RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

 French Revolution- First clear expression of nationalism.

 France became nation and steps taken to bring sense of collective identity:
i. The idea of La patrie and La citoyen
ii. New French flag.
iii. Formation of National Assembly.
iv. New hymns were composed, oaths were taken.
v. A centralized administrative system was set up.
vi. Uniform system of weight and measure.
vii. Internal custom duties and dues were abolished.
viii. Regional dialects were discouraged and French language was promoted.

SPREAD OF NATIONALISM
FRANCE EUROPE (Holland, Belgium, Switzerland)
 French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
 Napolean took the control of France.
 Destroyed democracy but made administrative field more efficient and rational.
 CIVIL CODE OF 1804 ( also known as Napoleonic code)
i. Removed all privileges based on birth and established equality before law
and secured the right to property.
ii. Simplified administrative division abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
iii. In the townsguild restrictions were removed.
iv. Transport and communications were improved.
v. Peasants, artisans, workers and businessmen enjoyed a new found
freedom.

OUTCOME
 Initially in many places such as Holland, Switzerland, Brussels etc the French
armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
 But it soon became clear that new administrative arrangements did not go hand
in hand with political freedom.
Political freedom (Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the
French armies to conquer the rest of Europe.)

THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

 There were no nation states there were kingdoms, duchies and cantons.

THE ARISTOCRACY AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS

 Rich landed aristocracy used to be dominant class on the continent.
 All the aristocrats were united by common way of life.
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  They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses.
 Their families were often connected by ties of marriages.
 However numerically they were small in number.
 The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
 To the west the bulk of the land was formed by tenants and small owners.
 While in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was
characterized by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.

THE MIDDLE CLASS

 Industrial revolution occurred in Europe.
 There were growth of towns and those peasants who were working in industries
now started to emerge themselves as new commercial classes.
 Newcategories were formed, made of industrialists, Businessmen and
professionals.
LIBERAL MATIONALISM
 Liberalism derives from Latin word “Liber” meaning free.
POLITICAL SPHERE
i. Freedom of individual and equality of all before law.
ii. Government by consent.
iii. Constitution and representative government through parliament.
iv. End of autocracy and clerical privileges.
ECONOMIC SPHERE
v. Inviolability of private property.
a. Freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restrictions on the
movement of goods and capital.
b. Difference in weight, Measures and currency.
c. Demand for unified economic territory. (Zolleverin)
 Equality before law does not necessarily stand for Universal Suffrage.

A NEW CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815

1. Defeat of Napoleon in 1815.
2. Spirit of conservatism emerged.
i. Ideology of conservatives is known as conservatism.
ii. Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and
society, like the monarchy, the church social hierarchies, property and the
family should be preserved.
iii. Most conservatives did not propose the society of pre- revolution days.
iv. Modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the
monarchy. (A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic
economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the
autocratic monarchies of Europe.
v. Conservative regime set up in 1815 was autocratic.

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 vi. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities but
questioned the legitimacy of autocratic government.
vii. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in
newspaper, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and
freedom associated with the French Revolution.
3. Representatives of the European powers Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who
had collectively defected Napoleon met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
4. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
5. The main intension was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by
Napoleon and create a new conservatives order in Europe.

CHANGES INTRODUCED UNDER TREATY OF VIENNA

 The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during the French Revolution
was restored to power.
 France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
 A series of states were set u on the boundaries of France to prevent French
expansion in future.
THE REVOLUTIONARIES
 During 1815 conservatives were in power by defeating Napoleon Bonaparte.
 They started to repress people who were against conservatives.
 So the Liberals, Nationalist were underground and during that time a force or
groups were emerged and they are known as Revolutionaries. They were
secret societies. They formed groups and started to fight against conservative
regime. They were committed to oppose monarchies established after Vienna
Congress.
 Most prominent one was Giuseppe Mazzini.
 Born in Genoa 1807. (Italian nationalists sent into exile in 1831 for attempting
revolution in Liguria.
 Formed secret societies. Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.
 He believed that “God had intended nations to be natural unit of mankind.”
 Metternich’s view about Giuseppe Mazzini: The most dangerous enemy of our
social order.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS (1830-1848)
 First upheaval took place in France in July 1830(They installed Louis Philippe
as constitutional Monarchy.)
Duke Metternich said “When France sneezes the rest of the Europe catches the
cold.”
 The Belgium got away from United Kingdom of Netherlands.

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 Greek war of independence. Greece is known as the cradle of European
civilization. Lord Byron who was a poet participated the war but he died due to
fever.
 With the Treaty of Constantinople Greece became Independent.

THE ROMANTIC IMAGINATION AND NATIONAL FEELING

 Nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion.
Culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry,
stories and music helped to express shape nationalist feelings. Romanticism is
an ideology where culture, art and ideas are focused upon to create a form of
nationalist sentiments. Romantic artists and poets generally critised the
glorification of reason and science and focused instead in emotions, intuition
and mystical feelings.
 Their effort was to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common
cultural past as the basis of a nation.

IDEA OF JOHAAN GOTFRIED HERDER

 He was a German philosopher and he claimed that true German culture was to
be discovered among the common people(das volk).It was possible through folk
songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was
popularized.
 Not only that vernacular language and local folk lore are also helpful in
recovering an ancient national spirit.

HUNGER HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLT

1830 (The years of great economic hardship in Europe because there was
increase in population and thus unemployment increased as people migrated to
cities in search of jobs. Thus overcrowded slums increased. In addition there
were rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty in
the country.
Industrialization in England further created hardship as they were importing
cheap machine made goods from England to the other parts of the Europe.
Small producers in town faced stiff competition. Textile production suffered a
lot.
In the eastern part of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power,
peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

HUNGER= HARDSHIP= POPULAR REVOLT

REVOLT OF THE POOR (1848)
1. Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of
Paris out on the roads.
2. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
3. As a result a National Assembly proclaimed a republic, granted suffrage to
all adults male above 21 and guaranteed the right to work.

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 REVOLT OF EDUCATED MIDDLE CLASS
 Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the
monarchs and republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.
In other parts of Europe where independent nation states did not yet exist such
as Germany, Italy, Poland, The Austro- Hungarian Empire.
 Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined the demands for
constitutionalism with national unification.
 They took advantage of the growing unrest to push their demands for the
creation of nation-states on parliamentary principles.
EXAMPLE (GERMAN REGION)
 Members of middle class professional, businessmen and prosperous artisans
came together in the city of Frankfurt to vote for the All German National
Assembly.
 On 18th May 831 elected representatives marched in the festive procession to
take their place in the Frankfurt parliament conducted in the church of St. Paul.
 They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by monarchy
subject to a parliament

RESULT
 When the deputes offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV
king of Prussia rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected
assembly. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger,
the social basis of parliament eroded. The parliament was dominated by the
middle class who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and
consequently lost their support. In the end troops were called in and the
assembly was forced to disband.

CONDITION OF WOMEN
With the liberal movement large number of women had participated actively.
They formed their own political associations, founded newspaper and took part
in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite of that they were denied
suffrage right during the election of the assembly. Not only that when the
Frankfurt parliament convened in the church of ST. Paul women were admitted
only as an observers to stand in the visitors gallery.

IMPACT OF THOSE REVOLUTIONS

Attempt was failed but still these revolutions let a deep impact
 Though conservatives forces were able to suppress liberal movement in 1848,
they could not restore the old order.
 Monarchs began to realize that the cycles of revolution and repression could
only be ended by granting concession to the liberals- nationalist revolutionaries.
 Hence in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of central and Eastern
Europe began to introduce the change that had already taken place in the
western Europe before 1815.
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 Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Hapsburg
dominion and in Russia.

THE MAKING OF GERMANY

 The liberals’ initiative to unify Germany was failed attempt.
 Then conservatives started to talk about the Germany unification for promoting
state power and achieving political dominance over Europe.
 Army became the Architect of a Nation.
 After the failed attempt of liberals, conservatives took on the leadership of the
movement for the national unification.
 Its chief minister Otton Von Bismark was the architect of the process carried out
with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
 Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in
Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
 In January 1871, The Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor
in a ceremony held at Versailles making of Germany.
 The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of
Prussian state power.The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernizing
the currency banking legal and judicial system in Germany.
 Prussias’ measures and practices often became a model for the rest of
Germany.

ITALY UNIFIED
 During the middle if the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states,
of which only one Sardinia Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
 The north was under Austrian Habsburgs.
 The centre was ruled by the Pope.
 The Southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of
Spain.
 Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had
many regional and local variations.
 During the 1810s Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent
programme for a unified Italian Republic.
 He had also formed a secret society called the Young Italy for the dissemination
of is goals.
 It got failed. The failure of revolutionary uprising in 1831 and 1848 meant that
the mantle now fell on Sardinia- Piedmont under its ruler king Victor
Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.