eg. alcohol, meat, processed food) or
overindulging (eg. overeating, oversleeping)
 Stages of development and levels of consciousness

Level 1: Survival consciousness

The first level of personal consciousness is all about survival. To survive, we need clean
air, water and wholesome food to keep our bodies healthy and fit, and we need to feel
financially secure.

Level 2: Relationship consciousness

The second level of personal consciousness is all about safety. To feel safe, we need to
feel loved and protected. We need to feel a sense of belonging.

Level 3: Self-esteem consciousness

The third level of personal consciousness is about feeling secure in your community.
To feel secure, we need to feel accepted and respected by our peers and recognized
by those in positions of authority.
Level 4: Transformation consciousness

The fourth level of human consciousness is about finding freedom and autonomy. You
will want to discover who you are beyond the parental programming and cultural
conditioning you received during your formative years. At this stage of development, you
will be asking questions such as “Who am I?” and “What is important to me?” Only when
you find answers to these questions, will you discover your true (soul) self.

Level 5: Internal cohesion consciousness

The fifth level of human consciousness is about finding meaning in your life—finding
what your soul came into the world to do. At this level of consciousness, the question is
no longer “Who am I?” but “Why am I here in this body?” and “How can I fully express
myself?

Level 6: Making a difference consciousness

The sixth level of human consciousness is about making a difference in the world—in your
family, your workplace, in your community or nation, or in our global society.
Level 7: Service consciousness

The seventh level of human consciousness is about selfless service to the cause or
the work which allows you to use your gifts and talents--the work you were born to
do. You reach this level of consciousness when making a difference becomes a way
of life--when you surrender to your soul.
Three levels of reality According to Adi Shankara
There are three levels in Advaita Vedanta regarding reality. They are ‘Pratibhasika’, ‘Vyavaharika’
and ‘Paramarthika’.

Pratibhasika is the most unreal. Dream is in Pratibhasika level. In dream we perceive different
things. But in a strict sense, dream is not completely unreal because those things, which we see,
in dream, have external substratum in the phenomenal world. Take the example of a sky-flower.
Even though, no sky-flower exists in the world and thus it is unreal, yet, sky and flower, taken
separately, are real things, that we have seen in the external world prior to dreaming. That is, we
can dream of only those things which we have seen in the phenomenal world. But in dream,
these real things get combined in strange and different proportions, making quite new unreal
objects, in dream.
To say that the dream is unreal, we should be in waking state. We can know the unreality of
dream only from the waking state. As long as we are dreaming, we won’t understand that dream
is unreal. I.e., when we get a ‘higher waking knowledge’ we will understand that dream is not
real and is a little below the common waking experience. But to conclude thus, we must have
waking experience.
Vyavaharika This is the realm of cause-effect and human intellect works here.
Phenomenal world is in this level. Everything that exists in this level depends on each
other and we cannot say what their essence is. The things in vyavaharika world can be
said to exist by itself from the phenomenal, relative point of view. However when a
person get Brahma-vidya, the higher knowledge, then phenomenal world things are said
to be an appearance. In this condition, we can say that phenomenal world exist because
we see them. It can also said to be non-existing because it has no essense and it depends
on Brahman for existence. Thus, since, the phenomenal objects exist and non-exist, from
the ultimate viewpoint, their state of existence is said to be ‘indescribable or maya’.

Paramarthika is the ultimate truth level. It only is ultimately real. It can exist by itself without
depending on anything. This is beyond the realm of human intellect. Human intellect cannot
comprehend this ultimate level of reality. This can be realized only by direct experience with
the help of Brahma-vidya.
Consciousness according to Vedanta
Human consciousness (Atman) cannot play the role of a spectator in
pure consciousness (Brahman) because it is a manifestation of Brahman

Consciousness according to yoga

According to the yogic principles, there is just one conscious state of
being, of perception, of knowledge, which is referred to as chetana in
Sanskrit

Consciousness according to Adi shankara

According to Shankara, the Upanishads are a self-consistent whole if given the
proper interpretation. Shankara calls Brahman the ultimate reality or
pure consciousness. Shankara calls human consciousness Atman (or the Self),
a manifestation or emanation of Brahman.
 Three states of consciousness according to Shankra

The first state is the waking state, in which we are aware of our daily world.

The second state is the dreaming mind. This is the subtle body.

The third state is the state of deep sleep. This is the causal body.

Triguna theory is a composite framework of tri-dimensional personality to aid the

understanding of the mental make-up of the person. 2. the term guna refers to

the inherent energy or tendency with which 'prakriti' is created & with which

human mind functions.

trigunas (Sattva, Rajas and Tamas)

Sattva (goodness, calmness, harmonious). The goodness we all have in our life.
Rajas (passion, activity, movement), Rajas more of emotional ,the
activities and the moment.
 Meditation and Contemplation

Contemplation is a train of thought about something, meditation is training the

mind to rest in a particular focus that leads to a connection to the source of
consciousness itself.
 Types of Yoga
1. Vinyasa Yoga

Vinyasa yoga is popular and is taught at most studios and gyms. “Vinyasa” means

linking breath with movement.

2. Ashtanga Yoga

It means eight limbs and encompasses . It synchronize breath with movement

As you move through series of Process.

3. Iyengar Yoga

The emphasis on this practice is alignment in the asanas using breath control through

pranayama and the use of props (bolsters, blankets, blocks and straps.)
 4 . Bikram Yoga ( Bikram Choudhury (1970)

It consists of the same twenty-six yoga postures and two breathing exercises. It is ninety

minutes long and done in a room that is 105 degrees Fahrenheit with 40% humidity.
The room

is bright and the students face mirrors to check proper posture and alignment.

5. Jivamukti Yoga ( Sharon Gannon and David (1984)

Class incorporates Sanskrit chanting, Pranayama, and movement (asanas)

with a theme or lesson for each class. This is a good blend of spiritual and physical

exercise.
6. Power Yoga
Power yoga is a more active approach to the traditional Hatha yoga poses.

7.Sivananda Yoga ( Swami Vishnudevananda )

This is a yoga system based on the five yogic principals: proper breathing,

relaxation, diet, exercise, and positive thinking. These work together to make a

healthy yogic lifestyle.

8. Yin Yoga
Yin yoga is a meditative practice that allows your body to become comfortable in a pose

without doing any work (strength). It is also called Taoist yoga, and focuses on lengthening

the connective tissues within the body. It is meant to compliment Yang yoga,

or muscle-forming yoga practices

 Relaxation Techniques
1. Meditate

A few minutes of practice per day can help ease anxiety “Research suggests that

daily meditation may alter the brain’s neural pathways, making you more resilient

to stress,”

2. Breath deeply

Focusing on ur Breathing

3. Be Present

Mindfulness

4. Reach out

Social Interactions
5. Tune in to your Body

Mentally scan your body to get a sense of how stress affects it each day.

Lie on your back, or sit with your feet on the floor. Start at your toes and

work your way up to your scalp, noticing how your body feels.

6. Decompress

Place a warm heat wrap around your neck and shoulders for 10 minutes. Close your

eyes and relax your face, neck, upper chest, and back muscles ( massage therapy ).

7. Laugh out Loud

A good belly laugh doesn’t just lighten the load mentally. It lowers cortisol,

your body’s stress hormone, and boosts

8. Crank up the tunes

Research shows that listening to soothing music can lower blood pressure,

heart rate, and anxiety .

9. Get Moving

All forms of exercise, including yoga and walking, can ease depression

and anxiety by helping the brain release feel-good chemicals and by giving

your body a chance to practice dealing with stress.

10. Be Grateful

Make a grateful Journal

Steps in Raja Yoga (Ashtanga Yoga)
1. Yama – Self Control

2. Niyama – Discipline

3. Asana – Physcial exercise

4. Pranayama – Breath exercise

5. Pratayahra – Witdrwal of the senses from External objects

6. Dharana – Concentration

7. Dhyana - Meditation
 What is the purposes of Raja Yoga ?

Raja Yoga encompasses both body and mind, but the emphasis is on mental and spiritual

development. Its purpose, according to its progenitor, the Indian sage Patanjali, is to

unite the practitioner with the higher self.

 What is Jacobs' Relaxation Techniques ?

Jacobson's relaxation technique is a type of therapy that focuses on tightening and

relaxing specific muscle groups in sequence. It's also known as progressive relaxation

Therapy. By concentrating on specific areas and tensing and then relaxing them, you can

become more aware of your body and physical sensations.

ISOMETRIC

It means of or having equal dimensions. Isometric exercises place tension

on muscles without causing movement in the surrounding joints

Benefits of Isometric Exercises

•Increases overall strength.

•Builds bone density.
•May help lower blood pressure.
•Low impact exercises.
•No need for special equipment

•Disadvantages

•Nervous system fatigue.

•Cardiovascular system can be affected as well.
•Increase blood pressure.
•Affects coordination, and.
•Decreases soft tissue elasticity
 Advantage of Hypno therapy

1. Hypnotherapy activates a deep relaxation response in your body. This relaxation response

reduces sympathetic nervous system activity, decreases blood pressure, slows heart rate,

and accelerates healing.

2. Hypnotherapy puts you back in control of your life, your body, your relationships and your

surroundings. You realize what an empowered part you play in how your life unfolds.

3. All hypnosis is self-hypnosis. You are in control of your hypnotic state in each moment. You can

choose to explore your subconscious and the images, sensations, and memories there or you can

choose to open your eyes and return to the room at any time.
4. Another advantage of hypnotherapy is a phenomenal self-management skill and a

method of self-care. You learn techniques, resources, and ideas that tend to become

lifetime tools.

5. You skip trying to make changes by sheer ‘willpower’ and directly influence your

subconscious core beliefs and behaviours.

6. Hypnosis is a natural healing remedy and had no adverse side-effects or interactions.

You empower the bodies to own innate capabilities without complicating the profile or

adding more toxicities.

7. Hypnotherapy is cost-effective, usually requiring 4 to 6 sessions. Another advantage

is that its effects may last for the rest of your life!
 Disadvantages

1. Hypnotherapy cannot be done to you. Hypnosis will not work if you are not wanting it,

willing and focused on healing. The hypnotherapist can only guide you. You are responsible

for participating fully, dedicating the time and space needed, and practicing self-hypnosis.

2. Another disadvantage of hypnotherapy is that it is not a quick fix. In the case of chronic

disease, you may find that 12 to 24 sessions are necessary for lasting change.

3. What is said in any hypnogogic state, if accepted willingly by your subconscious, can take a

major effect on your life. How dramatically could your life change if you no longer felt

unworthy or were no longer driven to seek others approval all the time ? At the same time,

how would your life change if you believed that nothing can help you?
MODULE. 6

Special Areas in Counselling

 Overview

1. Counselling and Rehabilitation of the differantly abled

a. Counselling weaker section and Minoraties

b. Psychological barriers , diagnosis and Intervention

2. Counselling for alcohol and substance abusers

a. Role of counsellors

b. Rehabilitation counsellors

c. Rehabilitation and Counselling the legal offenders

d. Victims of abuse and crisis Intervention Counselling

 - Unemployment
- Increasing stress
- High anxiety
- Young people need instant relief

Two Types of Drugs

1. Sedatives – Downs ,
2. Tranquilizers – up , increase excitement

Commonly used Drugs : LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide),Brown sugar,

Marijuana , heroin
 Psychological
Psychological Treatment
Treatment For
For Drug
Drug and
and Alacholic
Alacholic addictions
addictions

1.
1. Supportive
Supportive Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy –– aims
aims at
at helping
helping the
the individual
individual feel
feel more
more adequate
adequate to
to
face
face his
his Problems
Problems confidently.
confidently.
2.
2. Behaviour
Behaviour modification
modification –– aims
aims at
at modifing
modifing the
the individual’s
individual’s maladaptive
maladaptive behaviour
behaviour
through
through Substitution
Substitution of
of more
more effective
effective Coping
Coping Techniques.
Techniques.
3.
3. Re-educative
Re-educative Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy -- helps
helps the
the person
person to
to gain
gain an
an insight
insight into
into one
one Self
Self such
such
that
that one
one is
is able
able to
to modify
modify and
and or
or Change
Change faulty
faulty assumptions,attitudes,pavingthe
assumptions,attitudes,pavingthe forfor
fundamental
fundamental changes
changes in
in Personality
Personality Organisation.
Organisation.
 WHAT IS REHABILITATION COUNSELING?

Rehabilitation counselling is a specific practice of counselling within the discipline where

professionals work to help people who have emotional and physical disabilities so that

they are able to live more independently .

The community mental health has long history of more than 50 years in the west. It started

after 2ndworld war and reached its peak in 1963 and diminished in 1970. Further the community

support program took shape and even today the west is focusing on community support programs
Counselling Weaker section and Minoraties

1. Relationship - Counsellor should experiance himself as one of them not an Alien

not over symptazing ,not giving a Feeling of superirity

2. Structuring – Clients may not Know what ,how and Why to say , unable or unwilling
to participate due their cultural Background.

3. Résistance – Opposition to the goals of Counselling due to Self-devaluation.

not coming in time, not regular….etc.

4. Transferance – minorirites normally will execpt the counsellor to exhibit majorirty –

attitude…….. Leads to Suspicion

5. counter- Transferance – counsellor Transfers his feelings to the counsellee. Like

excessive sympthatic and indulgent with Client.

6. Language – Use language of the local people, illterarate

 Psychological Barriers

1. Self-disclosure - Willingness to open up to the Counsellor

2. Self- hatred - hate himself and despise the group they belong

3. Personalism – Focussing mainly on Person than the Process

4. Listening – Socially backward people are poor in Listening coz of their Passiveness

5. Modesty – it is a desirable Quality but too much Modesty can evoke negative feelings

6. Diagnosing – Use non- standardized procedure such as Observation , records and Interviews

7. Intervention – Unconditional positive regard highly recomanded . Focus mainly disadvantaged

home-envirnment , teacher sensitivity ,school-climate, weaker section drop out from School
create positive Self- Concept.
 Role of Counsellor for Prevention and Rehabilitation of Addicts

1. Preventive role- Awarness Programme for Teenagers

2. Remedication Programme – a. Drug type ,b. Duration of in take and age of onset
c. Dosage amount , frequency and method of intake

3. Intervention Programme and Counselling – Medical help , Psychological Counselling

( behaviour modification ).

4. Supportive therapy – Love and Accepatance by the Family and Frieds. AA Alacaholic
Anonymus group

5. Follow up and relapse Prevention – Clients Goes back to the same Environment condusive
for drugs availablity and distriuting agencies are to be tracked .
 Counselling legal offenders

Legal offenders are differentiated on the basis of their age

18+ -Adult – Criminal

18 years Below – Juveniles Delinquents

Rehabilitation is aimed at : 1. Skill improvement ( Motivation, education)

2. Personality improvement ( Emotional Control, Self-awarness,

attititudnal Change)
Counselling the Delinquent

Delinqecy is Symptom of Immaturity (Post puberty period)

Emotional Immaturity and behaviour is compensatory reactions

Rapid physcial growth and accelrated endocrinal functioning produces and this extra energy

Seeks suitable outlets ,Fail to adpat Social norms…..Counselling is not easy

 Causes for Teenage crime

1. Predisposition ( Genetic, Personality traits,impuslsivity,neurotiscm ,Feeling of

injustice and revenge).

2. Family Factors – broken families , domestic violence , unsatisfactory parents child

relationship.

3. Socio-economic factors – Acute poverty

4. Faulty modelling – Social learning ,Anti Social group…

Teenage - Rehabilitation

1. Prevention – early identification of Behavioral Problems . EG: Picking up other childern

attractive things.( behaviour modification)

2. Remedication – Continuing education , Occupational therapy ,Follow up and Counselling

Services.

3. Counselling – reluctant Client, not ready to open up

 Counselling and Rehabilitation Of Abused Victims

Counsellors Assesss : 1 the gravity of the abuse or assualt

2. extent of damage done to the Person and Family

3. the Duration of the abuse

4. medical help and avert the threat like Suicide

5. Developing a Support System around System

6. Prolonged emotional Counselling

7. help the Victims Developing a new and healthy Coping style

8. open new Social world

 Crisis Intervention Counselling

What is CIC ?

According to Caplan (1961) : Crisis occurs When an individual faces Problem that
he cannot solve, which Causes rise in inner tension and signs of anxiety and inablity to
function in extended period of emotional upset.

Method of CIC BY Jacobson et al .

1. Generic Universal pattern of behaviour. Eg: death of the loved one

2. Individual approach : specifically personalised ,each Person is differant, Perception

of crisis differant amount of Devastation in person’s life, Duration/ time gap of after
the crisis, ablitity to learn new Coping Skills and amount of random efferts individual has
already made
Theories of CIC
Equilibrium theory – refers to Extent disequilibrium , State of Shock , dysfunctionality

helplessness, some case leading suicidal tendencies.

Coginitive theory – Restructuring the faulty perception ( REBT)

Socio-Psycho-Transitional developmental theory – age changes role demands transitions

In life cause crisis

Types of crisis

1. Maturational / developmental crisis – Age related crisis

2. Situational crisis – Life Problems eg: CA, death ,Suicide ,drugs Dependance..etc
Body Image crisis
 Steps in CIC ?

1. Understanding the Event – severity of damge , client’s view, extent of threat (actual
or percived)

2. Ensuring client’s safety

3. Theraputic Intervention
reopening the new Social world

4. Resutation of crisis : Counsellor encourages, dealing with anxiety, new hobbies ..

5. Obtaining commitment of Client towards survival.

a. Rational understanding of crisis, b. awarness of subconscious feelings, c. Exploring

Coping mechanism
Method of Crisis Intervention ?

1. Individual method – anonymity and confidentiality is maintained

2. Group method – Common shared Problems Eg: age related crisis
3. Socio-cultural method - Sub culture related issues
4. Problem solving method of Guliford (1961)- Information (filtering)
Attention /Focussing Coginitive production of alternatives (coginition), new Information
more alternatives and evaluation of all Scope.

Do and Don’ts for C I counsellor ?

1. Never identifiy with turbulence ,griff and disorgnized thinkng of Client.

2. Do not reassume the impossiblities.
3. Remain calm and in Control
4. Encourage full Expression of Conflicts
5. Encourage sharing more to get Clients Interpretation Perception and reactions
6. Helping Client includes: correct cognitions, dealing of affect, Social instutions
(tapping of resource) and reorgnizing life style.
Grief Crisis (work stages)

1. Shock and disbelief

2. Developing awarness

3. Resolving the Loss

4. Emancipation from bondage with the deceased

5. Readjustment on absance of deceased

6. Formation of new relationships