MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler

Migration Guide

 2013-2014 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002184B

Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:
• Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.

• Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.

• There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip’s Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.

• Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.

• Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.”

Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products. Attempts to break Microchip’s code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts
allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.

Information contained in this publication regarding device Trademarks

applications and the like is provided only for your convenience The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC,
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to FlashFlex, flexPWR, JukeBlox, KEELOQ, KEELOQ logo, Kleer,
ensure that your application meets with your specifications. LANCheck, MediaLB, MOST, MOST logo, MPLAB,
MICROCHIP MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR OptoLyzer, PIC, PICSTART, PIC32 logo, RightTouch, SpyNIC,
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OTHERWISE, RELATED TO THE INFORMATION, U.S.A. and other countries.
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the buyer’s risk, and the buyer agrees to defend, indemnify and CodeGuard, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, ECAN, In-Circuit
hold harmless Microchip from any and all damages, claims, Serial Programming, ICSP, Inter-Chip Connectivity, KleerNet,
suits, or expenses resulting from such use. No licenses are KleerNet logo, MiWi, MPASM, MPF, MPLAB Certified logo,
conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any Microchip MPLIB, MPLINK, MultiTRAK, NetDetach, Omniscient Code
intellectual property rights. Generation, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail,
RightTouch logo, REAL ICE, SQI, Serial Quad I/O, Total
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SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated
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Silicon Storage Technology is a registered trademark of
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All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their
respective companies.
© 2013-2014, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in
the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-63276-676-2

QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Microchip received ISO/TS-16949:2009 certification for its worldwide
CERTIFIED BY DNV headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and
Tempe, Arizona; Gresham, Oregon and design centers in California
and India. The Company’s quality system processes and procedures
== ISO/TS 16949 == are for its PIC® MCUs and dsPIC® DSCs, KEELOQ® code hopping
devices, Serial EEPROMs, microperipherals, nonvolatile memory and
analog products. In addition, Microchip’s quality system for the design
and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001:2000 certified.

DS50002184B-page 2  2013-2014 Microchip Technology Inc.

 MPLAB® C18 TO XC8 C COMPILER
MIGRATION GUIDE

Table of Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 1. Migration Overview
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Using C18 Compatibility Mode ..................................................................... 10
1.3 Migrating Projects to MPLAB XC8 ............................................................... 11
Chapter 2. Invoking the Compiler
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 13
2.2 General Compiler Usage .............................................................................. 13
2.3 Driver Options .............................................................................................. 16
2.4 MPLINK Options ........................................................................................... 20
Chapter 3. Language Features
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Operating Modes .......................................................................................... 22
3.3 Memory Models ............................................................................................ 22
3.4 Integer Promotions ....................................................................................... 22
3.5 Device-Specific Information .......................................................................... 23
3.6 Data Types and Limits .................................................................................. 25
3.7 Size Limitations ............................................................................................ 26
3.8 Storage Classes ........................................................................................... 26
3.9 Storage Qualifiers ......................................................................................... 27
3.10 Pointer Storage Qualifiers .......................................................................... 28
3.11 Function Variants ....................................................................................... 29
3.12 Structures and Unions ................................................................................ 30
3.13 Interrupts .................................................................................................... 30
3.14 Locating Objects ......................................................................................... 32
3.15 Function Reentrancy and Calling Conventions .......................................... 34
3.16 The Runtime Startup Code ......................................................................... 37
3.17 Register Usage ........................................................................................... 38
3.18 Preprocessing ............................................................................................ 39
3.19 C and Assembly ......................................................................................... 41
3.20 Linking ........................................................................................................ 44
Glossary ....................................................................................................................... 45
Worldwide Sales and Service .................................................................................... 66

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 MPLAB® C18 TO XC8 C COMPILER
MIGRATION GUIDE

Preface

NOTICE TO CUSTOMERS
All documentation becomes dated, and this manual is no exception. Microchip tools and
documentation are constantly evolving to meet customer needs, so some actual dialogs
and/or tool descriptions may differ from those in this document. Please refer to our web site
(www.microchip.com) to obtain the latest documentation available.
Documents are identified with a “DS” number. This number is located on the bottom of each
page, in front of the page number. The numbering convention for the DS number is
“DSXXXXXXXXA”, where “XXXXXXXX” is the document number and “A” is the revision level
of the document.
For the most up-to-date information on development tools, see the MPLAB® IDE online help.
Select the Help menu, and then Topics to open a list of available online help files.

INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains general information that will be useful to know before using the
MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide. Items discussed in this chapter
include:
• Document Layout
• Conventions Used in this Guide
• Recommended Reading
• The Microchip Web Site
• Development Systems Customer Change Notification Service
• Customer Support
• Document Revision History

DOCUMENT LAYOUT
This document describes how to migrate C source code from the MPLAB C18 Compiler
to the MPLAB XC8 C Compiler. This guide is organized as follows:
• Chapter 1. Migration Overview
• Chapter 2. Invoking the Compiler
• Chapter 3. Language Features
• Glossary

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 Preface

CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS GUIDE

This manual uses the following documentation conventions:

DOCUMENTATION CONVENTIONS
Description Represents Examples
Arial font:
Italic characters Referenced books MPLAB® IDE User’s Guide
Emphasized text ...is the only compiler...
Initial caps A window the Output window
A dialog the Settings dialog
A menu selection select Enable Programmer
Quotes A field name in a window or “Save project before build”
dialog
Underlined, italic text with A menu path File>Save
right angle bracket
Bold characters A dialog button Click OK
A tab Click the Power tab
N‘Rnnnn A number in verilog format, 4‘b0010, 2‘hF1
where N is the total number of
digits, R is the radix and n is a
digit.
Text in angle brackets < > A key on the keyboard Press <Enter>, <F1>
Courier New font:
Plain Courier New Sample source code #define START
Filenames autoexec.bat
File paths c:\mcc18\h
Keywords _asm, _endasm, static
Command-line options -Opa+, -Opa-
Bit values 0, 1
Constants 0xFF, ‘A’
Italic Courier New A variable argument file.o, where file can be
any valid filename
Square brackets [ ] Optional arguments mcc18 [options] file
[options]
Curly brackets and pipe Choice of mutually exclusive errorlevel {0|1}
character: { | } arguments; an OR selection
Ellipses... Replaces repeated text var_name [,
var_name...]
Represents code supplied by void main (void)
user { ...
}

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

RECOMMENDED READING
This user’s guide describes migrating MPLAB C18 C projects to the XC8 C compiler.
Other useful documents are listed below. The following Microchip documents are
available and recommended as supplemental reference resources.
Readme Files
For the latest information on using other tools, read the tool-specific Readme files in
the Readmes subdirectory of the MPLAB IDE installation directory. The Readme files
contain update information and known issues that may not be included in this migration
guide.
MPLAB X IDE User’s Guide (DS52027)
A guide to using the MPLAB X Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User’s Guide (DS50002053)
A guide to using the MPLAB XC8 C Compiler.

THE MICROCHIP WEB SITE

Microchip provides online support via our web site at www.microchip.com. This web site
is used as a means to make files and information easily available to customers. Accessible
by using your favorite Internet browser, the web site contains the following information:
• Product Support – Data sheets and errata, application notes and sample
programs, design resources, user’s guides and hardware support documents,
latest software releases and archived software
• General Technical Support – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), technical
support requests, online discussion groups, Microchip consultant program
member listing
• Business of Microchip – Product selector and ordering guides, latest Microchip
press releases, listing of seminars and events, listings of Microchip sales offices,
distributors and factory representatives

DS50002184B-page 6  2013-2014 Microchip Technology Inc.

 Preface

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS CUSTOMER CHANGE NOTIFICATION SERVICE

Microchip’s customer notification service helps to keep customers current on
Microchip products. Subscribers will receive e-mail notification whenever there are
changes, updates, revisions or errata related to a specified product family or
development tool of interest.
To register, access the Microchip web site at www.microchip.com, click on Customer
Change Notification and follow the registration instructions.
The Development Systems product group categories are:
• Compilers – The latest information on Microchip C compilers and other language
tools. These include the MPLAB C18 and MPLAB C30 C compilers; MPASM™
and MPLAB ASM30 assemblers; MPLINK™ and MPLAB LINK30 object linkers;
and MPLIB™ and MPLAB LIB30 object librarians.
• Emulators – The latest information on Microchip in-circuit emulators.This
includes the MPLAB ICE 2000 and MPLAB ICE 4000.
• In-Circuit Debuggers – The latest information on the Microchip in-circuit
debugger, MPLAB ICD 2.
• MPLAB® IDE – The latest information on Microchip MPLAB IDE, the Windows®
Integrated Development Environment for development systems tools. This list is
focused on the MPLAB IDE, MPLAB SIM simulator, MPLAB IDE Project Manager
and general editing and debugging features.
• Programmers – The latest information on Microchip programmers. These include
the MPLAB PM3 and PRO MATE® II device programmers and the PICSTART®
Plus and PICkit™ 1 development programmers.

CUSTOMER SUPPORT
Users of Microchip products can receive assistance through several channels:
• Distributor or Representative
• Local Sales Office
• Field Application Engineer (FAE)
• Technical Support
Customers should contact their distributor, representative or field application engineer
(FAE) for support. Local sales offices are also available to help customers. A listing of
sales offices and locations is included in the back of this document.
Technical support is available through the web site at: http://support.microchip.com

DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

Revision A (July 2013)
Initial release of this document.

Revision B (October 2014)

• Updated information relating to the MPLAB XC8’s implementation of the
software stack
• Added new section dealing with memory options
• Expanded information in many sections

 2013-2014 Microchip Technology Inc. DS50002184B-page 7

 MPLAB® C18 TO XC8 C COMPILER
MIGRATION GUIDE

Chapter 1. Migration Overview

1.1 INTRODUCTION
This documentation illustrates the differences between the MPLAB® C Compiler for
PIC18 MCUs (formerly, and referred to here as, MPLAB C18) and the MPLAB XC8 C
Compiler, and how you might migrate C source code and compiler options that were
tailored to MPLAB C18 over to MPLAB XC8.
This guide will be useful for those porting projects to the MPLAB XC8 compiler, as well
as those programmers familiar with MPLAB C18 syntax and operation who wish to
come up to speed quickly with MPLAB XC8 for new projects.
This chapter introduces the following overviews.
• Using C18 Compatibility Mode
• Migrating Projects to MPLAB XC8
Before the release of XC8, MPLAB C18 had been the only PIC18 C compiler offered
by Microchip. It is ANSI compliant and includes separate assembler and linker appli-
cations. Peripheral libraries are supplied to speed development. The MPLAB C18
compiler is being phased out, and no significant new development is planned for
future releases.
The MPLAB XC8 C compiler has replaced the MPLAB C18. This replacement compiler
is also ANSI compliant, includes a separate assembler and linker and the same
peripheral library is supplied.
For existing projects designed for MPLAB C18 and future code development, you have
several options:
• Continue to use the deprecated MPLAB C18 compiler.
• Compile in C18 compatibility mode with the MPLAB XC8 compiler.1
• Migrate project and code to native MPLAB XC8 settings and syntax.
As MPLAB C18 will not be further developed, it is recommended that you only continue
to use this compiler for complete projects that are not being actively maintained. You
might also use this compiler if you need to exactly replicate a previous build output.
The MPLAB XC8 compatibility mode will be useful if you are unable to use the MPLAB
C18 compiler but cannot justify the time spent to migrate code over to the native
MPLAB XC8 syntax.
Microchip recommends that, if possible, code be migrated to MPLAB XC8 syntax. This
will guarantee support for projects into the future.

1.See the note box in Section 1.2 “Using C18 Compatibility Mode” concerning the avail-
ability of this mode.

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 Migration Overview
This guide is specifically targeted at code migration and looks at the specific source
code and compiler option changes that will be required to build with MPLAB XC8. In
each section you will find general discussion of the differences between the compilers;
porting guidelines, which summarize the possible changes required; and tips for
moving forward with MPLAB XC8 code development.

Note: 1. This guide assumes you are familiar with MPLAB C18 syntax and features.
This guide is primarily aimed at introducing the equivalent or nearest
MPLAB XC8 syntax or feature, but does not attempt to explain every
aspect of these features. It is important to check the MPLAB XC8 user’s
guide for full information about the features offered by this compiler.
2. The MPLAB C18 compiler can compile functions as being reentrant.
Ensure that you are using a version of MPLAB XC8 that supports
reentrancy, if your project requires this functionality.
3. In addition to PIC18 devices, MPLAB XC8 can compile for all Microchip
8-bit devices, including devices in the baseline and mid-range families.
This guide deals only with PIC18 projects. The features described in this
guide may not be relevant for other devices.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

1.2 USING C18 COMPATIBILITY MODE

If you do not want to migrate code to the native MPLAB XC8 format, you can use the
MPLAB XC8 compiler in a C18 compatibility mode. In this mode, it will internally
translate many of the non-standard extensions used by MPLAB C18 source code.
This compatibility even extends to MPLAB C18 compiler options, by the use of a
replacement mcc18 driver. MPLINK linker scripts can be read by MPLAB XC8 when
it is operating in compatibility mode.

Note: Not all MPLAB C18 assembly language features are available in C18
compatibility mode.

Microchip recommends using compatibility mode to quickly rebuild code with the
MPLAB XC8 compiler or to experiment with this tool. You may also use compatibility
mode as you gain familiarity with the MPLAB XC8 language and environment.
To use compatibility mode, follow these steps:
• Open your existing MPLAB C18 project in MPLAB IDE1.
• Do not change the project toolsuite; continue to use the MPLAB C18 toolsuite.
• Change the path for the MPLAB C18 driver application from being the
mcc18.exe application installed by MPLAB C18 to the identically named replace-
ment application found in your MPLAB XC8 compiler’s bin directory. Also change
the path to the mplink.exe and mplib.exe applications in the same way.
(There is no support for code built with the mpasmwin.exe application).
• Rebuild your code in the usual way.
When you build the project, the IDE will think it is using MPLAB C18, but it will instead be
using the replacement applications provided by MPLAB XC8. When run, these applica-
tions will transcribe the MPLAB C18 options specified in your project to equivalent MPLAB
XC8 options, run the MPLAB XC8 compiler and ensure that the compiler is running in
compatibility mode.
If you are using batch or make files to build your MPLAB C18 projects instead of
MPLAB IDE, you can edit these files so that they execute the replacement applications
provided by MPLAB XC8.

Note: Do not attempt to explicitly run the MPLAB XC8 compiler (xc8) when
compiling MPLAB C18 projects.
Do not manually set any option to indicate C18 compatibility mode.
Only use the replacement applications provided by MPLAB XC8; invoked
from the command line, batch or make files; or from MPLAB IDE.

1.At the time of writing, only MPLAB IDE version 8 can be used to compile legacy projects in C18
compatibility mode.

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 Migration Overview

1.3 MIGRATING PROJECTS TO MPLAB XC8

Migrating MPLAB C18 code over to the native MPLAB XC8 syntax ensures that your
project is always compatible with the latest tools offered by Microchip. The amount of
effort required largely depends on how the code was written and which MPLAB C18
features were employed.

1.3.1 ANSI Compliant Code

Any code which is ANSI compliant can be migrated to MPLAB XC8 with minimal effort.
Note that certain aspects of the ANSI Standard permit code to behave in an implemen-
tation-defined way. The behavior of implementation-defined code is clearly listed in both
compilers’ user’s guides. Ensure your source code does not make any assumptions as
to how code with implementation-defined behavior will execute.
The following issues are situations in which there are differences in the
implementation-defined behavior between code that is compiled with MPLAB C18 and
code compiled with MPLAB XC8.
• The type of a plain char
This is fully discussed in Section 3.6 “Data Types and Limits”.
• The sign of the remainder of integer divisions
This is the same as the sign of the dividend for MPLAB XC8, and the sign of the
quotient for MPLAB C18.
• Sign extension of right shifts of negative signed values
Sign extension occurs when using MPLAB XC8; it does not for MPLAB C18.
• Rounding of floating-point values
MPLAB C18 always rounds floating-point results to the nearest value. MPLAB
XC8 also rounds results to the nearest value, except when a floating-point number
is converted to a narrower floating-point number. In that case, the rounding is to
the smaller floating-point value.
• Support for signed bit-fields
Structure and bit-field differences are fully described in Section 3.12 “Structures
and Unions”.
Note that the MPLAB C18 compiler does not apply integer promotion by default. If the
option to enable this has not been selected in your project, then the results of integer
expressions in which the type of any operand is smaller than an int may be different.
This is discussed further in Section 3.4 “Integer Promotions”.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

1.3.2 Non-Standard Extensions

Both the MPLAB C18 and XC8 compilers have non-standard extensions to assist with
programming in an embedded environment. Since the syntax and operation of these
extensions are different, they will require the most amount of attention to migrate.
Non-standard extensions are discussed throughout Chapter 3. “Language
Features”.
All the latest MPLAB XC compilers (XC8, XC16 and XC32) provide a common C inter-
face (CCI), which allows for a higher degree of portability between these compilers. It
standardizes the syntax of some of the non-standard extensions and further refines
implementation-defined behavior.
You might consider using the alternate syntax provided by the CCI when you compile
in MPLAB XC8. Note that CCI is a compiler mode that must be enabled. A chapter in
the MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User’s Guide (DS50002053) describes this interface, and
the mapping from the native MPLAB XC8 syntax and the CCI syntax.

1.3.3 Options and Linker Scripts

In addition to the source code itself, a project may utilize compiler options and/or linker
scripts to achieve the desired program operation. These also need to be transcribed to
equivalent MPLAB XC8 code or options, as they are not accepted outside of C18
compatibility mode.
Compiler options are described in Section Chapter 2. “Invoking the Compiler”,
which also lists additional, related MPLAB XC8 options.
Linker scripts have no direct counterpart in MPLAB XC8. Instead, linker options, which
can be controlled from the compiler driver, are used. Linker options work in conjunction
with assembler directives that define sections (or psects) in assembly code. This is
described in Section 3.20 “Linking”.

1.3.4 Assembly Code

Assembly code is inherently non-portable, even between assemblers for the same
device. Assembly code migration is beyond the scope of this document, but
Section 3.19 “C and Assembly” gives brief suggestions as to the changes that might
be necessary to ensure that assembly code builds and operates as expected.

1.3.5 Object and Library Files

The object and library files used by MPLAB C18 are not compatible with MPLAB XC8.
MPLAB XC8 comes with its own set of C standard libraries which are linked in by default,
so similar library functions are available (see also Section 3.11 “Function Variants”).
It will be necessary to obtain the source code for any object files that are used and
include this in the MPLAB XC8 project. It is not recommended that object files (even
those in MPLAB XC8 format) are used as an input file for this compiler. Use C source
files or p-code library files whenever possible.
If no equivalent library is available for MPLAB XC8, you will need to obtain the source
code for these routines as well. Note that the peripheral library supplied with MPLAB
C18 is included with MPLAB XC8. This library is linked in by default when compiling on
the command-line (see the --RUNTIME option in the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide), but
this option may need to be set if you are using MPLAB X IDE.

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 MPLAB® C18 TO XC8 C COMPILER
MIGRATION GUIDE

Chapter 2. Invoking the Compiler

2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter looks at the changes that must be made to command-line compiler
options when migrating from MPLAB C18 to MPLAB XC8.
It explains how MPLAB XC8 should be executed and the differences between this
compiler application and its MPLAB C18 counterpart.
The following topics are discussed.
• General Compiler Usage
• Driver Options
• MPLINK Options

2.2 GENERAL COMPILER USAGE

The MPLAB C18 and MPLAB XC8 C compilers differ slightly in how they are run on the
command-line.
If you normally use MPLAB X IDE to perform builds, many of the following translations
are handled by the IDE when you move to the new compiler toolsuite.

2.2.1 Compiler Applications

Both compilers employ a command-line driver that is used to invoke the appropriate
applications when compiling. However, MPLAB C18 requires that the linker (mplink)
is run explicitly, whereas the MPLAB XC8 driver can run the linker implicitly. It is rec-
ommended that you do not attempt to run the linker any other way. The names of the
MPLAB C18 applications that are run when performing compilation are listed in
Table 2-1, along with the MPLAB XC8 equivalent.

TABLE 2-1: APPLICATION NAMES

Task MPLAB C18 application MPLAB XC8 application
C compilation (driver) mcc18 xc8
Linking mplink xc8
Library creation mplib xc8

Not only can the xc8 driver invoke all the compilation steps, it can usually do so in one
command. For example, to compile and link a trivial source file using MPLAB C18, you
might use the commands:
mcc18.exe -p=18F4410 test.c
mplink.exe /p18F4410 /u_CRUNTIME test.o
This can be performed using just one command with MPLAB XC8:
xc8 --chip=18f4410 test.c
If you are using MPLAB X IDE, it is aware of how both compilers operate and always
uses the appropriate command lines.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

2.2.2 Compilation Sequence

The MPLAB XC8 compiler uses a novel code generation technology called Omniscient
Code Generation (OCG). Unlike conventional compilers, the OCG compiler brings
together all parts of the C source code (including library code) at the code generation
stage of compilation instead of at the link stage.
This different compilation sequence means that the temporary, intermediate file used
by the compiler is not an object file, but is the file produced by the parser application.
These are known as p-code files.
Although object files are still used by MPLAB XC8, they should not be used as the inter-
mediate file for C source code. You will almost certainly trigger an error if you attempt
to generate these from C code. Object files should only be generated from assembly
source code. Similarly, libraries produced from C source should use the p-code library
format (.lpp files), rather than the conventional object code libraries (.lib).
If you wish to perform multi-step compilation of your source files, you must use the
--PASS1 option to stop compilation after parsing, leaving the intermediate file. The
source file used in the above example could be compiled using an intermediate file as
follows.
xc8 --chip=18f4410 --pass1 test.c
xc8 --chip=18f4410 test.p1
Note that the driver (xc8) is used for both compilation steps. This multi-step compila-
tion is what MPLAB X IDE uses to compile C source files when the MPLAB XC8
toolsuite is selected.
Library files can also be created in one step using the command-line driver. For exam-
ple, to add the functions in usbLib.c and spiLib.c to a library, use:
xc8 --chip=18f78j11 --output=lpp usbLib.c spiLib.c
This will create a library called usbLib.lpp. All libraries created from C code must use
the p-code (.lpp) library format. See the Section How Do I Build Libraries? in the
MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User’s Guide for more information.
You can add pre-built p-code libraries to MPLAB X IDE projects in the usual way.

2.2.3 Command-line Format

The layout of the command-line arguments to the driver are similar. The drivers use
special options to control the compilation process, and one or more file names indicate
the files that are to be compiled.
The relative position of the files and options on the command line is not important for
either compiler; you may issue options before or after the names of files. In terms of the
generated code, file positions may affect the memory addresses allocated to variables
and functions.
Some operating systems use case sensitive file systems, so always use the correct
case when specifying the names of files.
The general form of compilation under MPLAB XC8 is usually:
xc8 --chip=device [options] files
The options are not case sensitive; however, some option arguments may specify
case-sensitive information. A summary of the equivalent MPLAB XC8 compiler options
is shown in Section 2.3 “Driver Options”.
The default behavior of the MPLAB C18 compiler is to produce a COFF file output
(.o file extension). The MPLAB XC8 compiler also produces a COFF output file (but
with a .cof extension). If requested, the compiler can instead produce an

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 Invoking the Compiler
ELF/DWARF output (.elf extension). ELF files allow for better debugging and should
be used whenever possible. If you are using MPLAB X IDE, it specifically requests
generation of an ELF debugging file when you build.
Note that the options to mplink differ in format to those used by the MPLAB C18 driver
mcc18. This application has its own set of command line options, described in the
MPLINK User's Guide and discussed in Section 2.4 “MPLINK Options”.

2.2.4 Compiler Usage Porting Guidelines

The following guidelines only apply if you are not using MPLAB X IDE to build projects,
i.e., you are using make or batch files.
• Change the name of the compiler driver, linker and librarian to xc8.
• If intermediate files are to be produced from C source code, use the --PASS1
option to generate these p-code files. The final ‘link’ step will read files with a .p1
extension.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

2.3 DRIVER OPTIONS

This section looks at the actual compiler options and maps the MPLAB C18 options to
the nearest MPLAB XC8 equivalent. A summary of all MPLAB C18 options is provided,
followed by a general discussion of the more important options.

2.3.1 Option Summary

The columns in Table 2-2 list all of the command-line options for the MPLAB C18 com-
piler alongside any equivalent or similar options that are used in MPLAB XC8.
While some of the MPLAB XC8 options are a direct replacement, others simply work in
a similar way. Check the OPTION DESCRIPTIONS Section in the MPLAB XC8 C Com-
piler User’s Guide (DS500002053) for full information on the options shown. This guide
references the corresponding section which indicates how the MPLAB XC8 option can
be accessed in MPLAB X IDE.

TABLE 2-2: SUMMARY OF EQUIVALENT MPLAB XC8 DRIVER OPTIONS

MPLAB C18 Option Nearest MPLAB XC8 Equivalent
-?, --help --HELP
-I=path -I=path
-fo=name -O
-fe=name -E
-z, --inc=name n/a
-k n/a
-ls n/a (large software stack is always supported)
-ms n/a
-ml n/a
-O, -O+ --OPT=all
-O- --OPT=none
-Oi+ n/a (integer promotion always enabled)
-Oi- n/a (integer promotion always enabled)
-Om+ n/a (string merging always enabled)
-Om- n/a (string merging always enabled)
-On+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-On- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Ou+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Ou- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Os+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Os- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Ot+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Ot- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Ob+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Ob- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-sca n/a (auto locals always enabled)
-scs n/a (auto locals always enabled)
-sco n/a (auto locals always enabled)
-Od+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Od- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Opa+ --OPT=+space
-Opa- --OPT=+speed

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 Invoking the Compiler
TABLE 2-2: SUMMARY OF EQUIVALENT MPLAB XC8 DRIVER OPTIONS
MPLAB C18 Option Nearest MPLAB XC8 Equivalent
-pa=repeat count n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Op+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Op- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Or+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Or- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Oa+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Oa- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Ow+ n/a (optimization always enabled)
-Ow- n/a (optimization always enabled)
-p=processor --CHIP=processor
--extended n/a (standard instruction set always used)
--no-extended n/a (standard instruction set always used)
-Dmacro[=text] -Dmacro[=text]
-w={ 1 | 2 | 3 } --WARN=-9 to 9
-nw=n --MSGDISABLE=list
-verbose -V
--help-message-list n/a
--help-message-all n/a
--help-message=n n/a
--help-config n/a
-v --VER
If you are using MPLAB IDE to compile, the MPLAB XC8 compiler toolsuite in MPLAB IDE
will allow graphical access to the MPLAB XC8 compiler options. Note that the MPLAB
XC8 user’s guide maps the command-line options to the corresponding widgets for both
the MPLAB IDE v8 Build options and the MPLAB X IDE Project Properties dialogs.
TIPS: There are many other MPLAB XC8 options than just those shown in the table.
These options have no MPLAB C18 equivalent. Refer to the MPLAB XC8 C Compiler
User’s Guide (DS500002053) for more information.

2.3.2 Basic Compiler Options

The name of the target device should always be specified on the command line when
using MPLAB XC8. If this information is missing when using MPLAB C18, the compiler
uses a default device. When using MPLAB XC8, a target device must always be
specified. An error will be generated if this is missing.
MPLAB XC8 does not support the PIC18 extended instruction set. If you have used the
--extended option in your MPLAB C18 project, you will need to ensure that you do
not have hand-written assembly code that uses this instruction set.
The MPLAB C18 option -FO, which permits renaming the output file, performs a similar
task to the MPLAB XC8 option -O, although this latter option also allows for specification
of an output directory as well as file renaming.
TIPS: Further fundamental MPLAB XC8 options include --EMI (which controls exter-
nal memory access), --CCI (which enforces a C syntax common across all Microchip
MPLAB XC compilers) --STACK (which controls reentrancy and the stack used for
data objects), --RUNTIME (which controls many runtime features of the generated
code), and --MODE (which relates to license-based optimization features).

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2.3.3 Optimization Options

There is far less control over compiler optimizations when using the MPLAB XC8
compiler compared to when using MPLAB C18.
Many of the MPLAB XC8 optimizations at the C level are performed as part of the fun-
damental code processing and cannot be disabled. Since these optimizations are per-
formed before conversion to assembly, they have little effect on debugging, and so
there is little need to disable them. Assembly-level optimizations, which can adversely
impact debugging, can, however, be completely disabled.
A single MPLAB XC8 option, --OPT, and its suboptions, enable or disable the available
optimizations. As with MPLAB C18, all compiler optimizations are enabled by default
when using MPLAB XC8.

2.3.4 Preprocessor Commands

As with MPLAB C18, preprocessor macros can be defined on the command line as well
as in code, using the #define directive. In both compilers, this option is -D.
TIPS: The MPLAB XC8 compiler has an additional option that undefines macros, -U.
The paths searched for include files by MPLAB C18 are specified by an environment
variable MCC_INCLUDE and the -I option. The MPLAB XC8 compiler also has an
equivalent -I option, but no environment variables are used to specify the paths. Add
paths specified by the MCC_INCLUDE environment variable using the MPLAB XC8
option -I instead.
TIPS: Other MPLAB XC8 options related to preprocessing include -P (which enables
preprocessing of assembly source files), --PRE (which stops the compilation process
immediately after preprocessing), and --SCANDEP (which performs a scan for
dependency files).

2.3.5 Memory Options

The MPLAB XC8 compiler does not read C18-format linker scripts (unless you run the
compiler in code compatibility mode). When migrating code to MPLAB XC8, memory
reservations are made via driver options.
The --RAM and --ROM options can be used to adjust the available data and program
memory, respectively, when compiling projects. These options both take memory range
arguments, as described in the MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User’s Guide.
Typically, the above options are used to reserve memory, which is then not used by
generated code; however, they can be also used to add additional external memory (for
those PIC18 devices with the external memory interface). External memory added with
--RAM is used for far variables. Memory added with --ROM is used for executable
code or const data.
The --RAM and --ROM options may be useful when writing bootloaders and applica-
tions so that a device’s memory can be segregated. The --CODEOFFSET option is spe-
cifically intended for use when writing bootloader/application code. It moves up the
binary code image, including the reset and interrupt vector locations.
The --FILL option can be used to fill unused memory locations with various data
sequences.

2.3.6 Diagnostics
Messages are issued by compilers to indicate invalid or suspicious code. A complete
list of all messages is shown in the Error and Warning Messages Appendix of the
MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User’s Guide (DS500002053).

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 Invoking the Compiler
The MPLAB XC8 compiler uses a centralized messaging system that is common to all
compiler applications. Message have several categories, which are similar to those in
MPLAB C18, but with the addition of fatal error messages. The following message
categories are used by MPLAB XC8.
• Advisory Messages –
to convey information regarding a situation the compiler has encountered, or
some action the compiler is about to take.
• Warning Messages –
to indicate source code or some other situation that can be compiled, but is
unusual and may lead to a runtime failure of the code.
• Error Messages –
to indicate source code that is illegal, or that compilation of this code cannot take
place.
• Fatal Error Messages –
to indicate a situation that prevents compilation from proceeding and which stops
the compilation process immediately.
As with MPLAB C18, MPLAB XC8 has driver options that can be used to suppress
warning messages by their level. The MPLAB XC8 warnings are assigned a level rang-
ing from -9 to +9, as opposed to the 1, 2 and 3 levels assigned to MPLAB C18
messages. The higher the level, the more important the warning.
The levels assigned to messages can be obtained from the message description file
(en_msg.txt) that is located in the DAT directory of the MPLAB XC8 compiler.
The MPLAB XC8 option --WARN suppresses warning messages below the indicated
threshold level. The default level is 0. This option performs a similar task to the MPLAB
C18 option -W.
The MPLAB XC8 compiler also allows messages to be disabled via their identification
message number. The message’s number is usually printed with the message text.
They can also be found in the Error and Warning Messages Appendix of the MPLAB
XC8 user’s guide. The MPLAB XC8 option --MSGDISABLE performs the same task as
the -NW option supplied with MPLAB C18. The --MSGDISABLE option, however, can
take a comma-separated list of message numbers, not just a single number, as with
MPLAB C18.
TIPS: The MPLAB XC8 compiler goes further, in that it also allows the control of mes-
sages via the use of pragmas in the source code. See #pragma warning in the
MPLAB XC8 user’s guide. The pragma allows control of messages issued for one or
more lines of code. Other MPLAB XC8 options that are related to messaging include:
--MSGFORMAT, --WARNFORMAT, and --ERRFORMAT (which control the format of advi-
sory, warning and error messages, respectively) --ERRORS (which sets a limit on the
number of error messages), and --LANG (which controls the language used to print
error and warning messages).

2.3.7 Driver Options Porting Guidelines

The following guidelines will help you select the compiler options that are correct for
your project.
• If you are using an IDE, build your MPLAB C18 project and take note of the driver
options being used in the Build or Output window.
• Find the equivalent MPLAB XC8 options in the summary listed in this guide.
• Use the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide to find the IDE controls that correspond to
these options, if required.
• Browse the other MPLAB XC8 options available and select those appropriate.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

2.4 MPLINK OPTIONS

As indicated in Section 2.3 “Driver Options”, the MPLAB XC8 linker (hlink) is not
run explicitly. The most commonly used linker options have counterparts in the MPLAB
XC8 driver, xc8. The MPLINK options and the equivalent MPLAB XC8 driver options
are shown in Table 2-3.

TABLE 2-3: MPLINK OPTIONS AND NEAREST MPLAB XC8 EQUIVALENTS

MPLINK Option Nearest MPLAB XC8 Equivalent
/a hexformat --RUNTIME=download
/d Do not use --ASMLIST
/g n/a
/h, /? --HELP
/i --ASMLIST
/k pathlist n/a
/l pathlist n/a
/m filename -M
/n length n/a
/o filename -O
/q -Q
/u sym[=value] n/a
/v --WARN=-9
/w n/a
/x n/a
/zsymbol=value -L-Usymbol (as an undefined symbol)

The generation of the assembly list file and output files, such as the COD and HEX files,
is independently controlled using MPLAB XC8, and is an attribute of different internal
applications. Thus, there is no direct counterpart to the MPLAB C18 options such as
/i, /w and /x. However you may control list file generation with the MPLAB XC8
option --ASMIST, and the output file type with --OUTPUT.

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 MPLAB® C18 TO XC8 C COMPILER
MIGRATION GUIDE

Chapter 3. Language Features

3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter compares source code differences between the MPLAB C18 and MPLAB
XC8 compilers. It presents important issues to consider when migrating C source code
to MPLAB XC8. If you are familiar with MPLAB C18, this information will highlight
equivalent features that you can use in the MPLAB XC8 C compiler.
Information has been organized into the following sections.
• Operating Modes
• Memory Models
• Integer Promotions
• Device-Specific Information
• Data Types and Limits
• Size Limitations
• Storage Classes
• Storage Qualifiers
• Pointer Storage Qualifiers
• Function Variants
• Structures and Unions
• Interrupts
• Locating Objects
• Function Reentrancy and Calling Conventions
• The Runtime Startup Code
• Register Usage
• Preprocessing
• C and Assembly
• Linking

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

3.2 OPERATING MODES

MPLAB C18 has two operating modes: extended and non-extended. These modes relate
to the instruction set utilized on the PIC18 device. Only those PIC18 devices with the
extended instruction set can use the extended compiler mode. All devices can use the
non-extended mode, which uses the standard PIC18 instruction set. Choosing this mode
affects how programs are compiled and what features are available in the source code.
There are no corresponding modes with MPLAB XC8. The compiler does not support
the PIC18 extended instruction set; code is always compiled for the standard PIC18
instruction set.

3.2.1 Operating Mode Porting Guidelines

Use the following guidelines when porting code to MPLAB XC8.
• Code compiled for MPLAB XC8 will use the non-extended instruction set.
• Ensure configuration bit settings disable the extended instruction set.
• Ensure hand-written assembly code assumes the non-extended instruction set is
in use.

3.3 MEMORY MODELS

The MPLAB XC8 compiler does not use memory models, and the MPLAB C18 options
used to specify this can be ignored.
The memory models used by MPLAB C18 only affect the size of pointer variables. The
size of each pointer variable allocated by MPLAB XC8 is determined independently
and automatically, based on the addresses that are assigned to that pointer in the entire
program.

3.4 INTEGER PROMOTIONS

By default, MPLAB C18 will perform arithmetic operations using the size of the largest
operand, even if both operands are smaller than an int. This behavior does not
conform to the ANSI Standard but can be changed using the -Oi driver option.
The MPLAB XC8 compiler cannot mimic this non-standard behavior. The results
obtained from this compiler will always be consistent with the smaller data types (i.e.
short, char and structure bit-fields) being promoted to either signed int or
unsigned int. This means that the result of expressions using the smaller types can
be different to those obtained from the same code compiled with MPLAB C18.
Integer promotion (also called integral promotion) is discussed (with examples) in the
MPLAB XC8 user’s guide, and in any good book on the C programming language.

Note: Do not be tempted to believe that changing from a smaller to a larger type will
not change the numerical result of an expression. Look especially for cases
where a smaller unsigned type would be promoted to signed int. A change
in operand signedness can lead to a very different expression results.

3.4.1 Integer Promotion Porting Guidelines

Any MPLAB C18 code compiled without the -Oi option and which uses operands
smaller than an int must be reviewed. Check to ensure that expressions involving
these smaller types will yield the same result when each type is promoted to the 16-bit
int types used with MPLAB XC8.

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 Language Features

3.5 DEVICE-SPECIFIC INFORMATION

3.5.1 Header Files
MPLAB XC8 uses the generic header file <xc.h> for all device-specific information
and you will likely need to include this header in all your C source modules.
Separate assembly modules should include the header <xc.inc> to access SFRs
by name.

3.5.2 Special Function Registers

Once the generic header file <xc.h> has been included, the names defined by MPLAB
XC8 for SFR registers and bits within those registers should be similar to the names
used by MPLAB C18; use of these identifiers should port with little effort. Any mismatch
will be reported as an undefined symbol.1
In MPLAB XC8 code, you can access an SFR register as a whole, for example using
the symbol PORTA. You can access bits within that register using a structure with
bit-field members representing each bit, for example PORTAbits.RA0.
TIPS: MPLAB XC8 also allows you to use predefined bit variables, such as RA0, RA1,
etc., instead of the bit-fields; however, these are less portable.
For separate assembly modules, include the file <xc.inc> when compiling with
MPLAB XC8. You can use the #include directive to do this, provided you enable the
-P option to allow preprocessing of assembly source files. Alternatively, you can use
the INCLUDE assembler directive. The names of the assembly symbols that represent
the SFRs and the bits within them will be the same as their C counterparts.

3.5.3 Configuration Bits

Configuration bits are set using the config pragma in both MPLAB C18 and XC8 com-
pilers. The syntax is identical, and in most instances code written for MPLAB C18 will
work as expected when using MPLAB XC8 with no modification. The names of config-
uration settings and values should be identical, but name changes have occurred in the
past. If you are using an old version of MPLAB C18, some symbol names might need
to be brought up to date. Check the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide for more information on
this pragma.
TIPS: MPLAB X IDE has a feature to generate the pragmas needed to configure your
device. Refer to the MPLAB X IDE User’s Guide (DS50002027) for more information.
You can also open the pic_chipinfo.html or the pic18_chipinfo.html files in
the docs directory of the MPLAB XC8 compiler to see the settings-value names used
by the pragma and examples for all supported devices. The same pragma can be used
to set the ID location bits.

1.An accurate means of determining the MPLAB XC8 SFR symbol names for the device you are
using is to open the preprocessed file (.pre extension) of any module in your project which in-
cludes the <xc.h> header.
This preprocessed file will contain the C definitions for most device-specific information.

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3.5.4 Built-in Routines and Macros

MPLAB XC8 defines several preprocessor macros that can assist with device-specific
code. Check the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide for more information on the macros and built-in
routines listed in Table 3-1. Note that many of the C18 macros are accepted by XC8.

TABLE 3-1: EQUIVALENT MPLAB XC8 MACROS AND IN-BUILT FUNCTIONS

MPLAB C18 MPLAB XC8 Equivalent
Nop() NOP()
ClrWdt() CLRWDT()
Sleep() SLEEP()
Reset() RESET()
Rlcf(), Rlncf(), Rrcf(), Rrncf() Use regular rotate expression1
Swap() Use regular swap expression 2

Note 1: The compiler looks for expressions such as c = (c << 1) | (c >> 7); and
encodes these using a rotate instruction.
2: An expression such as (c >> 4) | (c << 4) can swap nibbles in a value.
TIPS: MPLAB XC8 also implements _delay(), _delaywdt(), __delay_us() etc.,
built-in routines associated with delay loops; interrupt enable macros, such as ei()
and di(); and __EEPROM_DATA() for preloading data to EEPROM and
__BUILTIN_SOFTWARE_BREAKPOINT() for inserting software breakpoints.

3.5.5 Device-specific Porting Guidelines

When compiling for MPLAB XC8, ensure the following:
• Include the file <xc.h> in all C modules that need access to device-specific
information.
• Remove inclusion of MPLAB C18 headers, such as <p18cxxx.h>,
<p18c452.h> or any other device-dependent header file in the code.
• Include the file <xc.inc> for separate assembly modules.
• Check for undefined symbol errors. Correct SFR names, settings and value
names used with configuration macros, preprocessor macros and in-built function
names using the documentation and techniques described above.

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 Language Features

3.6 DATA TYPES AND LIMITS

The integer data types defined by MPLAB C18 are identical in size to those defined by
the MPLAB XC8 compiler.
The type of a plain char is signed char on MPLAB C18 (unless the -k option is
used), but unsigned char on MPLAB XC8. It is always good practice to explicitly
state the signedness of char types when you define them.
Both compilers allow the use of a non-standard short long int type, and this type
is equal in size in both implementations.
Both the float and double types defined by MPLAB C18 are 32 bits wide and use
the IEEE-754 format. The size of the float and double types when using MPLAB
XC8 is configurable. Each type can be independently set to a 32-bit IEEE-754 format
as used by MPLAB C18, but a 24-bit truncated form of this format is used by default.
Set the MPLAB XC8 options --DOUBLE and --FLOAT to 32 for exact compatibility, if
required. See the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide for more information on these options and
floating-point types.
Values stored by MPLAB XC8 use a little endian format identical to that used by
MPLAB C18.
The order of allocation of bits in bit-fields is identical for both compilers: from least to
most significant.
TIPS: The XC8 compiler allows use of a non-standard type, bit, which can hold a
single-bit wide integer (as opposed to boolean) value.

3.6.1 Data Type Porting Guidelines

Ensure the following guidelines are enacted:
• Explicitly state whether plain char variables defined in MPLAB C18 code should
be signed or unsigned.
• If floating-point objects used in MPLAB C18 must be 32-bits wide, use the
--FLOAT and/or --DOUBLE options to increase the type size in MPLAB XC8.

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3.7 SIZE LIMITATIONS

The maximum size of individual functions and data objects can vary between MPLAB
C18 and MPLAB XC8. The limits imposed by MPLAB XC8 are given below.

3.7.1 Function Size Limits

The size of assembly code generated for a function is limited only by the available
program memory on the target device.

Note: For each C function, the size, location and the actual instructions
themselves will be different in the assembly generated by MPLAB XC8.

3.7.2 Data Size Limits

For auto and parameter objects associated with a function that is using the compiled
stack, the following limitations apply:
• The size of an individual auto or parameter object (e.g. an array or structure) can
not exceed the size of a PIC18 data bank, 100h bytes.
• The total size of all parameters for a function must not exceed the size of a PIC18
data bank. (This does not apply to auto objects).
• The total size of all auto and parameter objects for all functions in the program is
limited only by the available data memory.
For auto and parameter objects associated with a function that is using the software
stack, the following limitations apply:
• The size of an individual auto or parameter object (e.g. an array or structure) can
not exceed the size of a PIC18 data bank: 100h bytes.
• The total size of all auto and parameter objects for a function must not exceed
the size of a PIC18 data bank.
• The total size of all auto and parameter objects for all functions in the program is
limited only by the available data memory.
For all non-stack based objects (e.g., global and static objects), their sizes are limited
only by the available data memory.

3.8 STORAGE CLASSES

The MPLAB C18 compiler allocates space for local variables based on their storage
class specifier: auto, static and the non-standard class, overlay. All auto objects
are allocated space on one of two data stacks; static objects are allocated perma-
nent static storage, and overlay objects are positioned in the compiled stack if the
compiler is operating in non-extended mode. The overlay specifier has no effect
when the compiler is operating in extended mode.
Allocation to a compiled stack is a static allocation, but it can share memory with other
local objects that are never concurrently active.
The above specifiers directly relate to whether a function will be reentrant. Refer to
Section 3.15 “Function Reentrancy and Calling Conventions” for more information
and porting guidelines relating to these class specifiers.

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 Language Features

3.9 STORAGE QUALIFIERS

The MPLAB C18 compiler defines several non-standard qualifiers as well as the stan-
dard const and volatile qualifiers. Qualifiers are used with basic objects as well as
with pointer target types, which are discussed separately in Section 3.10.1 “Pointer
Storage Qualifier Porting Guidelines”.
A programmer using MPLAB C18 has independent control over the placement of
objects to data memory or program memory using the rom and ram qualifiers. The
standard read-only indicator, const, can be used in conjunction with these memory
specifiers.
When using the MPLAB XC8 compiler, the const qualifier has a dual action of making
global objects read-only, in addition to allocating them to program memory. Thus, the
MPLAB XC8 const qualifier performs the same action as const and rom used
together in MPLAB C18. It is not possible to define a global, read-only variable that is
located in data memory with the MPLAB XC8 compiler, but const auto objects are
allocated to RAM.
The MPLAB C18 far qualifier indicates that an object is not near, i.e., located in
banked memory. Objects, by default, are far. The MPLAB XC8 compiler also, by
default, places objects that are not qualified anywhere in the banked memory, but there
is no qualifier that explicitly states this.
The MPLAB XC8 far qualifier has a different meaning to its namesake in MPLAB C18.
An object that is qualified far will be located in program memory by the MPLAB XC8
compiler, but will be placed in extended memory that the compiler assumes is writable.
The near and far MPLAB XC8 qualifiers are both controlled by the --ADDRQUAL
option. See the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide for more information on this option and the
qualifiers.

3.9.1 Storage Qualifier Porting Guidelines

Use the following guidelines in the order they are listed to convert qualifiers to the
nearest MPLAB XC8 equivalent:
• Replace all instances of const and rom qualifiers, used together, with const.
• Remove all instances of the ram qualifier.
• Remove all instances of the far qualifier.
Note that there are no direct equivalents in MPLAB XC8 for the following MPLAB C18
qualifier sequences. Consider the suggested alternatives.
• Only the const qualifier used with global objects: Consider removing the const
qualifier, resulting in the object being writable, or retaining the qualifier and having
it read-only but in program memory. (No change is required for const auto
objects).
• The rom qualifier (used without const): Consider replacing this with far if you
want the object to be writable and in external memory, or replace with const if it
is never written.
• Both near and rom, used together: Consider replacing these with const, which
will place the object in program memory, but at any address. If the target device
has more than 64k of program memory, consider making the object absolute if it is
being linked above the 64k boundary and this is an issue; however, most const
objects are allocated below this address.
Other qualifier sequences do not need modification.

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3.10 POINTER STORAGE QUALIFIERS

When defining pointers and using the MPLAB C18 compiler, the target type must use
the near, far and rom qualifiers where appropriate. These change the size of the
pointer and access method used to dereference the target. So, for example, if a pointer
is to hold in program memory the address of an object that is located below the 64k
boundary, it should be defined as follows.
rom near char * npsp;
A pointer to a rom-qualified target cannot point to a target that is located in RAM, and
a (default) pointer to RAM cannot point to an object in program memory. The qualifiers
used with the pointer definition must match those used with the objects whose
addresses are assigned to the pointer.
Qualifiers are not required with pointer target types when using MPLAB XC8; they are
actually ignored. The compiler tracks all address assignments to pointers, so a
pointer’s targets are always known. Since the memory space and assigned bank of all
objects is known by the compiler, the best size and pointer deference method can be
chosen automatically.

Note: This means that if you never assign an address to a pointer, or only ever
assign a NULL pointer, the MPLAB XC8 compiler will be aware of this fact
as well. In such a case, the compiler could radically optimize the size of the
pointer and how it is dereferenced.

A generic MPLAB XC8 pointer can access any object (of the correct type) regardless
of in which memory space it resides. The same pointer can be used to access both data
and program memory targets.
Use the const and volatile qualifier when defining pointers to indicate their usual
meaning (read-only and do-not-optimize-access, respectively), but all other
non-standard qualifiers should not be used and have no effect. For example, the above
pointer example would be defined as follows when using MPLAB XC8:
char * npsp;
MPLAB C18 pointers will be either 16 or 24 bits wide, based on the qualifiers used
when the pointer is defined. Pointers defined when using MPLAB XC8 will be either 8,
16, or 24 bits wide, based on the addresses assigned to them in the code. Their size is
fixed for the duration of the program, but might change from one build to the next as
source code is developed. Your source code should not be making assumptions as to
the size of a pointer.

3.10.1 Pointer Storage Qualifier Porting Guidelines

Porting pointer variables is relatively straightforward. Ensure you understand the difference
between a pointer’s target type qualifiers and the pointer qualifiers in a definition.
• Remove all instances of near, far or rom from all pointer target types.
• Review any pointer qualifiers, as described in Section 3.9.1 “Storage Qualifier
Porting Guidelines”.

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 Language Features

3.11 FUNCTION VARIANTS

A consequence of the qualifiers required with MPLAB C18 pointer definitions
(described in Section 3.10 “Pointer Storage Qualifiers”) is that a function can need
several variants to work with data in different memory spaces. For example, the
strcpy() function, which accepts two pointer parameters, has four variants to handle
the possible source and destination combinations. Their prototypes are shown below.
char *strcpy (auto char *s1, auto const char *s2);
char *strcpypgm2ram (auto char *s1, auto const rom char *s2);
rom char *strcpyram2pgm (auto rom char *s1, auto const char *s2);
rom char *strcpypgm2pgm (auto rom char *s1, auto const rom char *s2);
Since the MPLAB XC8 compiler’s tracking of pointer assignment also applies to library
functions, only one variant of this function is needed and has the Standard ANSI
prototype:
char *strcpy (char *s1, const char *s2);
The size of the pointer parameters and the encoding of this function will be based on
the actual addresses passed to the function in your program.
When migrating code to MPLAB XC8, you only ever need to call the base version of
the function variants. So for example, calls to strcpypgm2ram() should be changed
to calls to strcpy().
If you are writing a function that accepts a pointer argument, you need only write one
version of that function. You can pass to this function the address of any object (of the
correct type) regardless of in which memory space it resides.

3.11.1 Function Variants Porting Guidelines

Porting code which uses multiple variants of a function amounts to simplifying the code.
Replace calls made to variants of a function with calls to the base function itself. For
example, calls to strcpypgm2ram() should be changed to calls to strcpy().

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

3.12 STRUCTURES AND UNIONS

Unnamed (anonymous) structures and unions are supported by both MPLAB C18 and
XC8. Use of this feature in MPLAB C18 will freely migrate to MPLAB XC8 without need
of alteration. Such features are not compliant with the ANSI Standard and should be
avoided when possible.
The MPLAB C18 compiler allows signed bit-fields. These are currently not supported
by MPLAB XC8.

3.12.1 Structure Porting Guidelines

If your MPLAB C18 code defines signed bit-fields, the following change could be
necessary.
Change instances of signed bit-fields to unsigned, or change them to signed char
structure members.

3.13 INTERRUPTS
The definitions of interrupt vectors and service routines when using MPLAB XC8 are
different to those applicable for MPLAB C18. Encoding of the service routines also dif-
fers between the two compilers.
The MPLAB C18 compiler expects two functions to be written for each interrupt priority:
one to define the interrupt service routine (ISR), and the other to be linked at the inter-
rupt vector and which will transfer control to the ISR. This is shown in the following
MPLAB C18 example.
#pragma code low_vector=0x18
void interrupt_at_low_vector(void)
{
_asm GOTO low_isr _endasm
}

#pragma code /* return to the default code section */

#pragma interruptlow low_isr
void low_isr (void)
{
/* service routine body goes here */
}
The MPLAB XC8 compiler expects only one function to be defined for each interrupt.
The compiler will automatically complete the code associated with the interrupt vector
once it has seen the interrupt service routine. The ISR is created when using the
interrupt specifier with a function. The above example would be written as the
following when using MPLAB XC8.
void interrupt low_priority low_isr (void)
{
/* service routine body goes here */
}
For the high priority (default) interrupt, omit the low_priority keyword when defining
the function; or you can use the high_priority keyword instead, for example:
void interrupt high_isr (void)
{
/* service routine body goes here */
}
There are virtually no restrictions as to the code you can include in the body of an inter-
rupt function when using MPLAB XC8, but small, simple routines are better when
real-time performance is required.

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 Language Features
The MPLAB XC8 compiler can deduce all registers used by the interrupt function and
any functions (including library functions) it calls; however, in-line assembly code is not
scanned for register usage. If any assembly routines are called from an interrupt func-
tion, the pragma regsused can be used to specify registers used by that assembly
routine. This might force extra registers to be saved in the context switch. There is no
mechanism by which you can restrict the set of registers normally saved by the interrupt
routine.

3.13.1 Interrupt porting Guidelines

The following guidelines should be followed for each interrupt priority.
• Remove the function which is linked to the interrupt vector. Such functions are
surrounded by #pragma code directives. Remove these directives as well.
• Remove the interrupt or interruptlow pragmas associated with the ISR.
• Add the keyword interrupt to the ISR prototype.
• Add the keyword low_priority to the ISR prototype (along with the
interrupt specifier) if this function handles the low priority interrupt.
• Confirm if additional registers used by in-line assembly or separate assembly rou-
tines need saving, and use the #pragma regsused directive for the routine that
contains the assembly code. Alternatively, you can manually save the registers in
the assembly code.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

3.14 LOCATING OBJECTS

The MPLAB C18 compiler uses pragmas to locate objects in specific memory loca-
tions. Although there is an MPLAB XC8 equivalent of this pragma, it is usually best to
consider the motivation for placing the objects at non-default locations and choosing
one of the alternative strategies available with MPLAB XC8. These are discussed in the
following sections.

3.14.1 Variables and Functions

The MPLAB C18 #pragma sectiontype is used to allocate variables and code to
an alternate section with the name specified. This is usually done so that this section
can be explicitly linked in memory at a specific address or in an address range.
If the aim is purely to locate a variable or function at a specific address, then the easiest
way of performing this in MPLAB XC8 is to make the variable or function absolute,
using the @ address construct.
For a variable defined in MPLAB C18 as follows:
#pragma udata myUdata=0x100
int foobar;
you can allocate it the same address in MPLAB XC8 using the following definition for
an absolute variable:
int foobar @ 0x100;
For a function defined in MPLAB C18 using the similar pragma:
#pragma code myCode=0x2000
int calcOffset(int radius) { ...
The same effect can be applied using the following definition of an absolute function in
MPLAB XC8.
int calcOffset(int radius) @ 0x2000 { ...
If the original intention behind using the sectiontype pragma was only to ensure that
a variable is allocated to a specific bank, then the MPLAB XC8 bankx keywords are
the easiest way to do this; however, these keywords only allow placement in the first
four banks of any device. For example:
bank1 int foobar;
will allocate foobar to bank 1 data memory. For the qualifier to work as expected, you
must set the --ADDRQUAL option to request. The default compiler operation is to
ignore bank qualifiers.
If the intention is to specifically allocate the variable or function to a new section, the
MPLAB XC8 __section() specifier can be used to indicate an alternate section for
an object. The above MPLAB C18 example which places foobar in a new section
could be replaced with MPLAB XC8 code similar to:
int __section(“myUdata”) foobar;
It is not possible to specify an address for the section in the code. You must use an
option to locate the section at a specific address, or in an address range. You might, for
example, use the MPLAB XC8 driver option:
-L-pmyUdata=0100h
to place the myUdata section at address 0x100. The leading -L is stripped from this
option and the remainder (the -p linker option) is passed directly to the linker. You do
not need to run the linker explicitly to adjust the linker options. If you are using MPLAB
X IDE, then add this full option to the Extra Linker Options field in the Additional Options
option category under the XC8 Linker category.

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 Language Features
You can also link a section anywhere in a pre-existing or user-defined address range
(known as a linker class). For example, the following options define a new linker class
(using the -A linker option), then link the section anywhere in this class.
-L-AMYSPACE=50h-0ffh,100h-1ffh
-L-pmyUdata=MYSPACE
See the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide for full information on sections and linker options.

Note: The MPLAB XC8 user’s guide refers to sections as “psect”. This term is
short for “program section”, but is an identical concept to sections used by
MPLAB C18 and other compilers.

3.14.1.1 LOCATING VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS PORTING GUIDELINES

• Replace all variables defined using the sectiontype pragma with either abso-
lute variables, variables using the bank qualifiers or place them in a user-defined
psect using the __section() specifier.
• Replace all functions defined using the sectiontype pragma with either absolute
functions or place them a user-defined psect using the __section() specifier.
• If required, add options to link any user-defined sections at the required address
or in an address range.
• Confirm the placement of these objects using the MPLAB XC8 map file.

3.14.2 Indicating Object Locations

When using MPLAB C18 it is necessary to manually indicate the location of variables
defined in other modules to ensure optimal code generation. This is done using the
varlocate pragma.
Such information is not necessary when using MPLAB XC8. The compiler is aware of
the bank in which all C objects are placed, even if they use the __section() specifier
or the object is absolute.

3.14.2.1 OBJECT LOCATION PORTING GUIDELINES

Remove all varlocate pragmas from your source.

3.14.3 Temporary Data Location

MPLAB C18 uses the tmpdata pragma to specify the location of temporary data. The
location of temporary data cannot be explicitly changed when using MPLAB XC8. The
temporary variables used by a function are grouped with that function’s auto variables
and are stored in either the compiled stack or software stack, based on whether the
function is reentrantly encoded.
Provided there is no code that makes assumptions about the location of temporary
data, removing these pragmas will not affect code operation.

3.14.3.1 TEMPORARY DATA LOCATION PORTING GUIDELINES

• Remove all instances of the #pragma tmpdata directive.
• Ensure that no code makes assumptions about the location of temporary data.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

3.15 FUNCTION REENTRANCY AND CALLING CONVENTIONS

Both MPLAB C18 and XC8 allow functions to be called reentrantly; however, the
program stack models used by both compilers are different
Reentrancy issues ultimately relate to the compiler’s placement of auto and parameter
variables. For a function to be reentrant, its auto and parameter objects need to be
allocated memory that is unique for each instance of the function. If a function is not
called reentrantly in a program, then there is no requirement for these variables to be
allocated unique memory locations and they can each be statically assigned an
address.
What Microchip calls a software stack can provide storage for auto and parameter
variables associated with reentrant functions. Alternatively, static allocation of these
objects is made to what is known as a a compiled stack. Accessing a compiled stack is
typically more efficient than accessing a software stack, but this storage does not allow
reentrancy.
Both MPLAB C18 and XC8 employ both a software stack and compiled stack to store
auto and parameter variables, but both the default behaviors of the compilers and the
controls over the placement of variables in the stacks are different.

3.15.1 Default Function Reentrancy Behavior

By default, MPLAB C18 encodes all functions in a reentrant manner, i.e., they use the
software stack. If the target device supports the extended instruction set, then extended
mode is enabled. Accessing the software stack in this mode is more efficient than in
non-extended mode.
By default, MPLAB XC8 encodes all functions using a compiled stack model. The auto
and parameter variables for these functions will use the compiled stack, and functions
are not reentrant.
If your MPLAB C18 project uses reentrancy, you must change the default stack model
used by MPLAB XC8 to either the hybrid model or the reentrant model; or you must use
the reentrant function specifier (see the following sections). If you have used any of
the language keywords or compiler options to change the default MPLAB C18 compiler
behavior, these features and porting them are also described in the following sections.

3.15.2 Function Reentrancy Controls

Since MPLAB C18 allocates all auto and parameter variables on the software stack
by default, the only options available with this compiler are those that force these
variables to be allocated to the compiled stack.
The overlay specifier will force auto variables to be allocated to the compiled stack.
The static specifier performs the same action for parameter variables. (Specifying
an otherwise auto variable as static has the usual effect stipulated by the ANSI
standard: it will have permanent program duration and its memory allocated in a similar
fashion to global variables.)
The MPLAB C18 option, -sco, can be used to force all auto and parameter variables
in the entire program to be overlayed, hence allocated to the compiled stack; or the
option -scs will change all auto and parameter variables to be static.
By contrast, MPLAB XC8 only allows control of how each function allocates all of its
auto and parameter variables. There are no controls to change the allocation of a sin-
gle variable. However, other options can be used to change the program-wide behav-
ior. Table 3-2 summarizes the stack used by functions in a variety of situations, and this

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 Language Features
same information is detailed below.

TABLE 3-2: FUNCTION ENCODING BASED ON STACK MODEL

Nonreentrant Hybrid Reentrant
Function
model model model
Unqualified function not called compiled stack compiled stack software
reentrantly
Unqualified function called reentrantly function is dupli- software stack software stack
cated, both use
compiled stack
Function qualified nonreentrant compiled stack, compiled stack compiled stack
duplicated if called
reentrantly
Function qualified reentrant software stack software stack software stack

If you want to force a function to use the software stack for its auto and parameter vari-
ables, even though it is not reentrantly called in the C program, use the MPLAB XC8
reentrant function specifier.
If a function must use the compiled stack, you can use the nonreentrant function
specifier to indicate this. If such a function is then called from multiple call graphs in the
program (and so needs to be reentrant), the function will be duplicated. This makes
these functions appear to be reentrant. (See the MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User’s Guide
for more information on function duplication.) An error will result if a function specified
nonreentrant is called recursively in your source code.
The MPLAB XC8 option --STACK=compiled (nonreentrant model—you can also use
the alias --STACK=nonreentrant) explicitly states the default stack behavior and
forces all functions to be encoded using the compiled stack, regardless of how they are
called in the program; the option --STACK=software (reentrant model—you can also
use the alias --STACK=reentrant) forces all functions to use the software stack. The
--STACK=hybrid option will encode functions based on how they are called in the
program: functions that are called reentrantly will use the software stack; other func-
tions will use the compiled stack. If the --STACK=compiled option is used and a func-
tion (which does not use the reentrant specifier) is reentrantly called from multiple
call graphs in the program, the function output will be duplicated and both functions will
use the compiled stack. An error will result if a function is called recursively in the pro-
gram and this option is used.
The MPLAB XC8 specifiers described above have precedence over the --STACK
option settings where there is conflict. Thus, you might specify all functions to be non-
reentrant, using the --STACK=compiled option, but allow one function reentrancy by
using the reentrant specifier where you define that function.
You can find out how a function has been encoded, i.e., which stack has been used,
but looking at the function information shown in the assembly list file or in the map file.
The MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User’s Guide has complete information on the layout of
these files.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

3.15.3 Reentrancy Porting Guidelines

When porting code from MPLAB C18, it is recommended that you use the com-
piled-stack (default) model in MPLAB XC8, particularly if your project does not use
reentrancy. Only use the stack specifiers and stack options if required. Porting should
mainly consist of removing the explicit controls used with MPLAB C18.
Use the following guidelines when porting from MPLAB C18 to XC8.
• Use the MPLAB XC8’s default compiled-stack model.
• Remove all instances of the specifier overlay used with auto variables.
• Remove all instances of the static specifier used with parameters.
• Use the static specifier with local variables in accordance with the usual ANSI
Standard meaning (if you require these variables to have a permanent duration).
• If you were using the C18 option -scs; instead, explicitly state the static
storage class when defining each local object (remembering that parameters can
not be specified static).
• Review if any function must always use the software stack and use the
reentrant specifier accordingly.
If you find you are using the reentrant specifier repeatedly, consider instead using
the hybrid model using --STACK=hybrid, or reentrant model using
--STACK=reentrant.

3.15.4 Calling Conventions

The function calling convention used by each compiler is different and also varies
based on the stack model being used.
Neither compiler has direct controls over the calling convention. The change in behav-
ior seen when moving to MPLAB XC8 is not of consequence unless you have
hand-written assembly code that is accessing stack-based objects. Such code will
need review. Although this is beyond the scope of this document, the following is gen-
eral information that will assist with this process.
In MPLAB XC8, when a function uses the compiled stack, auto and parameter vari-
ables have static addresses that can be accessed using global symbols of the form
functionName@variableName. So, for example, an auto variable called input
defined in main() can be accessed using the symbol main@input. Use the
assembler GLOBAL directive to link with this symbol’s definition.
It is recommended that you do not access objects stored on the software stack. When
a function is using the software stack, the compiler will dedicate FSR1 as the stack
pointer register. No frame pointer is used, and hence, no symbol can be defined to rep-
resent an object’s offset in the stack. The contents of the stack pointer can vary during
the execution of a function, so no fixed offset can reliably be used to reference
stack-based objects.
When a function using the software stack is called, the calling function places (pushes)
any parameters on the stack in an order that is the opposite order to that in which they
are defined in the source code. So if a function that has the following prototype
int aReentrantFunction(int a, int b);
is called, first, the argument for b is pushed onto the stack, then the argument for a.
After the function call is made, the called function will reserve space on the stack for
any auto or temporary variables it defines.
The stack grows upward in memory toward higher addresses. That is, a push
increments the stack pointer, while a pop decrements it.
Before the called function returns, the stack pointer is adjusted (lower) so that any auto
or local variables are freed.

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 Language Features

3.16 THE RUNTIME STARTUP CODE

With MPLAB C18, there are several precompiled runtime startup modules available.
These are linked in to your project, based on your selected options. Initialized static
objects are not cleared unless a special runtime startup module is linked in. To conform
to the ANSI Standard, these objects must be cleared.
With MPLAB XC8, there are no precompiled runtime startup modules. Assembly code
that performs this task is generated by the compiler after examination of the entire C
program. The compiler generates only the code required, resulting in an optimal startup
sequence. This code is automatically included into your project.
There is an option to control how this code is generated; however, it is unlikely its use
will be warranted. Using this option, you can select to omit code that clears or initializes
variables etc., but note that this will mean that code is not ANSI compliant. The option
that controls this is --RUNTIME. See the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide for the many
suboptions available with this option. All static variables are initialized, unless the
relevant --RUNTIME option is used.
If you wish to add custom code that is executed immediately after reset, then use the
MPLAB XC8 compiler’s power-up routine feature. The assembly code in this routine is
executed before the runtime startup code. You do not need to precompile this routine;
simply include the source file into your project, and rebuild. This is the equivalent to the
MPLAB C18 entry() function in the runtime startup routines.

3.16.1 Runtime Startup Module porting Guidelines

• Remove all startup modules from your project (MPLAB C18 object files are not
compatible with MPLAB XC8).
• If the MPLAB C18 runtime startup module you link into your project is one that
does not initialize static objects, confirm that if these objects are initialized your
code will not be adversely affected.
• Move any code from the entry() function to the powerup routine.

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3.17 REGISTER USAGE

The registers used by the MPLAB XC8 code generator are almost identical to those
used by MPLAB C18. These registers, along with their primary usage, are indicated in
Table 3-3. (Note that the registers can have other uses, for example PROD, FSR0,
FSR2, and TBLPTR registers can be used by MPLAB XC8 to temporarily hold values
by reentrant functions.)
The MPLAB XC8 compiler assumes these registers are not modified by in-line assem-
bly code. In-line assembly code may need to save and restore them if they must be
modified.

TABLE 3-3: REGISTERS USED BY THE COMPILER

Compiler-Managed
Primary Use(s) in C18 Primary Use(s) in XC8
Resource
PC Execution control Execution control
WREG Intermediate calculations Intermediate calculations
STATUS Calculation results Calculation results
BSR Bank selection Bank selection
PROD Multiplication results, return val- Multiplication results
ues, intermediate calculations
section.tmpdata Intermediate calculations n/a
FSR0 Pointers to RAM Pointers to RAM
FSR1 Stack pointer Stack pointer
FSR2 Frame pointer Pointers to RAM
TBLPTR Accessing values in program Accessing values in program
memory memory
TABLAT Accessing values in program Accessing values in program
memory memory
PCLATH Function pointer invocation Function pointer invocation
PCLATU Function pointer invocation Function pointer invocation
section MATH_DATA Arguments, return values and n/a
temporary locations for math
library functions

MPLAB XC8 ensures that these registers will be saved and restored by an ISR if they
are used by C code in that function, or any of the functions called by the ISR. Note that
in-line assembly code is not scanned for register usage.

3.17.1 Register Usage Porting Guidelines

• Avoid using any compiler-managed register in your project.
• Remove any references to sections not defined by MPLAB XC8, e.g
section.tmpdata.
• Ensure any compiler-managed register clobbered by in-line assembly code is
saved and restored by the assembly code.

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 Language Features

3.18 PREPROCESSING
There are slight differences in preprocessing and predefined macros between the
MPLAB C18 and XC8 compilers.

3.18.1 Predefined Macro Names

Preprocessor macros can be defined using #define in your source code. Both com-
pilers allow you to define these macros on the command line, and both use the -D
option to do this. However, several macros are predefined by the compiler itself. You
will not see definitions for these, but you can use them in your source code.
The predefined macros defined by MPLAB C18 are shown in Table 3-4 along with the
MPLAB XC8 equivalent. These macros are only defined if the corresponding condition
shown in the table is true.

TABLE 3-4: PREDEFINED PREPROCESSOR MACROS

MPLAB XC8
MPLAB C18 Macro Condition When Set
Equivalent(s)
__18CXX The MPLAB C18 compiler is in use. __XC, __XC8
__PROCESSOR Code is being compiled for the __PROCESSOR
indicated device, e.g., __18F452
__SMALL__ The -ms command-line option has n/a
been used.
__LARGE__ The -ml command-line option has n/a
been used.
__TRADITIONAL18__ The Non-Extended mode is being __TRADITIONAL18__
used.
__EXTENDED18__ The Extended mode is being used n/a

Use the __18CXX macro and either the __XC or __XC8 macros to allow code to
compile under both compilers during development. For example:
#ifdef __18CXX
signed int input; // to ensure no integral promotion issues
#elif defined (__XC8)
signed char input;
#elif
#error “What exactly are we using to compile this code?”
#endif
TIPS: There are many more predefined preprocessor macros created by MPLAB XC8.
These are shown in the MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User’s Guide (DS500002053).

3.18.1.1 PREDEFINED MACRO PORTING GUIDELINES

To migrate code, follow these steps.
• Remove instances of the __SMALL__ and __LARGE__ macros, as these will
always evaluate as false. Review code that is conditional on these being defined.
• Code conditionally compiled using __TRADITIONAL18__ and
__EXTENDED18__ macros will work as expected, but the latter will never be
defined.
• Use the __18CXX and __XC or __XC8 macros to indicate which compiler is in
use, and to assist with porting.

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3.18.2 Preprocessor Macros

Unlike MPLAB C18, the MPLAB XC8 compiler does not currently support preprocessor
macros with variable argument lists. These will need to be rewritten as functions or split
into several macros to handle the different argument combinations.
Both compilers perform macro expansion of pragma arguments. MPLAB XC8 allows
for quoted arguments to the config pragma to prevent unintended substitutions being
made.

3.18.2.1 PREPROCESSOR MACRO PORTING GUIDELINES

Replace all definitions of preprocessor macros with variable argument lists with
equivalent functions, or create several macros with different argument combinations.

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 Language Features

3.19 C AND ASSEMBLY

Like MPLAB C18, the MPLAB XC8 compiler allows for hand-written assembly code to
be written in separate modules or in-line with C code. A complete migration process for
the assembly code instructions is beyond the scope of this C migration guide. However,
the following sections summarize the differences and the main changes that are most
likely required.

3.19.1 Assembler Applications

MPLAB C18 actually uses two assemblers: one (an internal assembler) to process
assembly specified in-line with C code; another (MPASM) to process separate modules
containing hand-written assembly code. Although the assembly language accepted by
MPASM is fully featured, the internal assembler is not. It does not accept assembly
directives and can only be used to specify actual instructions and code.
By contrast, assembly code, whether it be in-line with C code or in a separate module,
is always processed by the same MPLAB XC8 assembler application (aspic18). You
can use MPLAB XC8 assembler directives in both situations, but note the remarks
concerning directives in the following section.

3.19.2 Assembly Language Differences

MPLAB XC8 does not support the PIC18 extended instruction set. Any MPLAB C18
assembly code which has been written for this instruction set will fail on MPLAB XC8.
The PIC18 extended instruction set defines new instructions not present in the stan-
dard instruction set. But, most importantly, the behavior of the standard instructions,
when using the extended instruction set, change. Thus, even code that only uses the
standard instructions (but executes with the extended instruction set selected) will
mostly likely fail. The amount of work to port to the standard instruction set can be
prohibitive if there are large amounts of assembly in your project.
Changes to the assembly instructions themselves can be required when porting to
MPLAB XC8. The differences in instruction syntax are listed in the Macro Assembler
chapter of the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide, but the most common changes are indicated
in the following paragraphs.
The most common assembly code change when porting to MPLAB XC8 is the operand
used for the instruction destination, which is ,w or ,f when using MPLAB XC8, not the
,0 and ,1 specified by MPLAB C18. Note also that ,f is also used with the RETFIE
instruction to indicate a fast return.
The MPLAB C18 pseudo-instruction MOVFW operand has not been implemented in
the MPLAB XC8 assembler. Either replace instances of this with the instruction MOVF
operand,w, or implement an MPLAB XC8 assembler macro (see MACRO and ENDM in
the assembler section of the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide) to define the instruction. You
can also define a preprocessor macro to do the same job.
Global symbols defined in C source use a leading underscore character in the assem-
bly domain used by MPLAB XC8, regardless of whether the assembly is in-line with C
code or in a separate module. So, for example, the C variable input can be accessed
using the symbol _input from assembly code, after first using the GLOBAL directive.
Non-global symbols use special assembler representations, described in
Section 3.15.4 “Calling Conventions”.
TIPS: MPLAB XC8 supplies several pseudo instructions such as LJMP and FCALL
which are not implemented in MPLAB C18. These take care of page selection, but you
can still use regular instructions to perform page selection and the calls and gotos in
your code if you prefer.

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The assembler directives used by both assemblers differ. A full list of directives and
controls, and their functions, are given in the Macro Assembler chapter of the MPLAB
XC8 user’s guide. The most common MPLAB XC8 directives needed are the GLOBAL
directive, which allows a symbol to be linked global with other symbols having the same
name, and the PSECT directive (akin to the MPLAB C18 CODE, IDATA and UDATA
directives, for example) which defines a section (or psect as they are referred to in
MPLAB XC8 nomenclature).
Since assembly code must conform to the operation of the assembly code generated
by the C compiler, some restructuring of the assembly will almost certainly be required.
The assembly symbols assigned to C objects and their location in memory can be dif-
ferent. All assembly code for MPLAB XC8 must be contained within a psect (see the
PSECT directive in the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide) and the flags used with these psects
must be appropriate for the information they hold. The most common flags that are nec-
essary for correct operation are reloc, delta and space, all of which are described
in the assembly section of the MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User’s Guide (DS500002053).
Writing code in assembly should be a last resort, as it is far less portable than C code.
Ensure your task is not possible in C code before including assembly code in your proj-
ect. If assembly code is unavoidable, the Macro Assembler chapter of the MPLAB XC8
user’s guide has information on writing in assembly. Also consider looking at the
assembly output of the compiler using the assembly list file to see the assembly code
that the compiler generates. An assembly list file is automatically produced if you are
using MPLAB X IDE. See the --ASMLIST option in the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide if you
are building outside of the IDE.

3.19.3 In-Line Assembly

The commands to specify in-line assembly differ. MPLAB C18 uses the tokens _asm
and _endasm to indicate the start and end, respectively, of the assembly code block.
These can be changed to #asm and #endasm, respectively, in MPLAB XC8. Alterna-
tively, use the preferred syntax of asm(“instruction”); for each assembly
instruction. For example:
_asm
movlw 20
movwf 33h
_endasm
could be changed to:
asm(“movlw 20”);
asm(“movwf 33h”);
or:
#asm
movlw 20
movwf 33h
#endasm
The in-lined assembly code itself will require modification. See the information in
Section 3.19.2 “Assembly Language Differences” for basic information on the dif-
ferences and note the following points which are specific to in-line assembly code.
The assembly-domain symbol associated with a variable defined in C code will always
consist of the C identifier with a leading underscore character. This is not the case with
MPLAB C18 when writing in-line assembly code.

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 Language Features
The MPLAB XC8 compiler never truncates the value of a symbol unless there is an
operator to perform this action. Most of the PIC instructions that take a file address
operand require an offset into the currently selected bank. This means you must mask
out the bank information from the address. Failure to do so can result in fixup errors
from the linker. This masking is not required when using MPLAB C18.
The following example shows a C variable, myCVar, being correctly accessed in
MPLAB XC8 assembly code using the BANKSEL pseudo instruction and BANKMASK
macro. This code makes no assumptions regarding where (specifically, which bank)
the variable is located.
GLOBAL _myCVar
movlw 66
BANKSEL (_myCVar)
movwf BANKMASK(_myCVar)
You can choose to write code to select banks and mask addresses using conventional
instructions and operators, but note that those used above are more portable when
moving to devices with different memory architectures.

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3.20 LINKING
The MPLAB C18 compiler (specifically, the MPLINK application) uses linker scripts to
indicate how sections should be placed in memory. MPLAB C18 linker scripts are not
compatible with the MPLAB XC8 compiler. Indeed, MPLAB XC8 does not use any type
of file to specify linker settings.
A set of linker options is generated by the MPLAB XC8 driver with each build. These
options are based on the device you select, as well as the other driver options you use
in your project.
These generated linker options control how memory is defined and where psects (sec-
tions) are allocated in that memory. These linker options work in conjunction with flags
specified with the psect definition in the assembly code. The flags indicate special
linking requirements of that psect.
The default linker options generated by the MPLAB XC8 compiler are suitable for the
vast majority of projects. If the application has special requirements, additional linker
options can be added, or the default linker options can be modified using the -L- driver
option. This driver option allows direct control over the linker options without you having
to run the linker directly. (Do not confuse this option with the -L driver option, or the -L
linker option).
If you have not modified the default linker script in your MPLAB C18 project, then the
default linker options in MPLAB XC8 should work for the migrated project. Note that
these are different compilers producing different output, and that the location of objects
and code will change.
If you have modified your MPLAB C18 project so as to specifically locate objects or sec-
tions, then you will need to review your code and MPLAB XC8 project settings. See
Section 3.14 “Locating Objects” for information on making objects absolute, or to
place them in user-defined sections with MPLAB XC8.
Simple modifications made to the MPLAB C18 linker scripts can be transcribed to an
equivalent MPLAB XC8 linker option. As described above, use the -L- driver option to
pass these to the linker, as shown using the following general forms.
The MPLAB C18 SECTION directive (found in a linker script), which has a general form:
SECTION NAME=sectionName ROM=memoryName
would be implemented using the MPLAB XC8 driver option:
-L-psectionName=linkerClass
assuming that sectionName has been defined in C code via the __section() direc-
tive, or in assembly code using the PSECT directive. If linkerClass is not an existing,
compiler-generated linker class, it can be defined with the following driver option:
-L-AlinkerCLass=start-end[,start-end]
If you wish the section to be placed at a specific address (rather than anywhere in an
address range), you can alternatively use:
-L-psectionName=address
See the Linker chapter in the MPLAB XC8 user’s guide for more information on the
linker options which you can control using the -L- driver option. This chapter also has
more information on the linking process and on psects in general.

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 MPLAB® C18 TO XC8 C COMPILER
MIGRATION GUIDE

Glossary
A
Absolute Section
A GCC compiler section with a fixed (absolute) address that cannot be changed by the
linker.
Absolute Variable/Function
A variable or function placed at an absolute address using the OCG compiler’s @ address
syntax.
Access Memory
PIC18 Only – Special registers on PIC18 devices that allow access regardless of the
setting of the Bank Select Register (BSR).
Access Entry Points
Access entry points provide a way to transfer control across segments to a function
which may not be defined at link time. They support the separate linking of boot and
secure application segments.
Address
Value that identifies a location in memory.
Alphabetic Character
Alphabetic characters are those characters that are letters of the arabic alphabet
(a, b, …, z, A, B, …, Z).
Alphanumeric
Alphanumeric characters are comprised of alphabetic characters and decimal digits
(0,1, …, 9).
ANDed Breakpoints
Set up an ANDed condition for breaking, i.e., breakpoint 1 AND breakpoint 2 must
occur at the same time before a program halt. This can only be accomplished if a data
breakpoint and a program memory breakpoint occur at the same time.
Anonymous Structure
16-bit C Compiler – An unnamed structure.
PIC18 C Compiler – An unnamed structure that is a member of a C union. The mem-
bers of an anonymous structure may be accessed as if they were members of the
enclosing union. For example, in the following code, hi and lo are members of an
anonymous structure inside the union caster.
union castaway {
int intval;
struct {
char lo; //accessible as caster.lo
char hi; //accessible as caster.hi
};
} caster;

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ANSI
American National Standards Institute is an organization responsible for formulating
and approving standards in the United States.
Application
A set of software and hardware that may be controlled by a PIC microcontroller.
Archive/Archiver
An archive/library is a collection of relocatable object modules. It is created by assem-
bling multiple source files to object files, and then using the archiver/librarian to com-
bine the object files into one archive/library file. An archive/library can be linked with
object modules and other archives/libraries to create executable code.
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character set encoding that
uses 7 binary digits to represent each character. It includes upper and lower case
letters, digits, symbols and control characters.
Assembly/Assembler
Assembly is a programming language that describes binary machine code in a sym-
bolic form. An assembler is a language tool that translates assembly language source
code into machine code.
Assigned Section
A GCC compiler section which has been assigned to a target memory block in the linker
command file.
Asynchronously
Multiple events that do not occur at the same time. This is generally used to refer to
interrupts that may occur at any time during processor execution.
Asynchronous Stimulus
Data generated to simulate external inputs to a simulator device.
Attribute
GCC characteristics of variables or functions in a C program which are used to describe
machine-specific properties.
Attribute, Section
GCC characteristics of sections, such as “executable”, “readonly”, or “data” that can be
specified as flags in the assembler .section directive.
B
Binary
The base two numbering system that uses the digits 0-1. The rightmost digit counts
ones, the next counts multiples of 2, then 22 = 4, etc.
Breakpoint
Hardware Breakpoint: An event whose execution will cause a halt.
Software Breakpoint: An address where execution of the firmware will halt. Usually
achieved by a special break instruction.
Build
Compile and link all the source files for an application.

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 Glossary

C
C\C++
C is a general-purpose programming language which features economy of expression,
modern control flow and data structures, and a rich set of operators. C++ is the
object-oriented version of C.
Calibration Memory
A special function register or registers used to hold values for calibration of a PIC micro-
controller on-board RC oscillator or other device peripherals.
Central Processing Unit
The part of a device that is responsible for fetching the correct instruction for execution,
decoding that instruction, and then executing that instruction. When necessary, it works
in conjunction with the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to complete the execution of the
instruction. It controls the program memory address bus, the data memory address
bus, and accesses to the stack.
Clean
Clean removes all intermediary project files such as object, hex and debug files for the
active project. These files are recreated from other files when a project is built.
COFF
Common Object File Format. An object file of this format contains machine code,
debugging and other information.
Command Line Interface
A means of communication between a program and its user based solely on textual
input and output.
Compiled Stack
A region of memory managed by the compiler in which variables are statically allocated
space. It replaces a software or hardware stack when such mechanisms cannot be effi-
ciently implemented on the target device.
Compiler
A program that translates a source file written in a high-level language into machine
code.
Conditional Assembly
Assembly language code that is included or omitted based on the assembly-time value
of a specified expression.
Conditional Compilation
The act of compiling a program fragment only if a certain constant expression, specified
by a preprocessor directive, is true.
Configuration Bits
Special-purpose bits programmed to set PIC microcontroller modes of operation. A
Configuration bit may or may not be preprogrammed.
Control Directives
Directives in assembly language code that cause code to be included or omitted based
on the assembly-time value of a specified expression.
CPU
See Central Processing Unit.

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Cross Reference File

A file that references a table of symbols and a list of files that references the symbol. If
the symbol is defined, the first file listed is the location of the definition. The remaining
files contain references to the symbol.
D
Data Directives
Data directives are those that control the assembler’s allocation of program or data
memory and provide a way to refer to data items symbolically; that is, by meaningful
names.
Data Memory
On Microchip MCU and DSC devices, data memory (RAM) is comprised of General
Purpose Registers (GPRs) and Special Function Registers (SFRs). Some devices also
have EEPROM data memory.
Data Monitor and Control Interface (DMCI)
The Data Monitor and Control Interface, or DMCI, is a tool in MPLAB X IDE. The interface
provides dynamic input control of application variables in projects. Application-generated
data can be viewed graphically using any of four dynamically-assignable graph windows.
Debug/Debugger
See ICE/ICD.
Debugging Information
Compiler and assembler options that, when selected, provide varying degrees of infor-
mation used to debug application code. See compiler or assembler documentation for
details on selecting debug options.
Deprecated Features
Features that are still supported for legacy reasons, but will eventually be phased out
and no longer used.
Device Programmer
A tool used to program electrically programmable semiconductor devices such as
microcontrollers.
Digital Signal Controller
A A digital signal controller (DSC) is a microcontroller device with digital signal process-
ing capability, i.e., Microchip dsPIC DSC devices.
Digital Signal Processing\Digital Signal Processor
Digital signal processing (DSP) is the computer manipulation of digital signals, com-
monly analog signals (sound or image) which have been converted to digital form (sam-
pled). A digital signal processor is a microprocessor that is designed for use in digital
signal processing.
Directives
Statements in source code that provide control of the language tool’s operation.
Download
Download is the process of sending data from a host to another device, such as an
emulator, programmer or target board.
DWARF
Debug With Arbitrary Record Format. DWARF is a debug information format for ELF
files.

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 Glossary

E
EEPROM
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. A special type of PROM that
can be erased electrically. Data is written or erased one byte at a time. EEPROM
retains its contents even when power is turned off.
ELF
Executable and Linking Format. An object file of this format contains machine code.
Debugging and other information is specified in with DWARF. ELF/DWARF provide
better debugging of optimized code than COFF.
Emulation/Emulator
See ICE/ICD.
Endianness
The ordering of bytes in a multi-byte object.
Environment
MPLAB PM3 – A folder containing files on how to program a device. This folder can be
transferred to a SD/MMC card.
Epilogue
A portion of compiler-generated code that is responsible for deallocating stack space,
restoring registers and performing any other machine-specific requirement specified in
the runtime model. This code executes after any user code for a given function,
immediately prior to the function return.
EPROM
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. A programmable read-only memory that
can be erased usually by exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Error/Error File
An error reports a problem that makes it impossible to continue processing your pro-
gram. When possible, an error identifies the source file name and line number where
the problem is apparent. An error file contains error messages and diagnostics gener-
ated by a language tool.
Event
A description of a bus cycle which may include address, data, pass count, external
input, cycle type (fetch, R/W), and time stamp. Events are used to describe triggers,
breakpoints and interrupts.
Executable Code
Software that is ready to be loaded for execution.
Export
Send data out of the MPLAB IDE in a standardized format.
Expressions
Combinations of constants and/or symbols separated by arithmetic or logical
operators.
Extended Microcontroller Mode
In extended microcontroller mode, on-chip program memory as well as external mem-
ory is available. Execution automatically switches to external if the program memory
address is greater than the internal memory space of the PIC18 device.

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Extended Mode (PIC18 MCUs)

In Extended mode, the compiler will utilize the extended instructions (i.e., ADDFSR,
ADDULNK, CALLW, MOVSF, MOVSS, PUSHL, SUBFSR and SUBULNK) and the indexed
with literal offset addressing.
External Label
A label that has external linkage.
External Linkage
A function or variable has external linkage if it can be referenced from outside the
module in which it is defined.
External Symbol
A symbol for an identifier which has external linkage. This may be a reference or a
definition.
External Symbol Resolution
A process performed by the linker in which external symbol definitions from all input
modules are collected in an attempt to resolve all external symbol references. Any
external symbol references which do not have a corresponding definition cause a linker
error to be reported.
External Input Line
An external input signal logic probe line (TRIGIN) for setting an event based upon
external signals.
External RAM
Off-chip Read/Write memory.
F
Fatal Error
An error that will halt compilation immediately. No further messages will be produced.
File Registers
On-chip data memory, including General Purpose Registers (GPRs) and Special
Function Registers (SFRs).
Filter
Determine by selection what data is included/excluded in a trace display or data file.
Fixup
The process of replacing object file symbolic references with absolute addresses after
relocation by the linker.
Flash
A type of EEPROM where data is written or erased in blocks instead of bytes.
FNOP
Forced No Operation. A forced NOP cycle is the second cycle of a two-cycle instruc-
tion. Since the PIC microcontroller architecture is pipelined, it prefetches the next
instruction in the physical address space while it is executing the current instruction.
However, if the current instruction changes the program counter, this prefetched
instruction is explicitly ignored, causing a forced NOP cycle.
Frame Pointer
A pointer that references the location on the stack that separates the stack-based
arguments from the stack-based local variables. Provides a convenient base from
which to access local variables and other values for the current function.

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 Glossary
Free-Standing
An implementation that accepts any strictly conforming program that does not use
complex types and in which the use of the features specified in the library clause (ANSI
‘89 standard clause 7) is confined to the contents of the standard headers <float.h>,
<iso646.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, <stdbool.h>, <stddef.h> and
<stdint.h>.
G
GPR
General Purpose Register. The portion of device data memory (RAM) available for
general use.
H
Halt
A stop of program execution. Executing Halt is the same as stopping at a breakpoint.
Heap
An area of memory used for dynamic memory allocation where blocks of memory are
allocated and freed in an arbitrary order determined at runtime.
Hex Code\Hex File
Hex code is executable instructions stored in a hexadecimal format code. Hex code is
contained in a hex file.
Hexadecimal
The base 16 numbering system that uses the digits 0-9 plus the letters A-F (or a-f). The
letters A-F represent hexadecimal digits with values of (decimal) 10 to 15. The right-
most digit counts ones, the next counts multiples of 16, then 162 = 256, etc.
High Level Language
A language for writing programs that is further removed from the processor than
assembly.
I
ICE/ICD
In-Circuit Emulator/In-Circuit Debugger: A hardware tool that debugs and programs a
target device. An emulator has more features than an debugger, such as trace.
In-Circuit Emulation/In-Circuit Debug: The act of emulating or debugging with an in-cir-
cuit emulator or debugger.
-ICE/-ICD: A device (MCU or DSC) with on-board in-circuit emulation or debug circuitry.
This device is always mounted on a header board and used to debug with an in-circuit
emulator or debugger.
ICSP
In-Circuit Serial Programming. A method of programming Microchip embedded
devices using serial communication and a minimum number of device pins.
IDE
Integrated Development Environment, as in MPLAB IDE.
Identifier
A function or variable name.
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

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Import
Bring data into the MPLAB IDE from an outside source, such as from a hex file.
Initialized Data
Data which is defined with an initial value. In C,
int myVar=5;
defines a variable which will reside in an initialized data section.
Instruction Set
The collection of machine language instructions that a particular processor
understands.
Instructions
A sequence of bits that tells a central processing unit to perform a particular operation
and can contain data to be used in the operation.
Internal Linkage
A function or variable has internal linkage if it can not be accessed from outside the
module in which it is defined.
International Organization for Standardization
An organization that sets standards in many businesses and technologies, including
computing and communications. Also known as ISO.
Interrupt
A signal to the CPU that suspends the execution of a running application and transfers
control to an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) so that the event may be processed. Upon
completion of the ISR, normal execution of the application resumes.
Interrupt Handler
A routine that processes special code when an interrupt occurs.
Interrupt Service Request (IRQ)
An event which causes the processor to temporarily suspend normal instruction exe-
cution and to start executing an interrupt handler routine. Some processors have
several interrupt request events allowing different priority interrupts.
Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
Language tools – A function that handles an interrupt.
MPLAB IDE – User-generated code that is entered when an interrupt occurs. The
location of the code in program memory will usually depend on the type of interrupt that
has occurred.
Interrupt Vector
Address of an interrupt service routine or interrupt handler.
L
L-value
An expression that refers to an object that can be examined and/or modified. An l-value
expression is used on the left-hand side of an assignment.
Latency
The time between an event and its response.
Library/Librarian
See Archive/Archiver.

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 Glossary
Linker
A language tool that combines object files and libraries to create executable code,
resolving references from one module to another.
Linker Script Files
Linker script files are the command files of a linker. They define linker options and
describe available memory on the target platform.
Listing Directives
Listing directives are those directives that control the assembler listing file format. They
allow the specification of titles, pagination and other listing control.
Listing File
A listing file is an ASCII text file that shows the machine code generated for each C
source statement, assembly instruction, assembler directive, or macro encountered in
a source file.
Little Endian
A data ordering scheme for multibyte data whereby the LSb is stored at the lower
addresses.
Local Label
A local label is one that is defined inside a macro with the LOCAL directive. These
labels are particular to a given instance of a macro’s instantiation. In other words, the
symbols and labels that are declared as local are no longer accessible after the ENDM
macro is encountered.
Logic Probes
Up to 14 logic probes can be connected to some Microchip emulators. The logic probes
provide external trace inputs, trigger output signal, +5V, and a common ground.
Loop-Back Test Board
Used to test the functionality of the MPLAB REAL ICE in-circuit emulator.
LVDS
Low-Voltage Differential Signaling. A low-noise, low-power, low-amplitude method for
high-speed (gigabits per second) data transmission over copper wire.
With standard I/0 signaling, data storage is contingent upon the actual voltage level.
Voltage level can be affected by wire length (longer wires increase resistance, which lowers
voltage). But with LVDS, data storage is distinguished only by positive and negative voltage
values, not the voltage level. Therefore, data can travel over greater lengths of wire while
maintaining a clear and consistent data stream.
Source: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/LVDS.html.
M
Machine Code
The representation of a computer program that is actually read and interpreted by the
processor. A program in binary machine code consists of a sequence of machine
instructions (possibly interspersed with data). The collection of all possible instructions
for a particular processor is known as its “instruction set”.
Machine Language
A set of instructions for a specific central processing unit, designed to be usable by a
processor without being translated.

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Macro
Macro instruction. An instruction that represents a sequence of instructions in
abbreviated form.
Macro Directives
Directives that control the execution and data allocation within macro body definitions.
Makefile
Export to a file the instructions to Make the project. Use this file to Make your project
outside of MPLAB IDE, i.e., with a make.
Make Project
A command that rebuilds an application, recompiling only those source files that have
changed since the last complete compilation.
MCU
Microcontroller Unit. An abbreviation for microcontroller. Also uC.
Memory Model
For C compilers, a representation of the memory available to the application. For the
PIC18 C compiler, a description that specifies the size of pointers that point to program
memory.
Message
Text displayed to alert you to potential problems in language tool operation. A message
will not stop operation.
Microcontroller
A highly integrated chip that contains a CPU, RAM, program memory, I/O ports and
timers.
Microcontroller Mode
One of the possible program memory configurations of PIC18 microcontrollers. In
microcontroller mode, only internal execution is allowed. Thus, only the on-chip pro-
gram memory is available in microcontroller mode.
Microprocessor Mode
One of the possible program memory configurations of PIC18 microcontrollers. In
microprocessor mode, the on-chip program memory is not used. The entire program
memory is mapped externally.
Mnemonics
Text instructions that can be translated directly into machine code. Also referred to as
opcodes.
Module
The preprocessed output of a source file after preprocessor directives have been
executed. Also known as a translation unit.
MPASM™ Assembler
Microchip Technology’s relocatable macro assembler for PIC microcontroller devices,
KeeLoq® devices and Microchip memory devices.
MPLAB Language Tool for Device
Microchip’s C compilers, assemblers and linkers for specified devices. Select the type
of language tool based on the device you will be using for your application, e.g., if you
will be creating C code on a PIC18 MCU, select the MPLAB C Compiler for PIC18
MCUs.

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 Glossary
MPLAB ICD
Microchip’s in-circuit debugger that works with MPLAB IDE. See ICE/ICD.
MPLAB IDE
Microchip’s Integrated Development Environment. MPLAB IDE comes with an editor,
project manager and simulator.
MPLAB PM3
A device programmer from Microchip. Programs PIC18 microcontrollers and dsPIC
digital signal controllers. Can be used with MPLAB IDE or stand-alone. Replaces
PRO MATE II.
MPLAB REAL ICE™ In-Circuit Emulator
Microchip’s next-generation in-circuit emulators that works with MPLAB IDE. See
ICE/ICD.
MPLAB SIM
Microchip’s simulator that works with MPLAB IDE in support of PIC MCU and dsPIC
DSC devices.
MPLIB™ Object Librarian
Microchip’s librarian that can work with MPLAB IDE. MPLIB librarian is an object librar-
ian for use with COFF object modules created using either MPASM assembler (mpasm
or mpasmwin v2.0) or MPLAB C18 C compiler.
MPLINK™ Object Linker
MPLINK linker is an object linker for the Microchip MPASM assembler and the Micro-
chip C18 C compiler. MPLINK linker also may be used with the Microchip MPLIB librar-
ian. MPLINK linker is designed to be used with MPLAB IDE, though it does not have to
be.
MRU
Most Recently Used. Refers to files and windows available to be selected from MPLAB
IDE main pull-down menus.
N
Native Data Size
For Native trace, the size of the variable used in a Watch window must be of the same
size as the selected device’s data memory: bytes for PIC18 devices and words for
16-bit devices.
Nesting Depth
The maximum level to which macros can include other macros.
Node
MPLAB IDE project component.
Non-Extended Mode (PIC18 MCUs)
In Non-Extended mode, the compiler will not utilize the extended instructions nor the
indexed with literal offset addressing.
Non Real Time
Refers to the processor at a breakpoint or executing single-step instructions or MPLAB
IDE being run in simulator mode.
Non-Volatile Storage
A storage device whose contents are preserved when its power is off.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

NOP
No Operation. An instruction that has no effect when executed except to advance the
program counter.
O
Object Code/Object File
Object code is the machine code generated by an assembler or compiler. An object file
is a file containing machine code and possibly debug information. It may be immediately
executable or it may be relocatable, requiring linking with other object files, e.g., libraries,
to produce a complete executable program.
Object File Directives
Directives that are used only when creating an object file.
Octal
The base 8 number system that only uses the digits 0-7. The rightmost digit counts
ones, the next digit counts multiples of 8, then 82 = 64, etc.
Off-Chip Memory
Off-chip memory refers to the memory selection option for the PIC18 device where
memory may reside on the target board, or where all program memory may be supplied
by the emulator. The Memory tab accessed from Options>Development Mode provides
the Off-Chip Memory selection dialog box.
Opcodes
Operational Codes. See Mnemonics.
Operators
Symbols, like the plus sign ‘+’ and the minus sign ‘-’, that are used when forming
well-defined expressions. Each operator has an assigned precedence that is used to
determine order of evaluation.
OTP
One Time Programmable. EPROM devices that are not in windowed packages. Since
EPROM needs ultraviolet light to erase its memory, only windowed devices are erasable.
P
Pass Counter
A counter that decrements each time an event (such as the execution of an instruction
at a particular address) occurs. When the pass count value reaches zero, the event is
satisfied. You can assign the Pass Counter to break and trace logic, and to any
sequential event in the complex trigger dialog.
PC
Personal Computer or Program Counter.
PC Host
Any PC running a supported Windows operating system.
Persistent Data
Data that is never cleared or initialized. Its intended use is so that an application can
preserve data across a device reset.
Phantom Byte
An unimplemented byte in the dsPIC architecture that is used when treating the 24-bit
instruction word as if it were a 32-bit instruction word. Phantom bytes appear in dsPIC
hex files.

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 Glossary
PIC MCUs
PIC microcontrollers (MCUs) refers to all Microchip microcontroller families.
PICkit 2 and 3
Microchip’s developmental device programmers with debug capability through Debug
Express. See the Readme files for each tool to see which devices are supported.
Plug-ins
The MPLAB IDE has both built-in components and plug-in modules to configure the
system for a variety of software and hardware tools. Several plug-in tools may be found
under the Tools menu.
Pod
The enclosure for an in-circuit emulator or debugger. Other names are “Puck”, if the
enclosure is round, and “Probe”, not be confused with logic probes.
Power-on-Reset Emulation
A software randomization process that writes random values in data RAM areas to
simulate uninitialized values in RAM upon initial power application.
Pragma
A directive that has meaning to a specific compiler. Often a pragma is used to convey
implementation-defined information to the compiler. MPLAB C30 uses attributes to
convey this information.
Precedence
Rules that define the order of evaluation in expressions.
Production Programmer
A production programmer is a programming tool that has resources designed in to program
devices rapidly. It has the capability to program at various voltage levels and completely
adheres to the programming specification. Programming a device as fast as possible is of
prime importance in a production environment where time is of the essence as the
application circuit moves through the assembly line.
Profile
For MPLAB SIM simulator, a summary listing of executed stimulus by register.
Program Counter
The location that contains the address of the instruction that is currently executing.
Program Counter Unit
16-bit assembler – A conceptual representation of the layout of program memory. The pro-
gram counter increments by two for each instruction word. In an executable section, two
program counter units are equivalent to three bytes. In a read-only section, two program
counter units are equivalent to two bytes.
Program Memory
MPLAB IDE – The memory area in a device where instructions are stored. Also, the
memory in the emulator or simulator containing the downloaded target application
firmware.
16-bit assembler/compiler – The memory area in a device where instructions are
stored.
Project
A project contains the files needed to build an application (source code, linker script
files, etc.) along with their associations to various build tools and build options.

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Prologue
A portion of compiler-generated code that is responsible for allocating stack space, pre-
serving registers and performing any other machine-specific requirement specified in
the runtime model. This code executes before any user code for a given function.
Prototype System
A term referring to a user’s target application, or target board.
Psect
The OCG equivalent of a GCC section, short for program section. A block of code or
data which is treated as a whole by the linker.
PWM Signals
Pulse Width Modulation Signals. Certain PIC MCU devices have a PWM peripheral.
Q
Qualifier
An address or an address range used by the Pass Counter or as an event before
another operation in a complex trigger.
R
Radix
The number base, hex, or decimal, used in specifying an address.
RAM
Random Access Memory (Data Memory). Memory in which information can be
accessed in any order.
Raw Data
The binary representation of code or data associated with a section.
Read-Only Memory
Memory hardware that allows fast access to permanently stored data but prevents
addition to or modification of the data.
Real Time
When an in-circuit emulator or debugger is released from the halt state, the processor
runs in Real Time mode and behaves exactly as the normal chip would behave. In Real
Time mode, the real-time trace buffer of an emulator is enabled and constantly cap-
tures all selected cycles, and all break logic is enabled. In an in-circuit emulator or
debugger, the processor executes in real time until a valid breakpoint causes a halt, or
until the user halts the execution.
In the simulator, real time simply means execution of the microcontroller instructions as
fast as they can be simulated by the host CPU.
Recursive Calls
A function that calls itself, either directly or indirectly.
Recursion
The concept that a function or macro, having been defined, can call itself. Great care
should be taken when writing recursive macros; it is easy to get caught in an infinite
loop where there will be no exit from the recursion.
Reentrant
A function that may have multiple, simultaneously active instances. This may happen
due to either direct or indirect recursion or through execution during interrupt
processing.

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 Glossary
Relaxation
The process of converting an instruction to an identical, but smaller instruction. This is
useful for saving on code size. MPLAB ASM30 currently knows how to RELAX a CALL
instruction into an RCALL instruction. This is done when the symbol that is being called
is within +/- 32k instruction words from the current instruction.
Relocatable
An object whose address has not been assigned to a fixed location in memory.
Relocatable Section
16-bit assembler – A section whose address is not fixed (absolute). The linker assigns
addresses to relocatable sections through a process called relocation.
Relocation
A process performed by the linker in which absolute addresses are assigned to
relocatable sections and all symbols in the relocatable sections are updated to their
new addresses.
ROM
Read-Only Memory (Program Memory). Memory that cannot be modified.
Run
The command that releases the emulator from halt, allowing it to run the application
code and change or respond to I/O in real time.
Run-time Model
Describes the use of target architecture resources.
Run-time Watch
A Watch window where the variables change in as the application is run. See individual
tool documentation to determine how to set up a run-time watch. Not all tools support
run-time watches.
S
Scenario
For MPLAB SIM simulator, a particular setup for stimulus control.
Section
The GCC equivalent of an OCG psect. A block of code or data which is treated as a
whole by the linker.
Section Attribute
A GCC characteristic ascribed to a section (e.g., an access section).
Sequenced Breakpoints
Breakpoints that occur in a sequence. Sequence execution of breakpoints is
bottom-up; the last breakpoint in the sequence occurs first.
Serialized Quick Turn Programming
Serialization allows you to program a serial number into each microcontroller device
that the Device Programmer programs. This number can be used as an entry code,
password or ID number.
Shell
The MPASM assembler shell is a prompted input interface to the macro assembler.
There are two MPASM assembler shells: one for the DOS version and one for the
Windows version.

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MPLAB® C18 to XC8 C Compiler Migration Guide

Simulator
A software program that models the operation of devices.
Single Step
This command steps though code, one instruction at a time. After each instruction,
MPLAB IDE updates register windows, watch variables, and status displays so you can
analyze and debug instruction execution. You can also single step C compiler source
code, but instead of executing single instructions, MPLAB IDE will execute all assembly
level instructions generated by the line of the high level C statement.
Skew
The information associated with the execution of an instruction appears on the proces-
sor bus at different times. For example, the executed opcodes appears on the bus as
a fetch during the execution of the previous instruction, the source data address and
value and the destination data address appear when the opcodes is actually executed,
and the destination data value appears when the next instruction is executed. The trace
buffer captures the information that is on the bus at one instance. Therefore, one trace
buffer entry will contain execution information for three instructions. The number of cap-
tured cycles from one piece of information to another for a single instruction execution
is referred to as the skew.
Skid
When a hardware breakpoint is used to halt the processor, one or more additional
instructions may be executed before the processor halts. The number of extra
instructions executed after the intended breakpoint is referred to as the skid.
Source Code
The form in which a computer program is written by the programmer. Source code is
written in a formal programming language which can be translated into machine code
or executed by an interpreter.
Source File
An ASCII text file containing source code.
Special Function Registers (SFRs)
The portion of data memory (RAM) dedicated to registers that control I/O processor
functions, I/O status, timers or other modes or peripherals.
SQTP
See Serialized Quick Turn Programming.
Stack, Hardware
Locations in PIC microcontrollers where the return address is stored when a function
call is made.
Stack, Software
Memory used by an application for storing return addresses, function parameters, and
local variables. This memory is dynamically allocated at runtime by instructions in the
program. It allows for reentrant function calls.
Stack, Compiled
A region of memory managed and allocated by the compiler in which variables are stat-
ically assigned space. It replaces a software stack when such mechanisms cannot be
efficiently implemented on the target device. It precludes reentrancy.
MPLAB Starter Kit for Device
Microchip’s starter kits contains everything needed to begin exploring the specified
device. View a working application and then debug and program your own changes.

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 Glossary
Static RAM or SRAM
Static Random Access Memory. Program memory you can read/write on the target
board that does not need refreshing frequently.
Status Bar
The Status Bar is located on the bottom of the MPLAB IDE window and indicates such
current information as cursor position, development mode and device, and active tool
bar.
Step Into
This command is the same as Single Step. Step Into (as opposed to Step Over) follows
a CALL instruction into a subroutine.
Step Over
Step Over allows you to debug code without stepping into subroutines. When stepping
over a CALL instruction, the next breakpoint will be set at the instruction after the CALL.
If for some reason the subroutine gets into an endless loop or does not return properly,
the next breakpoint will never be reached. The Step Over command is the same as
Single Step except for its handling of CALL instructions.
Step Out
Step Out allows you to step out of a subroutine which you are currently stepping
through. This command executes the rest of the code in the subroutine and then stops
execution at the return address to the subroutine.
Stimulus
Input to the simulator, i.e., data generated to exercise the response of simulation to
external signals. Often the data is put into the form of a list of actions in a text file.
Stimulus may be asynchronous, synchronous (pin), clocked and register.
Stopwatch
A counter for measuring execution cycles.
Storage Class
Determines the lifetime of the memory associated with the identified object.
Storage Qualifier
Indicates special properties of the objects being declared (e.g., const).
Symbol
A symbol is a general purpose mechanism for describing the various pieces which
comprise a program. These pieces include function names, variable names, section
names, file names, struct/enum/union tag names, etc. Symbols in MPLAB IDE refer
mainly to variable names, function names and assembly labels. The value of a symbol
after linking is its value in memory.
Symbol, Absolute
Represents an immediate value such as a definition through the assembly .equ
directive.
System Window Control
The system window control is located in the upper left corner of windows and some dialogs.
Clicking on this control usually pops up a menu that has the items “Minimize,” “Maximize,”
and “Close.”
T
Target
Refers to user hardware.

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Target Application
Software residing on the target board.
Target Board
The circuitry and programmable device that makes up the target application.
Target Processor
The microcontroller device on the target application board.
Template
Lines of text that you build for inserting into your files at a later time. The MPLAB Editor
stores templates in template files.
Tool Bar
A row or column of icons that you can click on to execute MPLAB IDE functions.
Trace
An emulator or simulator function that logs program execution. The emulator logs program
execution into its trace buffer which is uploaded to MPLAB IDE’s trace window.
Trace Memory
Trace memory contained within the emulator. Trace memory is sometimes called the
trace buffer.
Trace Macro
A macro that will provide trace information from emulator data. Since this is a software
trace, the macro must be added to code, the code must be recompiled or reassembled,
and the target device must be programmed with this code before trace will work.
Trigger Output
Trigger output refers to an emulator output signal that can be generated at any address
or address range, and is independent of the trace and breakpoint settings. Any number
of trigger output points can be set.
Trigraphs
Three-character sequences, all starting with ??, that are defined by ISO C as
replacements for single characters.
U
Unassigned Section
A section which has not been assigned to a specific target memory block in the linker
command file. The linker must find a target memory block in which to allocate an
unassigned section.
Uninitialized Data
Data which is defined without an initial value. In C,
int myVar;
defines a variable which will reside in an uninitialized data section.
Upload
The Upload function transfers data from a tool, such as an emulator or programmer, to
the host PC or from the target board to the emulator.
USB
Universal Serial Bus. An external peripheral interface standard for communication
between a computer and external peripherals over a cable using bi-serial transmission.
USB 1.0/1.1 supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps. Also referred to as high-speed
USB, USB 2.0 supports data rates up to 480 Mbps.

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 Glossary

V
Vector
The memory locations that an application will jump to when either a reset or interrupt
occurs.
Volatile
A variable qualifier which prevents the compiler applying optimizations that affect how
the variable is accessed in memory.
W
Warning
MPLAB IDE – An alert that is provided to warn you of a situation that would cause physical
damage to a device, software file, or equipment.
16-bit assembler/compiler – Warnings report conditions that may indicate a problem,
but do not halt processing. In MPLAB C30, warning messages report the source file
name and line number, but include the text ‘warning:’ to distinguish them from error
messages.
Watch Variable
A variable that you may monitor during a debugging session in a Watch window.
Watch Window
Watch windows contain a list of watch variables that are updated at each breakpoint.
Watchdog Timer (WDT)
A timer on a PIC microcontroller that resets the processor after a selectable length of
time. The WDT is enabled or disabled and set up using Configuration bits.
Workbook
For MPLAB SIM stimulator, a setup for generation of SCL stimulus.

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 MPLAB® C18 TO XC8 C COMPILER
MIGRATION GUIDE

Index
Symbols E
__section() specifier ............................................................ 32 ELF files.............................................................................. 14
_asm directive ..................................................................... 42 entry function ...................................................................... 37
#asm directive ..................................................................... 42 errors ............................................................................ 18, 19
extended instruction set................................................ 17, 41
A extended mode ................................................................... 22
absolute functions ............................................................... 32 external memory ................................................................. 18
absolute variables ............................................................... 32
anonymous structures......................................................... 30 F
asm statement .................................................................... 42 fake mcc18 driver ............................................................... 10
aspic18 application ............................................................. 41 far qualifier (MPLAB C18)................................................... 27
assembler applications ....................................................... 41 far qualifier (MPLAB XC8) .................................................. 18
assembly code .............................................................. 12, 41 FCALL instruction ............................................................... 41
assembly instruction destination specifier........................... 41 floating-point data types ..................................................... 25
assembly symbols............................................................... 41 function calling convention.................................................. 36
auto specifier................................................................. 26, 34 function parameters ............................................................ 36
function return values ......................................................... 36
B function variants ................................................................. 29
bankx qualifiers ................................................................... 32
bit data type ........................................................................ 25 G
bit-fields............................................................................... 30 GLOBAL assembler directive ............................................. 42
bootloaders ......................................................................... 18
H
C header files ......................................................................... 23
C and assembly .................................................................. 41 hybrid stack model.............................................................. 34
C18 compatibility mode................................................... 8, 10
CCI ...................................................................................... 12 I
char data type ..................................................................... 25 IDATA assembler directive ................................................. 42
clearing static objects.......................................................... 37 idata pragma....................................................................... 32
ClrWdt macro ...................................................................... 24 implementation defined behavior........................................ 11
code pragma ................................................................. 30, 32 indicating object locations................................................... 33
CODEassembler directive................................................... 42 in-line assembly .................................................................. 42
COFF files ........................................................................... 14 instruction set ..................................................................... 22
command-line applications ................................................. 13 integer promotions ........................................................ 11, 22
command-line format .......................................................... 14 intermediate files................................................................. 14
command-line options ......................................................... 16 Internet Address ................................................................... 6
common C interface ............................................................ 12 interrupt specifier ................................................................ 30
compiled stack .................................................................... 34 interrupts............................................................................. 30
compiler messages ............................................................. 18
compiler-managed resources ............................................. 38
L
config pragma ..................................................................... 23 library files..................................................................... 12, 14
configuration bits ................................................................. 23 linker options to position sections ....................................... 32
const qualifier ...................................................................... 27 linker scripts............................................................ 12, 18, 44
Customer Notification Service............................................... 7 linking ................................................................................. 44
Customer Support ................................................................. 7 LJMP instruction ................................................................. 41
locating objects ................................................................... 32
D low_priority specifier ........................................................... 30
data stack...................................................................... 17, 34
data types ........................................................................... 25
M
delay built-ins, EEPROM data ............................................ 24 macros .......................................................................... 24, 39
Documentation macros with variable argument lists.................................... 40
Conventions .................................................................. 5 maximum function size ....................................................... 26
Layout ........................................................................... 4 maximum object size .......................................................... 26
driver applications ............................................................... 13 mcc18 application ............................................................... 13
driver options ...................................................................... 16 mcc18 driver ....................................................................... 10
memory
external....................................................................... 18

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 filling unused ............................................................... 18 size of functions .................................................................. 26
reserving ..................................................................... 18 size of objects ..................................................................... 26
memory models .................................................................. 22 Sleep macro ....................................................................... 24
memory options .................................................................. 18 software breakpoints........................................................... 24
messages...................................................................... 18, 19 software stack..................................................................... 34
Microchip Internet Web Site .................................................. 6 special function registers .................................................... 23
migration ............................................................................... 8 stack ............................................................................. 17, 34
MOVFW instruction ............................................................. 41 STACK driver option ........................................................... 35
MPASM ............................................................................... 41 static objects ....................................................................... 37
MPLAB IDE ......................................................................... 17 static specifier ............................................................... 26, 34
mplib application xc8 application ........................................ 13 storage classes................................................................... 26
mplink application ............................................................... 13 structure bit-fields ............................................................... 30
mplink options ..................................................................... 20 structure types .................................................................... 30
Swap macro........................................................................ 24
N
non-extended mode ............................................................ 22 T
nonreentrant specifier ......................................................... 35 temporary data location ...................................................... 33
Nop macro .......................................................................... 24 tmpdata pragma ................................................................. 33

O U
object files ........................................................................... 12 UDATA assembler directive................................................ 42
operating modes ................................................................. 22 udata pragma ..................................................................... 32
optimizations ....................................................................... 18 union types ......................................................................... 30
options ................................................................................ 16 unused memory .................................................................. 18
overlay specifier ............................................................ 26, 34 USB .................................................................................... 62

P V
parameters .......................................................................... 36 varlocate pragma ................................................................ 33
p-code files.......................................................................... 14
p-code libraries ................................................................... 14 W
placing objects at an address ............................................. 32 warnings ....................................................................... 18, 19
placing objects in a bank..................................................... 32 Watchdog Timer ................................................................. 63
pointer sizes ........................................................................ 28 WWW Address ..................................................................... 6
pointer storage qualifiers..................................................... 28
pointer variables.................................................................. 22
X
powerup routine .................................................................. 37 xc.h header ......................................................................... 23
predefined macros ........................................................ 24, 39 xc.inc header ...................................................................... 23
preprocessing ..................................................................... 39
preprocessor commands .................................................... 18
preprocessor macros .......................................................... 39
project migration ................................................................... 8
PSECT assembler directive ................................................ 42

R
ram qualifier ........................................................................ 27
Reading, Recommended ...................................................... 6
reentrancy ........................................................................... 34
reentrant specifier ............................................................... 35
register usage ..................................................................... 38
registers .............................................................................. 23
regsused pragma ................................................................ 31
reserving memory ............................................................... 18
RETFIE instruction .............................................................. 41
return values ....................................................................... 36
Rlcf macro ........................................................................... 24
rom qualifier ........................................................................ 27
romdata pragma.................................................................. 32
RUNTIME driver option ....................................................... 37
runtime startup code ........................................................... 37

S
SECTION linker script directive .......................................... 44
sectiontype pragma............................................................. 32
SFRs ................................................................................... 23
short long int type................................................................ 25
size limitations..................................................................... 26
size of data types ................................................................ 25

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Taiwan - Hsin Chu Fax: 44-118-921-5820
Houston, TX
China - Shenyang Tel: 886-3-5778-366
Tel: 281-894-5983
Tel: 86-24-2334-2829 Fax: 886-3-5770-955
Indianapolis Fax: 86-24-2334-2393
Noblesville, IN Taiwan - Kaohsiung
China - Shenzhen Tel: 886-7-213-7830
Tel: 317-773-8323
Tel: 86-755-8864-2200
Fax: 317-773-5453 Taiwan - Taipei
Fax: 86-755-8203-1760 Tel: 886-2-2508-8600
Los Angeles
China - Wuhan Fax: 886-2-2508-0102
Mission Viejo, CA
Tel: 86-27-5980-5300 Thailand - Bangkok
Tel: 949-462-9523
Fax: 86-27-5980-5118 Tel: 66-2-694-1351
Fax: 949-462-9608
China - Xian Fax: 66-2-694-1350
New York, NY
Tel: 631-435-6000 Tel: 86-29-8833-7252
Fax: 86-29-8833-7256
San Jose, CA
Tel: 408-735-9110 China - Xiamen
Tel: 86-592-2388138
Canada - Toronto
Fax: 86-592-2388130
Tel: 905-673-0699
Fax: 905-673-6509 China - Zhuhai
Tel: 86-756-3210040
03/25/14
Fax: 86-756-3210049

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