MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix.
Some of MATLAB applications are:
• Computation and mathematics
• Development of algorithms. • Modeling and simulation of systems.
• Exploration, visualization and data analysis.
• Creation of scientific plots.
Features of MATLAB
MATLAB is a high-level language: MATLAB Supports Object oriented programming.
It also supports different types of programming constructs like Control flow statements (IF-ELSE, FOR, WHILE).
Interactive graphics: MATLAB has inbuilt graphics to enhance user experience. We
can actually visualize whatever data is there in forms of plots and figures. It also supports processing of image and displaying them in 2D or 3D formats.
A large library of Mathematical functions: MATLAB has a huge inbuilt library of
functions required for mathematical analysis of any data. MATLAB ENVIRONMENT: Parts of MATLAB window are
Command Window
Workspace
Current Directory
Figure Window
Command Window: Whenever MATLAB is invoked, the main window called command window is activated. The command window displays the command prompt’>>’ and a cursor where commands are entered and are executed instantaneously.
Workspace: A workspace is a collection of all the variables that have been generated so far in the current MATLAB session and shows their data type and size. All the commands executed from Command Window and all the script files executed from the Command Window share common workspace, so they can share all the variables.
Current Directory: The Current Directory window contains all the files and folders present in the Current Directory. To run any file, it must either be in the Current Directory or on the search path. Edit Window: An Edit Window is used to create a new program file, or to modify existing files. In this window, programs can be written, edited and saved. The programs written using the MATLAB editor are automatically assigned an extension (.m) by the editor and are known as M- files.
Figure Window: A Figure Window is a separate window with default white background and is used to display MATLAB graphics. The results of all the graphic commands executed are displayed in the figure window.
BASIC COMMANDS:
clear: Removes all variables from workspace
clc: Clears the Command window and homes the cursor. help: searches for ahelp topic quit : stops MATLAB Who: lists current variable Whos: lists current variable[long display] Input: displays prompts and waits for inputs ; : suppress screen printing Plot: generates xy plot Title: puts text at top of plot Xlabel: adds text label to x-axis Ylabel: adds text labels to y-axis Stem: creates stem plot EXPERIMENT NO. 2 AIM: To generate elementary discrete time signals using MATLAB i.e.
a)Unit step signal b)unit ramp signal c)Unit impulse signal d)Exponential signal
APPARATUS: MATLAB 7.1 software
THEORY:
MATLAB provides a wide range of graph plotting application. The uses can plot 2D as well as 3D graphs. It also provides us the different color codes to highlight different segments of the graph.
Stem(Y) plots the data sequence, Y, as stems that extend from a baseline along the x-axis. The data values are indicated by circles terminating each stem:
If y is a vector, then the x-axis scale ranges from 1 to length(y).
If y is a matrix, then stem plots all elements ranges in a row 1 to against the same x value, and the x-axis scale ranges from 1 to the number of rows in y. Discrete Time Unit Step Signal : The unit step signal which is defined only at discrete instants of time is known as discrete-time unit step signal. It is denoted by u(n). Mathematically, the discrete-time unit step signal or sequence u(n) is defined as follows
u(n)={1 for n≥0 0 for n<0 }
Discrete Time Unit Ramp Signal : The discrete time unit ramp signal is that function which starts from n = 0 and increases linearly. It is denoted by r(n). It is signal whose amplitude varies linearly with time n. Mathematically, the discrete time unit ramp sequence is defined as – r(n)={n for n≥0 0 for n<0 } Discrete Time Unit Impulse Signal : The discrete-time unit impulse signal is denoted by δ(n) and is defined as – δ(n) = { 1 for n=0 0 for n≠0 } Discrete-Time Real Exponential Signal : A real exponential signal which is define at discrete instants of time is called a discrete-time real exponential signal or sequence. A discrete-time real exponential sequence is defined as –
𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑎𝑛 for all 𝑛
Depending upon the value of a the discrete time real exponential signal may be of following type – When a < 1, the exponential sequence x(n) grows exponentially. When 0 < a < 1, the exponential signal x(n) decays exponentially. When a < 0, the exponential sequence x(n) takes alternating signs. PROGRAM :
%% exponential signal subplot(2,2,4); x= -5:5; y=exp(x); stem(x,y); xlabel ['time'] ylabel ['signal'] title ['exponential signal'] OBSERVATION : The following figure justifies for the output of the program written above. EXPERIMENT NO. 3 AIM: To generate advanced and delayed basic elementary signals in MATLAB.
APPARATUS: MATLAB 7.1 software
THEORY: MATLAB can be used to perform shifting of signals. A signal can be delayed as well as advanced. Consider a discrete time signal x[n], then the time shifted version of the signal x[n] represented as y[n] is defined as y[n] = x[n+n0]. Now, n0 can be negative or positive. If n0 is negative, signal is shifted backwards and this is called “Time-Delayed Shifting”. If n0 is positive, signal is shifted forward and this is called “Time- Advanced Shifting”.
Time-Delayed Signals: Suppose that we want to move this signal right by three units. Such a signal can be mathematically written as y[n] = x[n-3]. This kind of signal is referred to as time-delayed because we have made the signal arrive three units late .
Time-Advanced Signals: On the other hand, let's say that we want the same signal to arrive early. Consider a case where we want our output signal to be advanced by, say, two units. This objective can be accomplished by shifting the signal to the left by two time units, i.e., y[n] = x[n+2]. PROGRAMS: subplot(2,2,1); x= -5:5; n= x-2; y=[zeros(1,5) ones(1,6)]; stem(n,y); xlabel ['time'] ylabel ['signal'] title ['advanced unit step signal']
subplot(2,2,2); x = -5:5; n=x-2; y = [zeros(1,5) ones(1,6)]; f=n.*y; stem(n,f); xlabel ['time'] ylabel ['signal'] title ['advanced unit ramp signal']
subplot(2,2,1); x= -5:5; n= x+2; y=[zeros(1,5) ones(1,6)]; stem(n,y); xlabel ['time'] ylabel ['signal'] title [' delayed unit step signal']
subplot(2,2,2); x = -5:5; n=x+2; y = [zeros(1,5) ones(1,6)]; f=n.*y; stem(n,f); xlabel ['time'] ylabel ['signal'] title [' delayed unit ramp signal']
subplot(2,2,3); x= -5:5; n=x+2; y=[zeros(1,5) ones(1,1) zeros(1,5)]; stem(n,y); xlabel ['time'] ylabel ['signal'] title [' delayed unit impulse signal']
subplot(2,2,4); x= -5:5; n=x+2; y=exp(n); stem(n,y); xlabel ['time'] ylabel ['signal'] title ['delayed exponential signal'] OBSERVATION : OBVSERVATION: EXPERIMENT NO. 4 AIM: To study convolution technique of two signals.
Apparatus: A pc with MATLAB installed in it.
Theory: Convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions, or in our case on two
vectors. In this tutorial the simplest 1D convolution is to be explained, but of course this operation works for higher dimensions as well. It can be used for several tasks, for example signal or image processing. Convolution is commutative, the order of the operands makes no difference. In MATLAB we use the conv function to do the convolution. Sytax: Conv(a,b)
It outputs the convolution of input vectors a and b, simply put as two signal functions.lnput vectors, specified as either row or column vectors. The vectors a and b can be different lengths or data types.
Program: To determine the convoluted output of two arbitary signals, say x[n] and h[n] with output signal as y[n]. We have the program written in following way in the text editor window of MATLAB environment with all labels and subplots as defined below. %% convolution of DT sequences
x=input('enter first sequence');
nx=input('enter the time domain info of first sequence'); h=('enter second sequence'); nh=input ('enter the time domain info of second sequence'); y = conv( X,h); a=nx(1)+ nh(1); b=nx(length(nx))+nh(length (nh)); ny=a:b; subplot (3,1,1); stem(nx,x); title('first input sequence'); subplot (3,1,2); stemt(nh,h); title('second input sequence'); subplot (3,1,3); Stem(ny,y); title ('convolution result'); OBVSERVATION:
