DNA Fingerprinting Adjusted

DNA FINGERPRINTING
DNA fingerprinting is a procedure that shows the hereditary makeup of living things.
It is a strategy for finding the distinction between the satellite DNA areas in the genome.
DNA profiling, DNA testing, DNA examination, Genetic profile, DNA distinguishing proof,
genetic fingerprinting, and genetic investigation are a portion of the mainstream names used
for DNA fingerprinting. This technique was invented by Alec Jeffreys in 1984.
Principle of DNA Fingerprinting
The human genome consists of innumerable small noncoding sequences which are inheritable and
repeatedly present.
They can be separated from the bulk DNA as satellite upon performing density gradient
centrifugation and thus known
as satellite DNA. They can be categorized into either microsatellites or microsatellites depending on
the length,
base composition, and tandemly repetitive units. These satellite DNAs show polymorphism and this
polymorphism is the
basis of DNA fingerprinting. The repeat regions can be divided into two groups based on the size of
the repeat -
variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) and short tandem repeats. These repeats act as genetic
markers and every
individual inherits these repeats from their parents. Thus, every individual has a particular
composition of VNTRs
and this is the main principle of the DNA fingerprinting technique.

DNA Fingerprinting Steps
1. Collection of organic example blood, spit, buccal swab, semen, or solid tissue.
2. DNA extraction.
3. Restriction absorption or PCR intensification.
4. Agarose gel electrophoresis, slim electrophoresis, or DNA sequencing.
5. Interpreting outcomes.
The Process of DNA Fingerprinting
Sample collection, DNA extraction, absorption or intensification, and investigation results are
significant advances.
Stage 1: Sample Collection
DNA can be acquired from any bodily sample or liquid. Buccal smear, salivation, blood, amniotic
liquid, chorionic villi,
skin, hair, body liquid, and different tissues are significant kinds of samples utilized.
Stage 2: DNA Extraction
We need to initially get DNA. To play out any genetic applications, DNA extraction is one of the most
significant advances.
Great quality and quantity of DNA expand the possibilities of getting better outcomes.
You can utilize DNA extraction strategies enlisted below:
1. Phenol-chloroform DNA extraction strategy
2. CTAB DNA extraction strategy
3. Proteinase K DNA extraction strategy
We strongly recommend using a ready-to-go DNA extraction kit for DNA fingerprinting.
The purity and quantity of DNA should be ~1.80 and 100 ng, respectively, to perform the DNA test.
Filter the DNA using the DNA purification kit if necessary.
Measure the DNA using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Then perform one of the following
strategies listed below.
DNA Fingerprinting Strategies
Stage 3: Restriction Absorption, Enhancement, or DNA Sequencing
Three regular strategies are used:
1. RFLP-based STR investigation
2. PCR-based investigation
3. Real-time PCR investigation
Stage 4: Analysis of Results
As discussed, using southern blotting, agarose gel electrophoresis, narrow electrophoresis, ongoing
intensification,
and DNA sequencing, the results for different DNA profiling can be obtained. RT-PCR and
sequencing are widely used in forensic science.
Stage 5: Interpreting Results
By comparing DNA profiles of different samples, variations and similarities between people can be
identified.
Notably, the whole process is now almost automatic. The computer gives us conclusive results.
Applications of DNA Fingerprinting
- Utilizing the DNA fingerprinting strategy, the natural identity of an individual can be revealed.
For validating one's identity, there is no better alternative than DNA fingerprinting.
- Severely damaged dead bodies can be identified.
- It is used to detect maternal cell contamination.
- One major downside of prenatal diagnosis is maternal cell contamination. The amniotic liquid or
CVS test
contains maternal DNA or maternal tissue sometimes. Contamination increases the chance of
false-positive results,
especially in carrier detection. Using VNTRs and STRs markers with PCR-gel electrophoresis,
maternal cell
contamination can be identified during pregnancy genetic testing.
- One of the most significant uses of the current strategy is in crime scene examination and criminal
checks.
The sample is collected from the crime site, which could be saliva, blood, hair follicle, or semen.
DNA is
extracted and analyzed against the suspect, using the two markers explained earlier. By matching
DNA band
patterns, criminals linked to crimes can be established.
Utilizing Blood-Typing in Paternity Tests
The procedure of DNA fingerprinting was discovered by Alec Jeffreys in 1984, and it was first used
for paternity testing
in 1988. Before this kind of DNA analysis was available, blood classifications were the most
common method used in
paternity testing. Blood groups are a classic example of Mendelian genetics. There are various
human blood groups
with multiple alleles, and these alleles display a range of dominance patterns.
DNA Fingerprinting and Farming

Several DNA minisatellite tests have yielded fragment profiles that are useful for plant breeding
work. These fragment
profiles show no variation when vegetative propagation material is analyzed. Similarly, samples
obtained through
self-inbreeding species show identical profiles. In contrast, genetic recombination in cross-pollinating
species
results in highly variable, often individual-specific fragment profiles. This enables the identification of
different cultivars and genotypes of wild species in natural populations. These fragment profiles can
also be used
in parentage analysis, as has already been done in rice and apples, thereby helping clarify the origin
of poorly
documented cultivars. Additionally, evaluations of genetic variation based on similarity indices
determined from
fragment profiles show a close relationship with known degrees of genetic relatedness.

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DNA FINGERPRINTING

Principle of DNA Fingerprinting

centrifugation and thus known

markers and every

and this is the main principle of the DNA fingerprinting technique.

3. Restriction absorption or PCR intensification.

4. Agarose gel electrophoresis, slim electrophoresis, or DNA sequencing.

The Process of DNA Fingerprinting

Stage 1: Sample Collection

liquid, chorionic villi,

Stage 2: DNA Extraction

You can utilize DNA extraction strategies enlisted below:

1. Phenol-chloroform DNA extraction strategy

2. CTAB DNA extraction strategy

3. Proteinase K DNA extraction strategy

Filter the DNA using the DNA purification kit if necessary.

strategies listed below.

DNA Fingerprinting Strategies

Stage 3: Restriction Absorption, Enhancement, or DNA Sequencing

Three regular strategies are used:

1. RFLP-based STR investigation

3. Real-time PCR investigation

Stage 4: Analysis of Results

sequencing are widely used in forensic science.

Stage 5: Interpreting Results

Applications of DNA Fingerprinting

- It is used to detect maternal cell contamination.

contamination can be identified during pregnancy genetic testing.

patterns, criminals linked to crimes can be established.

Utilizing Blood-Typing in Paternity Tests

for paternity testing

common method used in

human blood groups

DNA Fingerprinting and Farming

work. These fragment

self-inbreeding species show identical profiles. In contrast, genetic recombination in cross-pollinating

documented cultivars. Additionally, evaluations of genetic variation based on similarity indices

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