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Page i
Numerical Constants
Fundamental Constants
Name Symbol Value
Speed of
light in c 2.99792458 ⋅ 10
8
ms
−1

vacuum
Elementary
e 1.602176634 ⋅ 10
−19
C
charge
Universal
gravitational G 6.67430 (15) ⋅ 10
−11
m
3
kg
−

constant
Planck’s
h 6.62607015 ⋅ 10
−34
J s
constant
Boltzmann’s −23 −1
kB 1.380649 ⋅ 10 JK
constant
Avogadro’s 23 −1
NA 6.02214076 ⋅ 10 mol
number
Universal
gas R 8.314462618... J mol
−1
K
−

constant
Mass of an −31
me 9.1093837015 (28) ⋅ 10 k
electron
Mass of a −27
mp 1.67262192369 (51) ⋅ 10
proton
Mass of a −27
mn 1.67492749804 (95) ⋅ 10
neutron
Coulomb k 8. 9875517923 (14) ⋅ 10
9
N
force
Fundamental Constants
Name Symbol Value
constant
Magnetic
permeability −6
μ0 1. 25663706212 (19) ⋅ 10
of free
space
Electric
permittivity 2 −12
ϵ0 = 1/(μ0C ) 8.8541878128 (13) ⋅ 10 F
of free
space
Stefan-
Boltzmann σ 5.670374419... ⋅ 10
−8
Wm
constant

Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology,

http://physics.nist.gov/constants. The numbers in parentheses show
the uncertainty in the final digits of the quoted number. For example,
6.67384(80) means 6.67384 ± 0.00080. Values shown without
uncertainties are exact.
Other Useful Constants
Name Symbol Value
Standard
acceleration
g 9.81 m s
−2

due to
gravity
Standard
atmospheric
atm 1.01325 ⋅ 10
5
Pa
pressure at
20 °C

Volume of
ideal gas at
22.41396954... liter/mol
0 °C and 1
atm
Mechanical
equivalent 4.186 J/cal

of heat
Atomic
u 1. 660539066(50) ⋅ 10
(−27)
kg
mass unit
Electron-
eV 1.602176634 ⋅ 10
−19
J
volt
Atomic
mass unit
uc
2
931.49410242(28) MeV
energy
equivalent
Electron
mass
meC
2
0.51099895000(15) MeV
energy
equivalent
Other Useful Constants
Name Symbol Value
Proton
mass
938.27208816(29) MeV
2
mpC
energy
equivalent
Neutron
mass
mnC
2
939.56542052(54) MeV
energy
equivalent
Planck’s
constant
ħ 1.054571817... ⋅ 10
−34
J s
divided by
2π
Planck’s
constant
ħc 197.3269804... MeV fm
divided by
2π times c

Bohr radius a0 0.529177210903 (80) ⋅ 10

−10
m

Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology,

http://physics.nist.gov/constants (2018 CODATA recommended
values). The numbers in parentheses show the uncertainty in the final
digits of the quoted number. For example, 6.67384(80) means
6.67384 ± 0.00080. Numbers quoted ending in .... show an exact value

that can be computed to an arbiitrary number of digits.

Page ii
Unit Conversion Factors
Length

1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 10
6
μm 9
= 10 nm

1 km = 1000 m = 0.6214 mi

1 m = 3.281 f t = 39.37 in

1 cm = 0.3937 in

1 in = 2.54 cm (exactly)

1 f t = 30.48 cm (exactly)

1 yd = 91.44 cm (exactly)

1 mi = 5280 f t = 1.609344 km (exactly)

−10 −8
1 Angstrom = 10 m = 10 cm = 0.1 nm

1 nautical mile = 6076 f t = 1.151 mi

15
1 light-year = 9.461 ⋅ 10 m

Area
2 4 2 2
1m = 10 cm = 10.76 f t

2 2
1 cm = 0.155 in
2 2
1 in = 6.452 cm
2 2 2
1 ft = 144 in = 0.0929 m
2
1 hectare = 2.471 acres = 10,000 m
2
1 acre = 0.4047 hectare = 43,560 f t
2
1 mi = 640 acres (exactly)

2 2
1 yd = 0.8361 m

Volume
3 −3 3 3 3
1 liter = 1000 cm = 10 m = 0.03531 f t = 61.02 in = 33.81 f luid ounce
3 3
1 ft = 0.02832 m = 28.32 liter = 7.481 gallon

1 gallon = 3.785 liters

1 quart = 0.9464 liter

Time

1 min = 60 s

1 h = 3600 s

1 day = 86,400 s

1 week = 604,800 s

7
1 year = 3.156 ⋅ 10 s

Angle
1 rad = 57.30°= 180°/π

1°= 0.01745 rad = (π/180) rad

1 rev = 360°= 2π rad

1 rev/ min (rpm) = 0.1047 rad/s = 6°/s

Speed

1 mile per hour (mph) = 0.4470 m/s = 1.467 f t/s = 1.609 km/h

1 m/s = 2.237 mph = 3.281 f t/s

1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s = 0.6214 mph

1 f t/s = 0.3048 m/s

1 knot = 1.151 mph = 0.5144 m/s

Acceleration
2 2 2
1 m/s = 100 cm/s = 3.281 f t/s

2 2 2
1 cm/s = 0.01 m/s = 0.03281 f t/s

2 2 2
1 f t/s = 0.3048 m/s = 30.48 cm/s

Mass

1 kg = 1000 g = 0.0685 slug

1 slug = 14.59 kg

1 kg = 2.2046 lb

1 lb = 0.4536 kg

Force

1 N = 0.2248 lb

1 lb = 4.448 N

1 stone = 14 lb = 62.28 N

Pressure
2 −4 2 2
1 Pa = 1 N/m = 1.450 ⋅ 10 lb/in = 0.0209 lb/f t

5 2 2
1 atm = 1.013 ⋅ 10 Pa = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 lb/in = 2117 lb/f t = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg

2
1 lb/in = 6895 Pa

2
1 lb/f t = 47.88 Pa

1 mm Hg = 1 Torr = 133.3 Pa

5
1 bar = 10 Pa = 100 kPa

Energy

1 J = 0.239 cal

1 cal = 4.186 J
1 Btu = 1055 J = 252 cal
6
1 kW ⋅ h = 3.600 ⋅ 10 J

1 f t ⋅ lb = 1.356 J
−19
1 eV = 1.602 ⋅ 10 J

Power

1W = 1J s

1 hp = 746 W = 0.746 kW = 550 f t ⋅ lb/s

1 Btu/h = 0.293 W

9
1 GW = 1000 MW = 1.0 ⋅ 10 W

1 kW = 1.34 hp

Temperature

Fahrenheit to Celsius: T C =
5

9
(TF − 32 °F)

Celsius to Fahrenheit: T F =
9

5
TC + 32 °C

Celsius to Kelvin: T K = TC + 273.15 °C

Kelvin to Celsius: T C = TK − 273.15 K

 Page iii

Third Edition

University Physics
with Modern Physics

Wolfgang Bauer
Michigan State University

Gary D. Westfall
Michigan State University
Page iv
UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New

York, NY 10019. Copyright ©2024 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in
any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast
for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may

not be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 28 27 26 25 24 23

ISBN 978-1-266-08408-9
MHID 1-266-08408-8

Cover Image: (Five equipotential surfaces of a tetrahedral

arrangement of four identical charges): McGraw Hill; (Snow
boarder): W. Bauer and G. D. Westfall; (Zoomed in damper, Wind
turbine): Wolfgang Bauer; (Screenshot of Apps: (Prism) Dispersion
and Kepler’s Laws: Earth): Wolfgang Bauer/McGraw Hill
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are
considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of
publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an
endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill
LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at
these sites.

mheducation.com/highered
Page v
 Brief Contents
The Big Picture

PART 1: MECHANICS OF POINT PARTICLES

1 Overview
2 Motion in a Straight Line
3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
4 Force
5 Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power
6 Potential Energy and Energy Conservation
7 Momentum and Collisions
PART 2: EXTENDED OBJECTS, MATTER, AND CIRCULAR MOTION
8 Systems of Particles and Extended Objects
9 Circular Motion
10 Rotation
11 Static Equilibrium
12 Gravitation
13 Solids and Fluids
PART 3: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
14 Oscillations
15 Waves
16 Sound
PART 4: THERMAL PHYSICS
17 Temperature
18 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics
19 Ideal Gases
20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
PART 5: ELECTRICITY
21 Electrostatics
22 Electric Fields and Gauss’s Law
23 Electric Potential
24 Capacitors
25 Current and Resistance
26 Direct Current Circuits
PART 6: MAGNETISM
27 Magnetism
28 Magnetic Fields of Moving Charges
29 Electromagnetic Induction
30 Alternating Current Circuits
31 Electromagnetic Waves
PART 7: OPTICS
32 Geometric Optics
33 Lenses and Optical Instruments
34 Wave Optics
PART 8: RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM PHYSICS
35 Relativity
36 Quantum Physics
37 Quantum Mechanics
38 Atomic Physics
39 Elementary Particle Physics
40 Nuclear Physics
Appendix A: Mathematics Primer
Appendix B: Element Properties
Answers to Selected Questions and Problems
Page vi
About the Authors

W. Bauer and G. D. Westfall

Wolfgang Bauer was born in Germany and obtained his Ph.D. in

theoretical physics from the University of Giessen in 1987. After a
post-doctoral fellowship at the California Institute of Technology, he
joined the faculty at Michigan State University in 1988, with a dual
appointment at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
(NSCL). He has worked on a large variety of topics in theoretical and
computational physics, from high-temperature superconductivity to
supernova explosions, but has been especially interested in
relativistic nuclear collisions. In recent years, Dr. Bauer has focused
much of his research and teaching on issues concerning energy,
including fossil fuel resources, ways to use energy more efficiently,
and, in particular, alternative and carbon-neutral energy resources.
From 2001 to 2013, he served as chairperson of the Department of
Physics and Astronomy. In 2009, he founded the Institute for Cyber-
Enabled Research and served as its first director until 2013. From
2013 to 2020, he was a member of MSU's executive management, as
Senior Consultant and Associate Vice President for Administration.
He was a coauthor of MSU's Energy Transition Plan and the lead
author of the Mobility Plan. In 2020, Dr. Bauer returned to the
regular faculty and holds the title of University Distinguished
Professor.
Gary D. Westfall started his career at the Center for Nuclear
Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, where he completed his
Ph.D. in experimental nuclear physics in 1975. From there he went to
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in Berkeley,
California, to conduct his post-doctoral work in high-energy nuclear
physics and then stayed on as a staff scientist. While he was at LBNL,
Dr. Westfall became internationally known for his work on the
nuclear fireball model and the use of fragmentation to produce
nuclei far from stability. In 1981, Dr. Westfall joined the National
Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State
University (MSU) as a research professor; there he conceived,
constructed, and ran the MSU 4π Detector. His research using the 4π
Detector produced information concerning the response of nuclear
matter as it is compressed in a supernova collapse. In 1987, Dr.
Westfall joined the Department of Physics and Astronomy at MSU
while continuing to carry out his research at NSCL. In 1994, Dr.
Westfall joined the STAR Collaboration, which is carrying out
experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at
Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, New York. Dr.
Westfall is best known for his work with correlations and
fluctuations of particle produced in Au+Au collisions at RHIC. In
2003, he was named University Distinguished Professor at Michigan
State University. Dr. Westfall served as Chair of the RHIC Users
Executive Committee and as the Chair of STAR Council. Dr. Westfall
currently holds the title of University Distinguished Professor,
Emeritus, at Michigan State University. Dr. Westfall received the
Award for Innovative Excellence in Teaching, Learning, and
Technology from the American Association of Physics Teachers, and
he was a finalist for the Ernest L Boyer International Award for
Innovative Excellence in Teaching, Learning, and Technology.

The Westfall/Bauer Partnership Drs. Bauer and Westfall have

collaborated on nuclear physics research and on physics education
research for more than two decades. The partnership started in 1988,
when both authors were speaking at the same conference and
decided to go downhill skiing together after the session. On this
occasion, Westfall recruited Bauer to join the faculty at Michigan
State University (in part by threatening to push him off the ski lift if
he declined). They obtained NSF funding to develop novel teaching
and laboratory techniques, authored multimedia physics CDs for
their students at the Lyman Briggs School, and coauthored a
textbook on CD-ROM, called cliXX Physik. In 1992, they became
early adopters of the Internet for teaching and learning by
developing the first version of their online homework system. In
subsequent years, they were instrumental in creating the
LearningOnline Network with CAPA, which is now used at more than
70 universities and colleges in the United States and around the
world. From 2008 to 2013, Bauer and Westfall were part of a team of
instructors, engineers, and physicists who investigate the use of peer-
assisted learning in the introductory physics curriculum. This project
has received funding from the NSF STEM Talent Expansion
Program, and its best practices have been incorporated into this
textbook.

Dedication This book is dedicated to our families. Without their

patience, encouragement, and support, we could never have
completed it.
Page vii
A Note from the Authors
We are thrilled to introduce the third edition of our textbook,
University Physics. Physics is a thriving science, alive with
intellectual challenge and presenting innumerable research problems
on topics ranging from the largest galaxies to the smallest subatomic
particles. Physicists have managed to bring understanding, order,
consistency, and predictability to our universe and will continue that
endeavor into the exciting future.
However, when we open most current introductory physics
textbooks, we find that a different story is being told. Physics is
painted as a completed science in which the major advances
happened at the time of Newton, or perhaps early in the 20th
century. Only toward the end of the standard textbooks is “modern”
physics covered, and even that coverage often includes only
discoveries made through the 1960s.
Our main motivation in writing this book is to change
this perception by weaving exciting, contemporary physics
throughout the text. Physics is an amazingly dynamic discipline—
continuously on the verge of new discoveries and life-changing
applications. To help students see this, we need to tell the full,
absorbing story of our science by integrating contemporary physics
into the first-year calculus-based course. Even the very first semester
offers many opportunities to do this by weaving recent results from
nonlinear dynamics, chaos, complexity, and high-energy physics
research into the introductory curriculum. Because we are actively
carrying out research in these fields, we know that many of the
cutting-edge results are accessible in their essence to the first-year
student.
Recent results involving renewable energy, the environment,
engineering, medicine, and technology show physics as an exciting,
thriving, and intellectually alive subject motivating students,
invigorating classrooms, and making the instructor’s job easier and
more enjoyable. In particular, we believe that talking about the broad
topic of energy provides a great opening gambit to capture students’
interest. Concepts of energy sources (fossil, renewable, nuclear, and
so forth), energy efficiency, energy storage, alternative energy
sources, and environmental effects of energy supply choices (global
warming and ocean acidification, for example) are very much
accessible on the introductory physics level. We find that discussions
of energy spark our students’ interest like no other current topic, and
we have addressed different aspects of energy throughout our book.
In addition to being exposed to the exciting world of physics,
students benefit greatly from gaining the ability to problem solve
and think logically about a situation. Physics is based on a core
set of ideas that is fundamental to all of science. We acknowledge
this and provide a useful problem-solving method (outlined in
Chapter 1) which is used throughout the entire book. This problem-
solving method involves a multistep format that we have developed
with students in our classes. But mastery of concepts also involves
actively applying them. To this end, we have asked more than a
dozen contributors from some of the leading universities across the
country to share their best work in the end-of-chapter exercises. We
are particularly proud of approximately 400 multi-version exercises,
which allow students to address the same problem from different
perspectives.

Malcolm Fife/Getty Images

In 2012, the National Research Council published a framework

for K-12 science education, which covers the essential science and
engineering practices, the concepts that have application across
fields, and the core ideas in four disciplinary areas (in physics, these
are matter and its interactions, motion and stability, energy, and
waves and their applications in information transfer). We have
structured the third edition of this textbook to tie the undergraduate
physics experience to this framework and have provided concept
checks and self-test opportunities in each chapter. In the ebook
version of this third edition, we are also providing approximately
200 apps that allow the students to watch video clips of selected
lecture demonstrations, as well as perform interactive physics
simulations, which hopefully will lead to deeper understanding of
physics concepts.
With all of this in mind, along with the desire to write a
captivating textbook, we have created what we hope will be a tool to
engage students’ imaginations and to better prepare them for future
courses in their chosen fields (admittedly, hoping we can convert at
least a few students to physics majors along the way). Having
feedback from more than 400 people, including a board of advisors,
several contributors, manuscript reviewers, and focus group
participants, assisted greatly in this enormous undertaking, as did
field testing our ideas with more than 10,000 students in our
introductory physics classes at Michigan State University. We thank
you all!

—Wolfgang Bauer and Gary D. Westfall

Page viii
Contents
How to Use This Book

Digital Resources

Acknowledgments

Changes Since the Second Edition

The Big Picture
 PART 1: MECHANICS OF POINT
PARTICLES

1 Overview

JPL-Caltech/L. Allen
(Harvard
Smithsonian
CfA)/NASA

1.1 Why Study Physics?

1.2 Working with Numbers
1.3 SI Unit System
1.4 The Scales of Our World
1.5 General Problem-Solving Strategy
1.6 Vectors
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises
2 Motion in a Straight Line

VanderWolf
Images/Shutterstock

2.1 Introduction to Kinematics

2.2 Position Vector, Displacement Vector, and Distance
2.3 Velocity Vector, Average Velocity, and Speed
2.4 Acceleration Vector
2.5 Computer Solutions and Difference Formulas
2.6 Finding Displacement and Velocity from Acceleration
2.7 Motion with Constant Acceleration
2.8 Free Fall
2.9 Reducing Motion in More Than One Dimension to One
Dimension
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises
3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

Jeremy White/The
New York
Times/Redux

3.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems

3.2 Velocity and Acceleration in Two or Three Dimensions
3.3 Ideal Projectile Motion
3.4 Maximum Height and Range of a Projectile
3.5 Realistic Projectile Motion
3.6 Relative Motion
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises
4 Force

NASA

4.1 Types of Forces

4.2 Gravitational Force Vector, Weight, and Mass
4.3 Net Force
4.4 Newton’s Laws
4.5 Ropes and Pulleys
4.6 Applying Newton’s Laws
4.7 Friction Force
4.8 Applications of the Friction Force
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises
5 Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power

NASA

5.1 Energy in Our Daily Lives

5.2 Kinetic Energy
5.3 Work
5.4 Work Done by a Constant Force
5.5 Work Done by a Variable Force
5.6 Spring Force
5.7 Power
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises
6 Potential Energy and Energy
Conservation

W. Bauer and G. D.
Westfall

6.1 Potential Energy

6.2 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
6.3 Work and Potential Energy
6.4 Potential Energy and Force
6.5 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
6.6 Work and Energy for the Spring Force
6.7 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem
6.8 Potential Energy and Stability
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises

Page ix
7 Momentum and Collisions

Malcolm Fife/Getty
Images

7.1 Linear Momentum

7.2 Impulse
7.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum
7.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
7.5 Elastic Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions
7.6 Totally Inelastic Collisions
7.7 Partially Inelastic Collisions
7.8 Billiards and Chaos
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises
 PART 2: EXTENDED OBJECTS, MATTER,
AND CIRCULAR MOTION

8 Systems of Particles and Extended

Objects

NASA/Roscosmos

8.1 Center of Mass and Center of Gravity

8.2 Center-of-Mass Momentum
8.3 Rocket Motion
8.4 Calculating the Center of Mass
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises
9 Circular Motion

NASA

9.1 Polar Coordinates

9.2 Angular Coordinates and Angular Displacement
9.3 Angular Velocity, Angular Frequency, and Period
9.4 Angular and Centripetal Acceleration
9.5 Centripetal Force
9.6 Circular and Linear Motion
9.7 More Examples for Circular Motion
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises
10 Rotation

Alhim/Shutterstock

10.1 Kinetic Energy of Rotation

10.2 Calculation of Moment of Inertia
10.3 Rolling without Slipping
10.4 Torque
10.5 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation
10.6 Work Done by a Torque
10.7 Angular Momentum
10.8 Precession
10.9 Quantized Angular Momentum
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide
Multiple-Choice Questions/Conceptual Questions/Exercises/Multi-
Version Exercises
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
get something on that leak, I don’t know yet how much, but we’ll
never get her tight. I see that now.”
And De Long, looking (though he tried to conceal it) as if that sight
were breaking his heart, crawled back again to the freezing
forepeak. I felt strongly tempted to seize him by the arm and start
him instead for his bunk, but I was afraid he would urge the same on
me and I had to get that line thawed and the Sewell pump going
forward before I knocked off, so I let him go.
 CHAPTER XXI

January dragged away, followed in dreary succession by February,

March, and April, and the Jeannette drifting aimlessly with the pack,
was still solidly frozen in. Our lives were only a wearing repetition of
what had gone before—fierce cold, alarms, the roaring and tumbling
of the ice pack, tremendous squeezes and pressures from the floes,
and night and day the wheezing of the steam pumps, pumping,
forever pumping. It seemed almost a reasonable supposition to
conclude that we must have the whole Arctic Ocean nearly pumped
dry to judge by the length of time we had been at it and by the huge
masses of ice banked up against our bulwarks and spreading out
over the floes where the streams of sea water flowing from our
scuppers had frozen.
A few minor triumphs and reliefs we had, but not many. In late
January the sun came back over the horizon for the first time in
seventy-one days, to reveal that we had all bleached strangely white
in the long Arctic darkness. On the mechanical side, I had
succeeded, after many heartbreaking disappointments, in
supplanting the main boiler with the two little ones; and that, aided by
the never ending efforts of Nindemann in plugging leaks (which had
cut the hourly flow nearly in half), had resulted in gradually reducing
our coal consumption to only a quarter of a ton a day. We shot a few
bears and a few seals, which gave a welcome variety to our diet of
salt beef and tasteless canned meat; we even had hopes of
knocking down some birds but there we were disappointed.
“No, Melville,” the captain gravely rebuked me, when empty-
handed I returned to the ship after a February tramp over the floes
and pushed my shotgun disgustedly into the rack, “birds have more
sense than men. No bird with a well-regulated mind would possibly
trust himself out in this temperature.”
On the debit side, the temperatures reached unbelievable depths.
57° below zero was recorded by our thermometers (the spirit ones,
for the mercurial bulbs froze solidly at around -40°). The pack ice
reached thicknesses of thirty-five and forty feet below the water
where underrunning floes, freezing together, consolidated into a kind
of glacial layer cake. Contemplation of these formations, measurable
whenever the floes near us cracked apart, gave a gloomy aspect to
the ship’s chances of ever getting free of the pack. And the irregular
and formidable surface of the pack also gave us cause for thought,
now that in the growing daylight we could see in what state the
upheaval of January 19th had left the ice around us. Sledging across
the pack was impossible; as soon might one think of getting from the
Bronx to Brooklyn by dragging a team of dogs and a sledge over the
Manhattan housetops. Here and there, conditions were even worse.
Sharvell, with the impressionability of youth, came in from an
exploring trip with eyes popping to tell me,
“Say, chief, five miles north o’ ’ere, the ice is standing in mountains
’igher nor our mast’eads!”
“Yes, Sharvell, it’s quite likely.”
“Shall I tell the skipper, sir, or will you?” he asked anxiously.
“Why bother him about it?”
“If ’e knew, it’d save work, sir. ’E’d quit ’aving the bug’unter clean
an’ mount that big walrus ’ead with the tusks that ’e’s so busy fixing
up. ’Cause when that ice gets to us, sir, we’re through, an’ it’ll be a
terrible lot o’ work for us sailors dragging that ’eavy walrus ’ead over
the pack. ’E better quit now, an’ ’e will, sir, when I tells ’im abaht
them mountains of ice!”
But I told Sharvell to forget it, for I doubted that with all his other
worries, the captain would be much exercised over mountains five
miles off.
Aside from the aspect of the ice, we had troubles closer home.
Especially forward in the deckhouse and crew spaces, the inside of
the ship which now we had to keep above the freezing point to save
our pumps from damage, was damp and disagreeable beyond
expression, with moisture condensing on all cold surfaces and
dripping from the beams into the men’s bunks.
 Finally to deepen our gloom, Danenhower failed to respond
favorably to treatment, and the doctor had to perform several more
operations on his eye, coming at last to the conclusion that Dan
must, till we escaped from the ice, remain a chronic invalid confined
in darkness to his cabin, with no great hope of saving his sight even
should he then get back to happier surroundings and decent hospital
facilities.
Oddly enough through all this, after the first week’s struggle with
the leak, we continued our scientific and meteorological
observations. The captain clung to that routine as to a lifeline, which
perhaps to him mentally it was, constituting his solitary claim to
conducting a scientific expedition. For of explorations and
geographical discoveries there were none; on the contrary instead of
a steady drift northward which might uncover new lands or at least
get us to higher latitudes, we shuffled aimlessly about with the pack,
occasionally drifting northward for some weeks to De Long’s obvious
delight, only to have the drift then reversed and to his intense
depression of spirits, to turn out some clear morning to find himself
gazing once again across the pack at the familiar mountainous
outline of the north side of distant Wrangel Land. But after March,
even this sight of far-off land, depressing as it was from its
associations, was denied us, for as the season advanced the pack,
still zigzagging over the polar sea as aimlessly as ever, failed to get
quite so far south again; from that time on we saw land no more and
the world for us became just one vast unbroken field of broken ice.
Only one hope kept us going. No one really knew what happened
to that moving pack in summer time—no one before us had ever
wintered in it, involuntarily or otherwise. So we lived on in the
expectation that as the days lengthened and the thermometer rose
above zero, summer weather and the long days under the midnight
sun would sufficiently melt the ice to break up the pack, and if by
then we still had any coal left, permit us to do some little exploring
northward before with bare bunkers we loosed our sails and in the
early fall laid our course homeward.
In that spirit then, we cheerfully greeted the advent of May, and as
if to justify our confidence, May Day burst upon us with gorgeous
weather—no clouds, and glistening at us across the ice a brilliant
sun which even at midnight still peeped pleasantly over the horizon,
and a temperature which in mid-afternoon reached the unbelievable
height of 30° F., only two degrees below freezing. We were positively
hot. All hands (except of course Danenhower) turned out on the ice
to bask in the sunshine, with the queer result that many of us came
back aboard with our complexions sunburned to a fiery red and
unable at first to believe it. Our hopes started to mount; if the sun
could do that to such weather-beaten frost-bitten hides as ours, what
would it not do to the ice imprisoning us? Release was seemingly
just around the corner of the calendar—by June 1 at the outside,
say.
But meanwhile, awaiting that happy event, the captain prudently
ordered (lest more casualties go to join the luckless Danenhower)
that snow goggles be worn on all occasions by all hands except
when actually below on the ship.
So May moved along, made notable mainly by a positive flood of
bears, which daily kept us on the jump. The bears, ravenous with
hunger after a long winter, were attracted to the Jeannette by
mingled scents, mainly canine, which to their untutored nostrils
probably meant food. But we had long since lost any fear of ice
bears and the dogs apparently never had any, so the cry of—
“Bear ho!”
was the immediate signal for whoever had the captain’s
permission (which now meant practically anyone off watch) to seize
a rifle from the rack placed conveniently at the gangway, and be off.
We became so contemptuous of the bears, that we chased them
even with revolvers, and if necessity had arisen, would no doubt
have done so barehanded, for I have never seen a bear which would
rush a man. Except when brought to by the dogs, with a man in sight
all that ever interested the bear was to get behind the nearest
hummock or into an open lead, where swimming with only his nose
above water, he could escape the rain of bullets from our
Remingtons and Winchesters. The vitality of the bears was amazing.
Unless filled so full of lead that the mere weight of the bullets as
ballast slowed them down enough for the dogs to bring them to a
stand where a close range shot into the brain finished them off, they
usually got away.
We had queer experiences with the bears. On one occasion,
exploring one of the narrow leads in the pack about a quarter of a
mile from the ship, the captain was sculling unconcernedly along in
the dinghy when he found himself facing an ice bear not a hundred
feet off. Wholly unarmed, De Long regarded the bear with dismay.
He could not run, for over broken ice he was no match in speed for
Ursus; besides he was in a boat, which prevented running away, for
while the water was an obstacle to him, to the bear it was merely the
most convenient means of transportation. Inquisitively the bear
advanced; De Long, unable to do anything else, sat and stared,
trying out the power of the human eye as a defence. The bear, only
fifty feet off, still approached, sniffing curiously and De Long, short-
sighted though he was, said he could clearly make out where the
short hairs ended at the edge of the bear’s beautiful black nose. The
captain quickly concluded there was nothing in hypnosis as applied
to polar bears. So gripping his oar, prepared to fend off the bear
should he approach closer to the boat, he sang out lustily,
“Ship there! A bear! A bear!”
At this, the bear, more puzzled than ever, sat down on the ice to
contemplate De Long and was still seriously thinking him over, trying
to make him out, when a pack of dogs hove into sight from under the
Jeannette’s stern, followed by several seamen, and off lumbered the
bear.
So long as we had the Jeannette under us, the plethora of bears
meant at most only a break in the monotony of our existence and a
welcome change in our salt beef diet. Should we have to abandon
ship, however, they offered a ray of hope. For convinced now that we
could never drag across the upheaved pack pemmican enough to
keep us from starvation till we reached Siberia, we looked on the
bears as a possible source of fresh meat on the hoof which we might
with a little luck knock over as we went along and thus keep life in
our bodies.
 The only other springtime event to compare with the bears was a
brilliant idea which struck De Long.
While he never discussed his family with me or with anyone, De
Long, alone among the ship’s company which had sailed from San
Francisco, had a wife and a child to occupy his thoughts. I have no
doubt that frequently in the dreary months when I saw him, as I did
one morning, abstractedly gazing out over the pack, his mind was far
away from us, perhaps dwelling on that moment in the tossing
whaleboat off the Golden Gate when Emma De Long had to the last
possible instant clung round his neck in her farewell kiss. Drifting
backward down the years from that, his thoughts on this morning
evidently got to the days of his youth as an ensign aboard the U.S.S.
Canandaigua. While cruising through the Channel ports, he had
amongst the dikes and mills of northern France and Holland courted
Emma Wotton, and as he thought of that landscape, so different
from the ice-fields round the Jeannette, his keen mind saw a
connection. He waved me to join him.
“Melville,” he asked, obviously off again on the one ever-present
topic, coal, “what’ll you do to keep your pumps going when the coal’s
all gone?”
I pointed aloft.
“Cut down our masts and spars and burn them,” I replied. “They’re
useless anyway.”
“And when they’ve gone too, what then?” De Long’s clear blue
eyes gazed at me fixedly, as if he had me there.
“Break up our bulwarks, the deckhouses, and the main deck, and
shove those into the fires too. They’ll all burn fine.”
“And after that, what?” he asked relentlessly, puffing away on his
ever-present pipe.
“I guess then we abandon what’s left of the Jeannette and take to
the ice, captain. I’ll admit I can’t keep any boilers going while I’m
cutting the foundations out from under them for firewood. When the
main deck’s gone, I guess we’re through.”
 De Long looked gravely at me through his glasses, bent his head
a little to shield his pipe from the cold wind sweeping the deck, and
irrelevantly asked me,
“Melville, have you ever been in Holland?”
“Why—yes,” I mumbled, taken aback at his sudden change of
front. “I guess it’s tulip time there now, captain. And quite a different
scene from all this ice that’s sprouting round us in the merry
springtime here. Why?”
“I was there in the springtime once also,” parried the captain.
“Lovely scene. I just wonder if we couldn’t make the scenery round
here resemble Holland in the springtime a little better. You remember
the tulips, eh, chief? Do you by any chance remember anything else
in the Dutch landscape—some windmills, for instance?”
And then a great light dawned on me. I looked at my captain with
added respect. What did the Dutch have all those thousands of
windmills for except to meet the same problem we faced—to pump
water!
“Ah, you see it, do you?” asked the captain, gratified. “Melville, can
you rig up a windmill here to run our pumps?”
“Can do, brother!” I exclaimed enthusiastically. “I’ll turn to on it
right away; before long you’ll see a windmill going round here in the
Arctic to beat the Dutch!”
This job was rather intricate for our facilities, windmills not being
exactly in a sailor’s line, but aided by Lee, machinist, and Dressler,
blacksmith, we contrived it. Lee especially was a great help, which
might seem somewhat surprising, for having been shot through both
hips in the second day’s fighting while helping Grant drive back
Beauregard at Shiloh, Lee was rather slow and unsteady on his feet.
But there was nothing the matter with his hands and he soon had
Dressler’s crude forgings turned up in our lathe into a crankshaft and
connecting rods, so that by the time Sweetman had made the
wooden arms of the windmill, we were ready to go. Paradoxically,
the one thing which on a ship we were best prepared to furnish, the
sails themselves, failed to work well on our first trial. The mill
occasionally hung on the center because the heavy canvas sails
sagged too much to hold the wind. Chipp, responsible for making the
sails, watched them in pained silence, but having no canvas more
suitable, soon rectified the matter in a novel manner. Sending Noros
and Erichsen down on the ice, he had them collect some dozens of
the empty meat cans littering the ice floes, and beating these out flat,
he laced them together with wire, and soon had our mill-arms
covered with fine metal sails! Impelled by these, our windmill,
mounted on the starboard wing of the bridge, was soon rotating
merrily and, connected by a special rig to a bilge pump in the
fireroom, was pushing overboard in grand style all our leakage. So
well did it work, that we quickly were enabled to shut down the steam
cutter’s boiler, leaving only the little Baxter boiler going for distilling
and in case the wind died down (which in the pack it rarely did) for
unavoidable steam pumping.
So to our intense relief as spring drew on to its close, we got our
coal consumption down again to 300 pounds a day, as it had been
before that leak started to chew into our bunkers in such ravenous
fashion. Which was a very fortunate thing for us, for with only sixty
tons of coal left to go on, our days on the Jeannette would indeed
otherwise have been numbered. Not least among the blessings
which resulted was the improved cheerfulness of De Long at this
success. He once more began to have some hope that when the ice
broke up, we would have coal enough to do some exploring, so that
he might again without too much shame on his return face our
sponsor’s sister, Miss Bennett, the ship’s godmother, the “Jeannette”
whose name we bore.
As the long days dragged out under the May sun, we eagerly
watched the floes, noting with satisfaction the increasing number of
rivulets coursing toward every crack and hole in the pack, and how
under the intense sunlight, the cinders and ashes about the ship
fairly seemed to burrow their way down into the snow. (Watching the
striking manner in which everything dark soaked up the sunshine
and settled, De Long half-humorously suggested that we all take a
day off and pray for some miracle which might make all the snow
and ice about us black and thus hasten its disappearance.)
 And so we came to May 31, to our discouragement still held in the
unbroken pack which, as measurements close about us showed,
was still four feet thick. We decided to defer the day of our liberation
to July 1, giving the sun another month to work on the ice. But to
damp our spirits, June 1, the first day of summer as we reckoned it,
opened in a snow storm which continued through June 2 also,
accompanied by a heavy gale which drove the snow, soft and mushy
now, along in horizontal sheets.
When the snow finally ceased, the captain, optimistic again, began
to prepare for the day of our release. First of all, fires were
discontinued in the stoves fore and aft, thus saving a little coal. Next,
all hands and the cook were turned to on knocking down our
portable deckhouse and clearing the main deck, so that looking like
a ship once more, we might be able to spread sails and get
underway when the wind served (provided, of course, the ice let go
of us first). Several days’ hard work accomplished this task, and with
the topside shipshape again, we needed only to hang our rudder to
be fully ready to go, but here again we had to wait on the ice which
still clung solidly to our rudder post.
Below, I got my machinery and boilers in shape to move. With no
fear of dangerous temperatures any more, I connected up all piping,
moved the engines by hand, secured all cylinder heads, and filled
both boilers to the steaming level (through the sea cocks this time),
and started generally to clean up the machinery spaces. For a small
black gang, only six all told, this was slow work, so to avoid being
caught with the pack suddenly parting and my machinery not ready
to turn over, I pushed my gang hard. Consequently I was doubly
annoyed when I noted several times that Nelse Iversen, one of my
coalheavers and ordinarily a willing enough worker, showed decided
signs of soldiering whenever my back was turned. I cautioned
Bartlett who had charge of his watch, to get Iversen started, but after
another hour, seeing he still tended to hide in the bunkers rather than
scale rusty floorplates, I yanked Iversen up sharply for it.
“Come to now, Nelse, and get behind that scaling hammer! Or will
it take a little extra duty to keep you out of that bunker and on the
job?”
 Iversen, now that I got a closer look at him, looked queer in the
eyes, so when, his slow mind having digested my statement, he
finally answered, I was quite ready to believe him.
“Ay tank, chief, Ay work so hard Ay can. Ay ban sick man. My
belly, she ache bad!”
“So, eh?” I said sympathetically. “Why didn’t you tell Bartlett that
an hour ago? Go up and see the doctor right away. What ails you,
diarrhoea again?”
“No; de odder way.”
“Constipation, huh? Well, you’re lucky. On this bucket, that’s a
better thing to have than diarrhoea any day. Go up to the doctor and
get some castor oil. And don’t come back till it’s quit working.” I
eased him over toward the fireroom ladder, and started him on his
way toward Ambler.
But after a day had elapsed, I began to wonder whether the
doctor’s castor oil had somehow been affected by the cold or
whether my coalheaver had evaded swallowing his dose, for Iversen
still showed the same tendency to shirk work and hide in the bunkers
in spite of Bartlett’s frequently breaking him out of there. So taking
Iversen in hand myself, I escorted him up to the dispensary to see
personally that there was no foolishness about his taking his
medicine, and calling Tong Sing, I sent him off to find the doctor who
was out on the ice.
The minute Tong Sing disappeared, Iversen poked his head out
the door, looked both ways quickly, then as if satisfied, hastily shut
the door and to my complete bewilderment, stealthily approached
me, cupped his hands over my ear and whispered,
“Chief, Ay no ban sick, Ay ban vatched! Dere ban mutiny on foot
here!”
Mutiny? I stared at Iversen incredulously. The men were having a
veritable hell in their life there in the Arctic, but what could they gain
by mutiny? And who would lead it? For an instant I had a vague
suspicion, but I resolutely put that out of my mind. Preposterous! I
looked at Iversen intently. But there could be no doubt as to his
sincerity. He was serious, all right.
I pushed him down into a chair, ordered sharply,
“Wait there, Nelse! I’ll get the captain!” and closing the door behind
me, I shot out of the dispensary and across the cabin to the captain’s
stateroom forward in the poop. Fortunately De Long was there,
writing in his journal.
“Come with me, skipper. I want you to hear something. Right
away!”
Puzzled unquestionably at my haste, De Long dropped his pen,
put down his meerschaum pipe, stretched his six-foot frame up out
of his chair, and reached for his parka.
“No, you don’t need that, captain; just as you are. We’re only going
to the dispensary.”
“Oh, all right. Who’s hurt now?”
“Nobody, but come along!” I started back for the dispensary with
De Long following, puffing leisurely at the retrieved meerschaum
which was his greatest comfort and his inseparable companion.
Iversen started up from his chair as we entered, saluted the
captain, and again swiftly scanned the cabin outside before he
closed the door.
“Now, Nelse, tell the captain,” I said briefly.
Once more Iversen cupped his hands, whispered into the captain’s
ear. De Long’s jaw dropped abruptly. His pipe fell from his mouth and
only by a quick lunge did I save it from hitting the deck. But
insensible to that, De Long, immovable, only stared at Iversen,
searching his face as I had done. Finally he shook his head,
muttered,
“It just can’t be! Where’d you get this, Iversen?”
“Yah, cap’n. Ay tal you it ban yust lak Ay say! Ay ban asked to
yoin. Ay no say, Yah; Ay no say, No; so Ay ban vatched clost. Dey kill
me for’ard if Ay tal!”
 De Long looked at me. I handed him back his pipe, which, wholly
unconscious of his action, he took.
“What do you make of this, chief? It looks serious if Iversen’s
right!”
“Sounds crazy to me, but it might be so. Depends on who’s in it
and how many. The men are all armed, you know. The rifle rack’s
right at the gangway. Anybody can help himself, and lots of ’em are
out on the ice, guns in hand this minute. But why they should want to
mutiny, I can’t see, unless the ice has affected their minds.”
Shocked at Iversen’s report; impressed by the gravity of the
situation if Iversen were right, for there already with weapons in their
hands were the mutineers, the captain still looked skeptically at my
grimy coalheaver. Why should his crew mutiny? But on the other
hand, what had Iversen to gain by lying about it? And Iversen, a
steady man, always carefully attentive to his duty, was just the type
of seaman who might be trusted to stand with his captain at all
hazards.
“Well,” said De Long grimly, “let’s get into this! Now, Iversen, who’s
behind it?”
But there the captain ran into a stone wall. Iversen, very nervous
now, became evasive, dodged the questions, and apparently in
mortal fear of his life, refused to name the mutineers, repeating only
over and over again how, for two days, he had been closely
watched. Threats, promises, got nothing more out of him. Finally the
captain, baffled, took a new tack.
“See here, Iversen, they can’t hurt you, and nobody else’ll get hurt
either if you tell. I can manage it then. There are eight officers here;
surely there are some of the crew will join us! I’ll get all the
mutineers, if you’ll name them, out on the ice on some pretext. I
don’t care if they do go armed. Then we’ll haul in the gangway and
from behind the bulwarks we can hold the ship! A couple of nights
freezing on that ice will bring them round, all right! They’ll come
cringing back, hands in the air, begging to be taken aboard. Out with
it now! Who’s the leader?”
 Iversen, more nervous than ever, shuffled to the door, opened it a
crack to assure himself no one was eavesdropping outside, then
faced us, and tremblingly blurted out,
“Sharvell!”
An amazing change came over the captain. He dropped into a
chair, roared with laughter.
“Sharvell? That’s rich! That lad? He’s not even a man yet!
Nobody’d follow him in a mutiny any more than a child! Hah, hah!”
But abruptly he stopped laughing, for Iversen was now weeping
hysterically, tears running down his coal-stained cheeks. Soberly De
Long looked at him, then took me by the sleeve, pulled me aside a
little, and whispered,
“I guess the mutiny on the Jeannette’s over, chief. I thought there
was somebody crazy in it, and now I know who. Send for the doctor,
quick! I’ll stay here with Iversen.” He started to light his pipe again.
“I’ve already got the steward out looking for him, captain,” I replied.
“Ambler ought to be here any minute. And I guess you’re dead right,
brother! Poor Iversen!”
It was so. Immediately Surgeon Ambler came aboard, we turned
the weeping coalheaver over to him. An hour later, when, after a
careful examination, Iversen under Cole’s surveillance had been led
forward, he confirmed our fears. Iversen, if not already insane, was
trembling on the border of it. Only observation over several days
could prove which. De Long, much relieved at first by freedom from
dread of any mutiny, was nevertheless badly enough depressed by
the doctor’s report.
“First a blinded officer,” he muttered, “now a crazy seaman! What’ll
this ice do to us next?”
 CHAPTER XXII

June 21st came, the longest day in the year. Further south, to
ordinary people, that meant more daylight; to us, with daylight
twenty-four hours every day, it meant only that the sun stood on the
Tropic of Cancer, having reached his most northerly declination.
Ruefully we considered that. The sun was as far north as possible,
as high in our heavens as he would ever get, though even so, at
noon he stood not so high, only about 40° above the horizon. We
would never receive his rays any more direct; instead, from now on
they would become even more slanting, and less hot as he went
south. And we were still held in the ice. Our case for release began
to look less hopeful, and we went around that day with cheerless
faces. Long afterward, picked out of the Siberian snows, I salvaged
the captain’s journal and looking through it was particularly
impressed by what he put down for June 21, 1880. So aptly did he
express the situation and our feelings of desolation that day, that I
repeat it here.
“June 21st, 1880. Monday.
“Discouraging, very. And yet my motto is ‘Hope on, hope
ever.’ A very good one it is when one’s surroundings are
more natural than ours; but situated as we are it is better
in the abstract than in realization. There can be no greater
wear and tear on a man’s mind and patience than this life
in the pack. The absolute monotony; the unchanging
round of hours; the awakening to the same things and the
same conditions that one saw just before losing one’s self
in sleep; the same faces; the same dogs; the same ice;
the same conviction that tomorrow will be exactly the
same as today, if not more disagreeable; the absolute
impotence to do anything, to go anywhere, or to change
one’s situation an iota; the realization that food is being
consumed and fuel burned with no valuable result, beyond
sustaining life; the knowledge that nothing has been
accomplished thus far to save this expedition from being
denominated an utter failure; all these things crowd in with
irresistible force on my reasoning power each night as I sit
down to reflect on the events of the day, and but for some
still small voice within me that tells me this can hardly be
the ending of all my labor and zeal, I should be tempted to
despair.
“All our books are read, our stories related; our games
of chess, cards, and checkers long since discontinued.
When we assemble in the morning at breakfast, we make
daily a fresh start. Any dreams, amusing or peculiar, are
related and laughed over. Theories as to whether we shall
eventually drift northeast or northwest are brought forward
and discussed. Seals’ livers as a change of diet are
pronounced a success. The temperature of the morning
watch is inquired into, the direction and velocity of the
wind, and if it is snowing (as it generally is) we call it a ‘fine
summer day.’ After breakfast, we smoke. Chipp gets a
sounding and announces a drift east-southeast or
southeast, as the case may be. We growl thereat. Dunbar
and Alexey go off for seals with as many dogs as do not
run away from them en route. The doctor examines
Danenhower and Iversen, his two chronic patients.
Melville draws a little for this journal, sings a little, and stirs
everybody up to a realization that it is daytime.
Danenhower (from his stateroom) talks incessantly—on
any and all subjects, with or without an audience. The
doctor moralizes between observations; I smoke; Mr.
Newcomb makes his preparations for dredging
specimens; Mr. Collins has not appeared, his usual hour
being 12:30 in the afternoon. Meanwhile the men have
been set at work; a sled and dogs are dispatched for the
day’s snow for washing purposes. The day’s rations are
served out to the cook, and then we commence to drift out
on the ice to dig ditches, to look at the dogs, calculate the
waste in the ice since yesterday, and the probable amount
 by tomorrow. The dredge is lowered and hauled. I get the
sun at meridian, and we go to dinner. After dinner, more
smoke, more drawing, more singing, more talk, more ditch
and canal-making, more hunting, more dog inspection,
and some attempts at napping until four p.m., when we
are all around for anything that may turn up. At 5:30 time
and azimuth sight, post position in cabin, make chart, go
to supper at six, and discuss our drift, and then smoke,
talk and general kill-time occupations till ten p.m., when
the day is ended. The noise subsides; those who can, go
to bed; I write the log and my journal, make the
observations for meteorology till midnight. Mr. Collins
succeeds me four hours, Chipp him four hours, the doctor
next four hours, Mr. Collins next six hours, I next two
hours, Melville next two hours, and I end the day again,
and so it goes.
“Our meals necessarily have a sameness. Canned
meat, salt beef, salt pork, and bear meat have the same
taste at one time as another. Each day has its bill of fare,
but after varying it for a week we have, of course, to
commence over again. Consequently we have it by heart,
and know what we are going to get before we sit down at
table. Sometimes the steward startles us with a potato
salad (potatoes now rotting too fast for our consumption),
or a seal’s liver, or a bear’s tongue; but we generally are
not disturbed in that way. Our bill of fare is ample and
good, our water is absolutely pure, and our fresh bread is
something marvelous. Though disappointed day after day
we are cheerful and healthy, and—here we are.”
And to all that I can fervently say “Amen!”
June on the whole was chilly and disagreeable. The temperature
rarely got above 32° F., and yet in spite of that the ice did keep on
wasting, from direct absorption of sunlight, of course. The ship came
up somewhat through the softening ice to a lighter draft, owing to our
considerable consumption of coal and stores since late November
when we were frozen in after our transit of the ice-canal. But as an
offset to this cheering rise, she heeled gradually more to starboard,
adding to our discomfort.
Meanwhile, De Long kept Dunbar, who naturally was a good
walker, scouting far and wide over the pack looking for open leads,
which might promise a break-up of the pack and a chance of escape
through one of them. June 28th, Dunbar, duck-hunting in the dinghy
in a little lead about a mile from the ship, came back in the late
afternoon with thirteen ducks, but with what was far more exciting,
the news that the lead had suddenly opened up, that he had followed
it (open here and there to a width of half a mile) at least fifteen miles
before turning round. And from there it still stretched northward as
far as he could see!
De Long was immediately all excitement. If only we could get the
Jeannette across that single mile of solid ice between, there was no
telling how far north we might go along that lead! He dragged Chipp
into his cabin and went over with him the possibilities of blasting out
the intermediate ice. While Chipp was calculating how far our supply
of gunpowder would take us, De Long, eager to size up the situation
on the spot, hastily departed to examine the lead for himself.
About midnight, he came back into the cabin, tossed his parka
onto the table. Chipp, surrounded by a sea of papers containing his
computations on the explosive powers of gunpowder, handed the
captain a sheet containing his conclusions. De Long pushed it aside
without even a glance.
“Never mind, Chipp, we won’t need it. I got there just in time to
watch that lead close up so tight you can’t get a toothpick into it now!
At least I had the melancholy satisfaction of realizing that if the
Jeannette had been there, she would in all probability have been in
for a very fine squeezing!”
And so June ended. We were still in the ice. Danenhower, thin and
bleached, was worse. Iversen seemed to be improved; while still
occasionally hysterical, his delusions of mutiny were no longer
obvious.
 July came and went. We dressed ship on July 4 in a thick fog and
a chilling mist. The flags came down at midnight (there was no
sunset) all covered with frost. Rain, mist, and fog were general. Our
hopes for what the summer sun would do for us began to fade. And
even the few glimpses we got of the sun, instead of cheering the
captain up, further irritated him. For De Long being now navigator
and having finally after days of delay got a shot at the sun on
meridian for latitude, hopeful that the drift had carried us north,
glanced at his sextant only to exclaim in anguish,
“Look at that altitude! All the sun shows me is how much closer I’m
getting to the South instead of to the North Pole! If ever a man had
justification for profanity, this southerly drift is it! The Bible says that
Job had many trials and tribulations which he bore with wonderful
patience, but I’ll bet he was never caught in pack ice! Nor drifted
south when the wind was blowing north! But then Job’s may have
been an ante-glacial period!” De Long picked up his pipe and nearly
bit the stem in half. But a puff or two of tobacco partly, at least,
restored his equanimity. Putting his sextant back in its case, he
remarked to Chipp, also engaged in shooting the sun,
“I suppose we might as well look at it philosophically. As Jack
says, ‘It’s all in a cruise, boys; the more days, the more dollars!’”
July ended, and we were still in the ice. Such a miserable month
we were glad to be rid of.
August opened. Looking back over two thirds of the spent
summer, with the highest temperature only 38° F. on the hottest day,
all hands began to despair. So also, I think, did the captain, for he
changed the schedule for taking meteorological observations,
requiring them only once every three hours instead of hourly.
We came to the middle of the month, with the only change in our
condition an increase in our heel to 7-1/2°, a change indeed in
something, but not an improvement. We began to get morose—
summer was fast fading, we were not released, and our hopes of
doing anything in 1880 or in any succeeding year were vanishing
into space. I tried to cheer the mess up by singing (if I say it myself,
for an engineer I have a very good voice), Irish songs and ditties
having been my specialty since early in my Civil War days on
blockade. Whether I cheered up anyone except myself with the
sound of my voice, I do not know, but I did get some sullen looks for
my efforts from Collins, who being Irish himself may have thought I
failed to do justice to the songs of his native land. Collins (who also
imagined he could sing) reciprocated by regaling us with melodies
from Pinafore, then only two years old, but I thought he did the
English far more violence than I did the Irish. In this conclusion, I
have as independent evidence the reactions of Newcomb, who,
whenever I sang in the cabin, continued reading wholly oblivious of
me, but whenever Collins opened up on Pinafore, immediately
closed his book and remembered that he had a gull or a seal that
required stuffing.
As August dragged along, the little pools of water covering the
floes round about the ship now began to give us real cause for
depression by freezing over at night with a skin of ice which failed to
melt until the next noon. When that commenced, what chance was
left for the sun to have any effect on floes still thirty and more feet in
thickness?
And to add to our woes, we found that as a result of our southerly
and easterly drifting, we had been steadily going backward. We were
much closer to our starting point, Herald Island, in late August than
we had been in early May. A whole summer’s drifting in the pack,
and for a Polar Expedition, we had got worse than nowhere!
Meanwhile, the wearing days crawled by and we chafed at our
impotence—well, well-equipped and eager to do something, we lay
idle. I could have chewed nails for a change; our captain was even
more ambitious—entering his cabin one evening with a sketch for his
journal, he looked at me and asked abruptly,
“Know Hamlet, chief? No? Well, for something to do, like Hamlet I
can say,
“‘Wouldst drink up eisel? Eat a crocodile? I’ll do it!’
“And so I would, chief, if there were any eisel and a few crocodiles
in our stores, and by so doing I could change our position to one of
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