What is artificial intelligence2

What is artificial intelligence?
Artificial intelligence is a specialty within computer science that is concerned

with creating systems that can replicate human intelligence and problem-solving
abilities. They do this by taking in a myriad of data, processing it, and learning
from their past in order to streamline and improve in the future.
Artificial intelligence is something that we, with intelligence have created. Let
us have quick march into History of Artificial intelligence...
Birth of AI: 1950-1956

This range of time was when the interest in AI really came to a head. Alan
Turing published his work “Computer Machinery and Intelligence” which
eventually became The Turing Test, which experts used to measure computer
intelligence.
AI maturation: 1957-1979
The time between when the phrase “artificial intelligence” was created, and the
1980s was a period of both rapid growth and struggle for AI research. The late
1950s through the 1960s was a time of creation.The 1970s showed similar
improvements, such as the first anthropomorphic robot being built in Japan, to
the first example of an autonomous vehicle being built by an engineering grad
student.
AI boom: 1980-1987
Most of the 1980s showed a period of rapid growth and interest in AI, now
labeled as the “AI boom.” This came from both breakthroughs in research, and
additional government funding to support the researchers. Deep Learning
techniques and the use of Expert System became more popular.
AI winter: 1987-1993
As the AAAI warned, an AI Winter came. The term describes a period of low
consumer, public, and private interest in AI which leads to decreased research
funding, which, in turn, leads to few breakthroughs. Both private investors and
the government lost interest in AI and halted their funding due to high cost
versus seemingly low return. This AI Winter came about because of some
setbacks in the machine market and expert systems, including the end of the
Fifth Generation project.
AI agents: 1993-2011
Despite the lack of funding during the AI Winter, the early 90s showed some
impressive strides forward in AI research, including the introduction of the first
AI system that could beat a reigning world champion chess player. This era also
introduced AI into everyday life via innovations such as the first Roomba and
the first commercially-available speech recognition software on Windows
computers.
Artificial General Intelligence: 2012-present

As we see today from day-to-day life to various news and information which we
get, are all directly or indirectly rides on it. So lets just see some notable dates
of major happenings:
 2012: Two researchers from Google (Jeff Dean and Andrew Ng) trained
a neural network to recognize cats by showing it unlabeled images and no
background information.
 2015: Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, and Steve Wozniak (and over 3,000
others) signed an open letter to the worlds’ government systems banning
the development of (and later, use of) autonomous weapons for purposes
of war.
 2016: Hanson Robotics created a humanoid robot named Sophia, who

became known as the first “robot citizen” and was the first robot created
with a realistic human appearance and the ability to see and replicate
emotions, as well as to communicate.
 2017: Facebook programmed two AI chatbots to converse and learn how

to negotiate, but as they went back and forth they ended up forgoing
English and developing their own language, completely autonomously.
 2018: A Chinese tech group called Alibaba’s language-processing AI

beat human intellect on a Stanford reading and comprehension test.
 2019: Google’s AlphaStar reached Grandmaster on the video game

StarCraft 2, outperforming all but .2% of human players.
 2020: OpenAI started beta testing GPT-3, a model that uses Deep
Learning to create code, poetry, and other such language and writing
tasks. While not the first of its kind, it is the first that creates content
almost indistinguishable from those created by humans.
 2021: OpenAI developed DALL-E, which can process and understand

images enough to produce accurate captions, moving AI one step closer
to understanding the visual world.The U.S. Department of Homeland
Security tested AI to recognize masked faces.
 2023: Microsoft made a landmark announcement that marked a

significant milestone in the field of artificial intelligence by declaring a
massive $10 billion investment in OpenAI.
What does the future hold?

We can expect to see further adoption of AI by businesses of all sizes, changes
in the workforce as more automation eliminates and creates jobs in equal
measure, more robotics, autonomous vehicles, and so much more.
NOTES OF DATES( Kind of Fun Facts):
 1921: Czech playwright Karel Čapek released a science fiction play

“Rossum’s Universal Robots” which introduced the idea of “artificial
people” which he named robots. This was the first known use of the
word.
 1929: Japanese professor Makoto Nishimura built the first Japanese
robot, named Gakutensoku.
 1949: Computer scientist Edmund Callis Berkley published the book
“Giant Brains, or Machines that Think” which compared the newer
models of computers to human brains.
 1950: Alan Turing published “Computer Machinery and Intelligence”

which proposed a test of machine intelligence called The Imitation
Game.
 1952: A computer scientist named Arthur Samuel developed a
program to play checkers, which is the first to ever learn the game
independently.
 1955: John McCarthy held a workshop at Dartmouth on “artificial
intelligence” which is the first use of the word, and how it came into
popular usage.
Notable dates include:
 1958: John McCarthy created LISP (acronym for List Processing), the
first programming language for AI research, which is still in popular
use to this day.
 1959: Arthur Samuel created the term “machine learning” when
doing a speech about teaching machines to play chess better than
the humans who programmed them.
 1961: The first industrial robot Unimate started working on an
assembly line at General Motors in New Jersey, tasked with
transporting die casings and welding parts on cars (which was
deemed too dangerous for humans).
 1965: Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg created the first
“expert system” which was a form of AI programmed to replicate
the thinking and decision-making abilities of human experts.
 1966: Joseph Weizenbaum created the first “chatterbot” (later
shortened to chatbot), ELIZA, a mock psychotherapist, that used
natural language processing (NLP) to converse with humans.1968:
Soviet mathematician Alexey Ivakhnenko published “Group Method
of Data Handling” in the journal “Avtomatika,” which proposed a
new approach to AI that would later become what we now know as
“Deep Learning.”
 1973: An applied mathematician named James Lighthill gave a
report to the British Science Council, underlining that strides were
not as impressive as those that had been promised by scientists,
which led to much-reduced support and funding for AI research from
the British government.
 1979: James L. Adams created The Standford Cart in 1961, which
became one of the first examples of an autonomous vehicle. In ‘79,
it successfully navigated a room full of chairs without human
interference.
 1979: The American Association of Artificial Intelligence which is
now known as the Association for the Advancement of Artificial
Intelligence (AAAI) was founded.
 1980: First conference of the AAAI was held at Stanford.
 1980: The first expert system came into the commercial market,
known as XCON (expert configurer). It was designed to assist in the
ordering of computer systems by automatically picking components
based on the customer’s needs.
 1981: The Japanese government allocated $850 million (over $2
billion dollars in today’s money) to the Fifth Generation Computer
project. Their aim was to create computers that could translate,
converse in human language, and express reasoning on a human
level.
 1984: The AAAI warns of an incoming “AI Winter” where funding
and interest would decrease, and make research significantly more
difficult.
 1985: An autonomous drawing program known as AARON is
demonstrated at the AAAI conference.
 1986: Ernst Dickmann and his team at Bundeswehr University of
Munich created and demonstrated the first driverless car (or robot
car). It could drive up to 55 mph on roads that didn’t have other
obstacles or human drivers.
 1987: Commercial launch of Alacrity by Alactrious Inc. Alacrity was
the first strategy managerial advisory system, and used a complex
expert system with 3,000+ rules.

What is artificial intelligence2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is artificial intelligence2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is artificial intelligence2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is artificial intelligence?

Artificial intelligence is a specialty within computer science that is concerned

Birth of AI: 1950-1956

Artificial General Intelligence: 2012-present

 2016: Hanson Robotics created a humanoid robot named Sophia, who

 2017: Facebook programmed two AI chatbots to converse and learn how

 2018: A Chinese tech group called Alibaba’s language-processing AI

 2019: Google’s AlphaStar reached Grandmaster on the video game

 2021: OpenAI developed DALL-E, which can process and understand

 2023: Microsoft made a landmark announcement that marked a

What does the future hold?

 1921: Czech playwright Karel Čapek released a science fiction play

 1950: Alan Turing published “Computer Machinery and Intelligence”

Notable dates include:

You might also like