Ford Escape 2019 Electrical Wiring

Diagram
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: EnglishBrand: Ford EscapeType of machine: AutomotiveType of document:
Electrical Wiring DiagramModel: Ford Escape 2019Content:Adjustable Steering
ColumnAll Wheel Drive (AWD)Audio System NavigationAuto-Start-Stop
SystemAutomatic Climate Control SystemCharging SystemClimate Controlled
SeatsCluster and Panel IlluminationComponent Location ViewsCooling
FanCornering LampsCruise ControlElectronic Engine Controls - 1.5LElectronic
Engine Controls - 2.0LElectronic Engine Controls - 2.5LFog LampsFuse and Relay
InformationGroundsHeadlamps AutolampsHeated WindowHorn Cigar
LighterInstrument ClusterInterior LampsManual Climate Control SystemMemory
SeatsModule Communications NetworkParking AidParking, Rear and License
LampsPassive Anti-Theft SystemPower Distribution-BCMPower Door LocksPower
MirrorsPower SeatsPower Steering ControlsPower WindowsRemote Keyless Entry
and AlarmReversing LampsShift InterlockStarting SystemSupplemental Restraint
SystemTire Pressure Monitor SystemTrailer Camper AdapterTransmission
Controls -6F35Turn Signal Stop Hazard LampsVehicle Dynamic SystemsVehicle
Emergency Messaging SystemWipers and Washers
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Symptoms returned next Day, but were removed by the same Means. I
remained at Dorchester for a Week after, and he recovered his Strength
and Appetite as much as could be expected in so short a Time; but he
still complained of Pain in his Right Kidney, tho’ he made Water freely. By
a Letter I received from the Gentleman whose Care I left him under, I
understood he had a Relapse, which he has since got the better of.
I forgot to inform you, that his Father died of the same Complaints,
after being six Months without secreting a Drop of Urine; and his Brother
died of the same in about ten Weeks.
 OF THE
EPILEPSY.

T
H E Epilepsy, or Falling Sickness, attacked a Number of Men,
from the severe Duty of long Marches in hot Weather, and
afterwards lying out on the cold Ground, exposed to the Damps
of the Night[98].
It was very seldom that Men were cured of this Disorder in the
military Hospitals. We had some few Instances, indeed, where Relief
seemed to be obtained by Rest, a regular Diet, gentle Evacuations,
and Issues[99]; but even those Men generally relapsed as soon as
they were sent to their Regiments, and began to do Duty. All who
had these Fits after being some Time with their Regiments, were at
last discharged, and sent home. However, before Men are
discharged for Fits, they should be watched very narrowly for some
Time; for there is no Disorder which Soldiers are more apt to
counterfeit than this.
It is no Wonder that Soldiers, during the Time of Service, should
seldom be cured of these Fits; for in Adults it is not often cured even
in private Practice, with all the Conveniencies and Advantages to be
wished for; and generally the few that do get well, require a
considerable Length of Time to accomplish the Cure; and we find
from daily Experience, as well as from examining the Records of
Medicine, that the Cures that have been made, have mostly been
performed either by a Change of Air, such as going from a cold to a
hot Climate[100], by some remarkable Change of Life[101], or some
accidental Disorder;[102] or by Issues or Drains[103]; or by the
Removal of some acrid or irritating Substance, or such like[104]; or by
preventing the Cause[105]; and that those Medicines called Specifics
have in general had but little Share in the Cure.

FOOTNOTES:
[98] I saw above twenty Men, while I was in Germany, who attributed
the Epileptic Fits they were attacked with to these Causes, and said they
had never had the Epilepsy before; besides others, who had been
formerly subject to these Fits, who declared, that the Disorder was
brought back by the same Means.
[99] William Wilson, a Boy fourteen Years of Age, was admitted into
St. George’s Hospital, Sept. 20, 1758, for Epileptic Fits, which he had
been subject to for some Time, and which generally seized him three or
four Times a Week. He took Variety of Medicines without any Effect till
the 6th of November, when I ordered him to take eight Grains of the
pilulæ fœtidæ Morning and Evening, and Physic twice a Week, and a
Seton to be made in his Neck. After the Seton began to run, he had but
three or four slight Fits in November, and none the following Month; and
he was discharged the Hospital the 3d of January 1759, seemingly in
good Health, with Directions to keep the Seton running at least for some
Months after he went home, and to come again to the Hospital if he
should have any Return of his Fits; but we never heard more of him.
Mary Hacket, a Girl of nineteen Years of Age, was admitted into St.
George’s Hospital the 14th of February 1759, for Fits. The Account she
gave of her Case, was, that about five Years before she was seized with
the first Fit, after a Fright; three Years afterwards she had a second Fit,
and for some Time after had a Fit commonly once a Month, about the
Time of the full Moon; and since had them more frequently; that the Fits
began with a Trembling and Shaking of the right Foot, and she had
frequent pricking Pains in the right Thigh, and what she called convulsive
Tremors in the right Leg and Foot. She was regular in her menstrual
Discharge. At the Time she came into the Hospital, she was feverish, and
complained much of a sharp Pain in the right Thigh: She was blooded,
and took some cooling Medicine, and had no Fit till the 9th of March: She
then took the fetid Pills and camphorated Julep twice a Day; but still the
Fits returned frequently. She then had the Bark, Valerian and Purging
Doses successively, and used the warm Bath; but without any Effect. On
the 7th of May a Blister was applied to her right Foot, which was
intended to be kept open; but an Inflammation coming on that Leg and
Foot, it was suffered to dry up, and an Issue made in the same Leg.
From the Time the Blister was applied, she had no Fit while she
remained in the Hospital. She was discharged the 15th of July, seemingly
in good Health; though during that Period she had some little Tremors in
her Foot, and was subject to be low and faintish, which was always
relieved by cordial anodyne Medicines. After going out of the Hospital,
she remained in good Health for seven or eight Months, when I was told
her Disease had returned as violent as ever.
[100] Hippocrates lays the chief Stress of the Cure upon Change of Air,
Aphor. 4, 5, sect. ii. The Baron Van Swieten says, he has known a great
Number cured by going to the East Indies; many of whom have
remained well ever after, while others had a Return of the Disorder when
they came back to Holland. Comment. vol. III. p. 436. sect. 1080.

[101] Celsus has long ago observed, that the Appearance of the
Menses in Girls, and of Puberty in Boys, often removes this Disorder, lib.
iii. cap. xxiii.—On the 22d of November 1758, Mary Evans, a Girl of
eighteen Years of Age, was admitted into St. George’s Hospital for Fits.
She had never had the Menstrua; but, for above two Years, found
regularly, once a Month, a Fulness in her Breasts, and had a slight Head
Ach, and other Symptoms which generally precede this Discharge; and
were succeeded with violent Epileptic Fits, which continued returning
frequently for two or three Days, and then went off; and she had no
more Symptoms of them, till about the same Time next Month. She was
ordered to take ten Grains of the pilulæ fœtidæ Morning and Evening,
and a Dose of Physic twice a Week; and as I found that she became
plethoric near the Time her Fits used to return, I began to imagine, that
both the Fits and Stoppage of the Menstrua were owing to too great a
Fullness of the Vessels, which prevented the Heart and vascular System
from having such free Play, as to drive the Blood through the extreme
uterine Vessels: I therefore ordered seven Ounces of Blood to be taken
away from her immediately. In three Days Time the menstrual Discharge
began to make its Appearance; and on the 10th of January she was
discharged the Hospital, seemingly in good Health, after the menstrual
Discharge had returned for two regular Periods, without any Appearance
of Epileptic Fits. She was desired to come back to the Hospital, if the Fits
returned; but I never heard more of her.
[102] William Glen, a Patient in the Royal Infirmary at Edinburgh in
September 1747, was freed from Epileptic Fits, which used to return ten
or twelve Times a Day, for a Quarter of a Year, by a Diarrhœa coming on;
but they afterwards returned.
A Man subject to the Epilepsy was cured of it by a Quartan Ague, and
had afterwards no Return of the Disorder. Miscell. Curios. Dec. 3. Ann. 3.
p. 34.
[103] There are numerous Instances of the good Effects of Issues and
Drains in diverse Authors. Tulpius, Van Swieten, &c.
 [104] La Motte gives one Instance of a Person being cured of the
Epilepsy by voiding five Stones, Chirurg. vol. II. p. 20; and of another
who died of the Fits from a triangular Stone remaining in the Kidneys,
ibid. p. 416. Dr. Short cured a Woman of an Epilepsy of twelve Years
standing, by extirpating a cartilagenous Substance, about the Bigness of
a large Pea, seated on the gastronemei Muscles, above a Nerve which he
cut asunder. Edin. Medic. Essays, vol. IV. Art. 27.
[105] Galen, tells us, of his having prevented the Epileptic Fits in a
Boy, who used to have one whenever he was hungry, by making him
carry Bread in his Pocket, and eat a little as soon as he found the least
Symptoms of Hunger. De Loc. Affect. lib. v. cap. vi.—And Van Swieten
mentions how he cured a Boy, who had a Fit every full Moon; whose
under Lip used to fall a Trembling before it began (a Symptom which, he
says, often precedes Vomiting); by giving a Vomit every Month, for six
Months successively, three Days before the full Moon, and an Opiate in
the Evening after its Operation; and by putting him under a Course of
strengthening Medicines. It was observeable, that if he vomited in the
Time of the Paroxysm, it was soon at an End. See his Comment. vol. III.
p. 439. sect. 1050.
 OF THE
SMALL-POX.

T
H E Small-Pox appeared at Paderborn in the Spring 1761, and
five had the distinct Kind, who recovered. Six or seven had
them at Osnabruck in May and June, and one Man and a Child
died of the confluent Kind. Four had the distinct Kind at Munster in
July and August who all did well. During the Winter, we had sixteen
in the Hospital I attended at Bremen; ten had the distinct Kind, and
all recovered; five had the confluent Kind, of whom two died; as did
also one who was brought to the Hospital with all the Symptoms of
the most malignant Kind. Two were sent to Natzungen in July, both
ill of the confluent Kind; the one died two Hours after his Arrival; the
other recovered: And we had only two in the Hospital at Osnabruck
in Winter 1762-63, and both did well.
There was nothing particular either in the Course or Treatment of
this Disorder, different from what we meet with in daily Practice;
only as the Soldiers, who were attacked with it, were strong, and in
full Health, they required Bleeding and gentle Evacuations, and a
cooling Regimen, on the first Appearance of the Symptoms.
The malignant Kind required the Use of Acids, and the Bark; which
last, could often only be administered by Way of Clyster, as the Sick
could not swallow it: In short, we treated the Patients much in the
same Way as in the malignant Fever, Allowance only being made for
the present Circumstances.
Luckily this Disorder never spread much in the Army, while I was
in Germany.
 OF
Erisypilatous Swellings.

I
N January 1762, several Patients in the Hospitals I had the Care
of at Bremen, had shining watery Swellings of the Face, or
Extremities; which came suddenly, and were attended with a
slight Degree of Inflammation, and watery Blisters rising above the
Skin, and some Degree of Fever. The Blisters were not small, round,
and angry, as in St. Antony’s Fire; but larger, and of an irregular
Figure, resembling those raised when People are scalded by boiling
Water. The Swellings did not pit on being pressed, as the
oedematous Swellings commonly do: They gave Pain when pressed,
but the Inflammation was not in that high Degree as it is in the
common Phlegmon: The Blood was sizy, and the Water of a high
Colour. The Disorder seemed to be a Species of the Erisypelas.
Between the 9th and 12th of January, three Patients were seized
with such Swellings.
The first was a Dragoon, who had just recovered from a Flux, and
a bad Cough. On the 9th, he was suddenly seized in the Night with a
large Swelling of his Face, Hands, and Arms, which had a shining
oedematous Appearance, with a small Degree of Redness, and was
painful when pressed; and he had two or three watery Blisters rose
on the Back of each Hand above the Division of the Fingers,
attended with a quick full Pulse, a feverish Heat and Thirst, a Cough,
and somewhat of a Difficulty of Breathing, and high-coloured Water;
and he was inclined to be costive. He was immediately blooded, had
a saline Mixture with Contrayerva and Nitre, and was ordered to take
a Purge in the Morning. Next Day the Blood had thrown up an
inflammatory Buff, the Fever was abated, and the Breathing easier;
but the Cough and Swelling still remained. He then took a Julep
made of equal Parts of the Saline and Sperma Ceti Mixtures, which
eased the Cough. The fourth Day the Pulse was soft, and the
Swellings still in the same Situation, and the Breathing a little
affected. A large Blister was applied to his Back, which discharged
plentifully, relieved the Breathing, and lessened the Swellings
considerably. The Cough and some Degree of Swelling still
remained; but were removed by the Use of the Sperma Ceti Mixture
with Oxymel, gentle Opiates, and some Doses of Physic.
The second was a Man of the Twentieth Regiment of Foot, who
had been some Months in the Hospital for a hectic Complaint; he
was taken ill, the same Night as the Dragoon, with a Swelling of his
whole Face, particularly the Lips, which had a shining watery
Appearance, and a slight Degree of Redness, attended with a strong
Fever; and was cured by Bleeding, Purging, the Use of the saline
Medicines, and the Application of a Blister.
The third was an Invalid, who had been admitted for a pleuritic
Complaint, which he had got the better of. He was attacked, the
second Night after the other two, with a shineing, watery, reddish
Swelling, of his right Hand and Arm, up as far as the Joint of the
Shoulder; four large watery Bladders likewise appeared on the fore
Part of his Arm, above the Joint of the Elbow. Bleeding, with the
cooling Medicines, and two Doses of Salts, carried off the Fever, and
lessened the Swelling, in about seven Days Time; but a little of it,
with a Stiffness, still remained; which at last was removed by the
Use of aromatic Fomentations, rubbing with the linimentum
saponaceum, and taking two Doses of Physic.
Within less than a Fortnight, five or six more were seized with
Swellings of the same Kind on some of the Extremities, and all got
well by nearly the same Treatment; excepting one Man, who was in
a very low State, and had a large deep Ulcer on his Hip, where there
had been a Mortification from his lying on that Part in a Fever. The
Swelling at first seemed to give Way; but on the third or fourth Day,
having got a severe Cough, the Swelling increased, and the
Inflammation began to look livid, and the Discharge from the Sore to
look bad; and, notwithstanding various Means were used, a
Mortification of the Part came on, and he died the seventh Day.
 OF THE
SCURVY.

T
H E true Scurvy, attended with spungy fetid Gums of a livid
Colour, with livid Blotches, and Ulcers of the Legs, and other
Symptoms, began to shew itself at Bremen in January 1762;
tho’ we had not the least Appearance of this Disorder in the
Hospitals at any other Place, while I was with the Troops in
Germany.
A great Variety of Disorders have been called by the Name of
Scurvy: and the Disease has been divided into hot and cold; into the
Acid, the Alcaline; and the Muriatic, according to the different
Fancies of Authors, and the Causes they imagined it took its Rise
from; but, from later and more accurate Observations, Dr. Lind has
justly remarked, that the true Scurvy has been found to be the same
in all the different Parts of the Globe, and to take its Rise from
similar Causes; from Cold and Moisture, and living much upon salted
Provisions, joined to a Want of fresh Vegetables, and of good
generous fermented Liquors; and hence it is most frequent in low
marshy Places in northern Climates, where there is a Scarcity of
fresh Vegetables; and where the Inhabitants live much upon salted
Provisions in Winter; and aboard of Ships in long Voyages or Cruizes,
especially in the northern Seas; and hence this Disorder was so
frequent at Quebec the first Winter it was in our Possession; and in
some of the other Forts in North America, which were taken so late
in the Year, that the Troops had not sufficient Time to lay in a Stock
of Vegetables, and of fresh Meat to be preserved by the Frost[106];
but were obliged to live mostly on Ship Provisions.
 It is observed, both at Sea and Land, that where the Scurvy rages,
those People are least subject to it who are well cloathed; who live
in dry Habitations, or lie in dry Births; who take proper Exercise,
without being too much exposed to the Inclemency of the Weather;
and who live well, and drink good Beer, Cyder, or Wine; as has been
remarked by Dr. Pringle, Dr. Lind, and others.
At Bremen the Disorder was only observed among the Soldiers;
not one of the Gentlemen belonging to the Hospital, or to the
Commissariate, nor one of the military Officers, not even of the
Serjeants, having the least Symptom of it. The Reason of its being
frequent among the Soldiers was, that the Place is situated on a
Plain naturally very damp; and the Soldiers were quartered in very
low damp Houses; at the same Time, no Vegetables or Greens were
to be bought in the Market; and fresh Meat, and other fresh
Provisions, were at so high a Price, that the Soldiers could not afford
to buy them; but were obliged to live on salted Meat, and salted
Herrings, during the Winter; and what little Money they had
remaining, they laid out on spirituous Liquors, which were sold
cheap.
The Cure of this Disorder requires—living in a dry comfortable
Place—good Cloathing—light Food of easy Digestion, such as good
Bread, Panado, Milk, Whey, Broths made of fresh Meats—white
Meats, with Greens, or other Vegetable, &c.—the Use of Liquors of
the acid or acescent Kind, or the moderate Use of Beer, Cyder, good
Wine, or weak Punch[107]—And, by Way of Medicine, gentle Purges,
mild Diaphoretics; the free Use of acid or acescent Fruits, Lemons,
Oranges, Apples, Pears, Currans, Grapes, &c. and of the
antiscorbutic Plants and their Juices, as Succory, Endive, Water-
Cresses, Scurvy-Grass[108], &c. on which a great Part of the Cure
principally depends; and the Use of some of the strengthening
Bitters[109], of which the Bark is not the least efficacious.
Bleeding is seldom requisite, except where there is much Heat or
Fever; or a sharp Pain of the Side, or Difficulty of Breathing, or some
Symptom of the like Kind; it is then sometimes necessary to take
away some Blood: And in obstinate Cases, it is often found of Use to
promote Sweats, by making the Patient, while in Bed, drink freely of
warm Whey, or Sack Whey, mixed with the scorbutic Juices; or warm
Barley Water, or the like, mixed with a small Quantity of the
Antimonial Wine, or some other mild Diaphoretic.
And where the Patient is strong, and there is no Danger of
Hæmorrhages, warm aromatic Baths have sometimes been found
serviceable; but they are not to be used where the Patient is weak.
The first Time I saw this Disorder at Bremen, was in an old
Invalid, James Long, who had come from Bristol to Embden, and
from thence to Bremen. He was some Weeks in the Hospital before I
discovered his Disorder to be the Scurvy. He at first complained only
of great Weakness, and such a Giddiness, when he got out of Bed,
that he could not walk, and of what he called flying rheumatic Pains
of his Legs. He had no other visible Complaint; all which, I imagined,
proceeded from Old-Age, and being worn out in the Service. At last,
on the 25th of January, he complained of his Gums being sore; and,
on examining him, I found his Breath fetid, his Gums swelled, soft,
and spungy, his Legs covered with scorbutic Blotches, and other
Symptoms, which evidently proved his Disorder to be the true
Scurvy.
Upon which, I ordered him a low Diet, with the Addition of Greens
for Dinner, and a Quart of Lemonade, with a Gill of Brandy in it, per
Day, for his common Drink; and, by Way of Medicine, a Decoction of
the Bark, with the Elixir of Vitriol; and, at the same Time, ordered
his Gums to be scarified, where they were most swelled and spungy;
and to be washed frequently with an astringent Gargle; and to be
rubbed now and then with burnt Alum[110]. By these Means, in a
Fortnight’s Time, his Gums became firmer, and his scorbutic
Symptoms decreased. During that Course he took cold, and had a
Stitch in his Side, for which he was blooded. The Blood threw up a
very thin Buff, which was not of a firm Consistence[111]; the
Crassamentum below was of a blackish Colour and of a loose
Texture, and the Serum in a large Proportion. By the 2d of March his
Gums had recovered their natural Firmness and Texture, and the
scorbutic Spots and Pains of the Legs were gone, and he had
recovered his Strength; the only remaining Complaint was a little
Swelling about the Ankles, for which he continued the same Course,
and took a Dose or two of Physic. By the 16th of March all these
Symptoms were gone, and he was dismissed the Hospital free from
all Complaints. I saw him well the last Week in May; and he told me,
he had had no scorbutic Symptom since he left the Hospital.
In the Beginning of February, another of the Invalids, who had
been in the Hospital for a Fever and rheumatic Complaints, had
Blotches appear on his Legs, complained of great Weakness, and
fainted away in attempting to walk; which made me suspect his
Disorder to be the Scurvy; and, on examining him, I found his Gums
soft and spongy, attended with the other Symptoms of the true
Scurvy. I put him nearly on the same Course as in the last-
mentioned Case: He used a low Diet, with the Addition of Greens for
Dinner, which he eat with a little Butter and Vinegar; and he had a
Quart of Lemonade, with two Ounces of Brandy, for his common
Drink during the Day; and, by Way of Medicine, a Decoction of the
Bark, with two Drachms of the confectio cordiaca to each Half Pint,
which he took by Spoonfuls. Next Day he complained of a Pain in his
Leg; and, on examining it more particularly, I found a large livid
Blotch, yellow all round the Edges, on the fore Part, and a Tension
all over that Leg. As he was so extremely low, as to be in Danger of
fainting whenever he sat up, I was afraid lest a Mortification should
ensue; and therefore ordered his Leg to be bathed Morning and
Evening with a warm aromatic Fomentation, and a Poultice of
Theriaca to be applied after it; and desired him to take as much of
the Decoction of the Bark with the Cordial as possible; and allowed
him a Glass of Mountain Wine every two or three Hours. By the
Continuance of this Course for some Weeks, the livid Blotches, Pain,
and Stiffness of his Leg, and most of the other scorbutic Symptoms,
went away; his Gums were restored to their natural Firmness; and
he recovered his Strength so much as to be able to sit up all Day
long; though he still remained very weak when he was sent to
England, in March.
In February and March, seven or eight more scorbutic Patients
were sent to the Hospital I attended, who were all treated in the
same Manner; and all did well. About the Middle of February this
Distemper began to shew itself in the other Hospital attended by Dr.
Miller, who treated the Patients nearly in the same Way, and they all
recovered.
On the 5th of April, a young Man, belonging to the Eighth
Regiment of Foot, came to the Hospital with all the Symptoms of the
true Scurvy; his Gums were spungy and fœtid; he had livid Blotches
on his Legs, and Contractions of the Hams, and a Stiffness and
Hardness in the Calves of both Legs[112]. By following the same
Course as the others, and the Use of frequent Fomentations, and
rubbing the contracted Parts with soft Liniments, he mended daily;
and, after taking a Dose or two of Physic, was dismissed perfectly
recovered on the 10th of May. At his first Admission into the
Hospital, he was taken with a severe Cough, attended with Pain of
the Breast, and a Spitting of Blood for a Day or two, for which he
was blooded. His Blood threw up a little Buff; the Crassamentum
was of a blackish Colour and of a loose Texture, with a good
Proportion of a yellowish Serum. This Bleeding relieved the
Complaints of his Breast, and he had no Return of them while he
remained in the Hospital.
The first Week in May four Invalids were admitted into the
Hospital for this Disorder. The first had spungy Gums, a fœtid
Breath, his Legs swelled and hard, and of a deep purple Colour. The
second was a Case at first of a more doubtful Kind; there were no
spungy Gums, though an offensive Breath; his Ancles and Feet were
swelled, attended with Pain and Uneasiness, and a great Weakness
and Lassitude; but no Fever, nor any livid Blotches. The Swelling of
the Feet and Ancles seemed at first Sight rather gouty or rheumatic,
than of the scorbutic Kind; but from the Man’s Way of Life, and the
Disorder being so frequent, we discovered it to be the Scurvy. The
third had a very fœtid Breath and spungy Gums, livid Spots and
fungous Ulcers[113] on his Legs, with Pains and Weakness all over.
The fourth had also spungy Gums and a fœtid Breath, Pains of the
Legs and Arms, livid Blotches on his Legs, great Hardness and
Contraction of the right Ham, and a livid hard Swelling on the
Outside of the left Thigh, immediately above the Knee.
We treated them all four in the Method above-mentioned, adding
a Mess of Greens to Dinner, giving Lemonade for Drink, and the
Bark, with Elixir of Vitriol, by Way of Medicine. The Parts that were
hard and swelled, were fomented, and rubbed with soft Liniments,
and Poultices were applied to the hard Swelling on the Outside of
the left Thigh; and the Ulcers of the Legs dressed with Digestives,
and occasionally washed with spirituous Tinctures, and touched with
Escharotics. Before I left Bremen, the first Week in June, the first
and second Patients were perfectly recovered, and the third and
fourth almost well. All of them had had the Disorder some Months
before they came to the Hospital.

FOOTNOTES:
[106] In Quebec, and other northern Parts of North America, as soon
as the Frost sets in, they kill their Meat intended for their Winter Store,
and hang it up: It soon freezes, and will keep in this Manner all through
the Winter. They preserve Vegetables in the same Way; and when they
intend to make Use of either, they put so much as they want into cold
Water for some Time, which draws the Frost out of it; and then they boil
or roast it, as they think proper.
[107] The free Use of raw Spirits is found to be very prejudicial; but a
moderate Quantity of these Spirits, diluted with Water, and acidulated
with Lemons or Oranges (or with Cream of Tartar, or Tamarinds, when
the former cannot be got), and made into Punch, is found to be a good
Antiscorbutic.
[108] Most ripe Fruits, particularly Lemons and Oranges, and esculent
Herbs, and many Kinds of Roots, such as Horse-Radish, Onions, Leeks,
and many others, have been found the most useful Remedies in the Cure
of the Scurvy. Decoctions and Infusions of Fir-Tops, of Spruce, and of
other Species of the Pine-Tree; and Beer made of these Infusions, by
fermenting them with Molasses, are approved Antiscorbutics: and when
such Remedies cannot be got, Infusions of the common Bitters, and
weak Punch, made with Tamarinds or Cream of Tartar, have proved
serviceable; and where these Acids cannot be had, the Mineral Acids may
be used for acidulating the Drink. However, it ought always to be
remembered, that fresh Vegetables and Fruits, and vegetable Acids,
produce much better Effects in the Scurvy, than any other Sorts of
Remedies; and ought always to be used, when they can be got.
[109] Most of the common Bitters have been strongly recommended in
this Disorder, Gentian, Trifoil, Wormwood, &c.—as likewise aromatic
Bitters and Aromatics; such as calamus aromaticus, Carvi Seeds, Winters
Bark, Cinnamon, and many others.

[110] Dr. Lind, who has wrote one of the best Treatises on this
Disorder, and who had a great Deal of Practice himself, says, “When first
the Patient complains of an Itching and a Spunginess of the Gums, with
loose Teeth, either a Tincture of the Bark in Brandy, or aluminous
Medicines, will be found serviceable in putting a Stop to the Beginning
Laxity of these Parts.” When the Putrefaction increases, he recommends
the Use of some of the mineral Acids. See his Treatise on the Scurvy,
part ii. chap. v. p. 201.—Van Swieten says, he never found any Thing
answer better than a Gargle made of four Ounces of Elder or Rose Water,
acidulated with a Drachm of the Spirit of Sea Salt; and where the Gums
were very putrid and gangrened, he has been obliged to touch them
slightly with the pure Acid Spirit, and some Hours after to have them
washed with the Gargle just mentioned. Vide Comment. vol. III. p. 629,
sect. 1163.
If the Spunginess of the Gums sprout out into a luxuriant Fungus, it is
sometimes requisite to cut such Funguses away, and to wash the Sores
frequently with gentle astringent or acid Liquors.
[111] Dr. Huxham observes, that, after the Disease has continued
some Time, the Blood appears a mere Gore as it were, not separating
into Serum and Crassamentum as usual, but remaining an uniform half-
coagulated Mass, generally of a more livid or darker Colour than
common; though sometimes it continues long very florid; but it always
putrifies soon. See his Essay on Fevers, chap. v.
There is something very particular in the Nature of this Disorder,
according to an Observation of Dr. Lind’s; who says, “That the Scurvy is a
Disease in its Nature very opposite to that of a Fever; insomuch, that
even an Infection is long resisted by a scorbutic Habit; and those of a
scorbutic Habit being seized with the Fever, was a Proof of its proceeding
entirely from Infection.” See his First Paper on Fevers, p. 4.
 [112] If the Swellings become large, stiff, and painful, Dr. Lind
recommends that the Legs should be frequently bathed and fomented;
or, what he has found preferable, to be exposed to their Steams, after
being well covered with Blankets. After this Operation, he advises the
Limb to be rubbed with some mild Oil, such as oleum palmæ, or Salad
Oil; and if the Swellings resist both the general Cure and these
Applications, the Limbs to be sweated with Spirits. See his Treatise on
the Scurvy, part ii, chap. v.
[113] “Ulcers on the Legs, or any other Part of the Body, require pretty
much the same Treatment, viz. very gentle Compression, in order to
keep under the Fungus, and such antiseptic Applications as have been
recommended for putrid Gums, viz. mel rosat. acidulated with spiritus
vitrioli, ung. Ægiptiacum, &c. but nothing will avail where the Patient
cannot have Vegetables and Fruits.” Dr. Lind’s Treatise on Scurvy, part ii.
chap. v. p. 204. And he recommends, if the Swellings and Ulcers of the
Legs neither yield to the general Cure nor to the Methods here proposed,
that a slow and gentle Course of Mercury should be tried, after the
scorbutic Taint is a good deal removed, and the Gums are sufficiently
firm; and to give along with it a Decoction of the Woods, or of
Sarsaparilla; but this Method ought not to be attempted till the Gums
have acquired a proper Firmness. See ibid. part ii. chap. v.
 OF THE
ITCH.

T
H E R E was no Disorder so common in the military Hospitals as
the Itch. It is of an infectious Nature, and now most commonly
believed to be entirely owing to little Insects lodged in the Skin,
which many Authors affirm they have seen in the Pustules by the
Help of a Microscope; and that the Disorder is entirely
communicated by Infection, and does not arise from any Fault in the
Fluids or Solids.
It has been found by Experience, that internal Medicines have little
or no Effect in removing this Disorder; and that only external
Remedies, which come immediately in contact with the Parts
affected, are capable of making a Cure; which has been brought as
a farther Proof, that the Itch is owing to Animalcules or Insects; as it
is alledged, that no Remedies will cure the Distemper, but such as
are capable of killing them.
The Medicines, which are most commonly used for the Cure, are
Mercury, White Helebore, and Sulphur.
Mercurial Frictions on the Part are often made use of, and
sometimes with Success, though they are by no Means to be
depended upon for a Cure; besides that, they are liable to throw the
Patients into a Salivation, as I have seen happen more than once;
for which Reasons I would never recommend this Method where the
Patient labours under no other Disorder which requires the Use of
Mercury, and would confine it entirely to Cases where Patients,
having the Itch, labour, at the same Time, under the Lues venerea,
and require the free Use of mercurial Frictions; under such
Circumstances the mercurial Ointment may be as well rubbed on the
Parts affected with the Itch as upon any other.
The Powder of the Root of White Helebore, made up into an
Ointment with Hogs Lard, or a strong Decoction of it in Water,
rubbed on the Parts, will often cure the Itch; but it is a sharp
Medicine, and generally smarts, and sometimes inflames the Parts
on which it is rubbed; and therefore it is not so commonly used, as
we know a much surer and milder Remedy. Though I have cured
some People with the Helebore Lotion without any Inconvenience,
who would not use the Sulphur on Account of its Smell.
Sulphur is the most certain and easy Cure for the Itch of any we
know, and perhaps is more certain in the Cure of this Disorder than
almost any other Medicine in any other Disorder whatever. We used
it in Form of the Sulphur Ointment of the London Dispensatory, of
which one, two, or more Drachms were rubbed in every Night, in
Proportion to the Extent of the Parts affected. These Unctions were
continued from four or five to ten or twelve Nights, according to the
Violence and Continuance of the Disorder. Most were cured in a few
Days; others required a longer Time. As the sulphureous Unctions
tend to obstruct the Perspiration, we generally ordered a Purge to be
given before rubbing the Sulphur Ointment, and in full Habits
sometimes ordered a little Blood to be taken away; and put them all
under a low Diet. After the Disorder seemed to be removed, they
took another Dose or two of Physic to carry off any Impurities that
might have been thrown upon the Bowels, during the Use of the
Sulphur Ointment. In inveterate Cases, the Sulphur was given
internally at the same Time that the Patient rubbed with the
Ointment.
It is generally believed (though denied by some) that Sulphur,
taken internally, enters the Blood; and its Steams are thrown off by
the perspiratory Vessels, and assists more effectually to destroy the
Insects and their Ovula, which give Rise to the Itch; but whether this
Effect be true or not, I found it to answer another very good
Purpose; which was to keep the Belly rather loose, while the Patient
used the Unction; and by this Way it carried off those Humours,
which ought to have passed off by the Skin; and for that Reason,
when it had not that Effect, we joined some Lenitive Electuary to it.
There is one Thing to be observed with regard to sulphureous
Unctions, which is, that we ought not to use them too soon with
People recovering out of Fevers, or other Disorders which bring them
low; otherwise there will be Danger of bringing on a Relapse, which
I have often observed to happen in military Hospitals, where the Itch
has appeared as the Patients were recovering from Fevers and other
Disorders, and the Unctions were used too soon: But whether these
Relapses were owing to the sulphureous Unction’s stopping up the
Pores of the Skin, and obstructing a free Perspiration, or to the
Patient’s being more apt to take Cold while they used the Sulphur
Ointment, than at any other Time, is what I cannot determine; but
to me it seems most probable, that these Unctions rather obstruct
the Perspiration; and that when they are used too soon with People
recovering from Fevers, especially those of the putrid Kind, they
prevent those Particles from passing off by the Skin, which it was
necessary should be evacuated, in order to free the Body from the
Seeds of the Fever, or other Disorders the Patients laboured under.
But however this be, Experience has shewn, that we ought not to
attempt the Cure of the Itch, in Patients so circumstanced, till their
Strength be in a great Measure re-established, otherwise there will
be Danger of a Relapse; and likewise, that Patients using Sulphur
externally, ought to be particularly on their Guard against Cold.
This Observation of Peoples being so apt to relapse after Fevers
by the too early Use of sulphureous Unction, is a strong Proof of the
Usefulness of keeping the Body open during the Time of Rubbing
and of Purging the Patient afterwards; as by these Means we may
carry off by the Bowels those Particles which could not pass by the
Skin; and I think, so far as I have been able to observe, those
People have been less subject to relapse into Fevers where this
Caution has been used, than where it has been neglected.