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SECTION III: SYLLABI FOR THE EXAMINATION

Note: Candidates are advised to go through the Syllabus published in this Section for the Preliminary
Examination and the Main Examination, as periodic revision of syllabus has been done in several subjects.

Part A—Preliminary Examination

Paper I - (200 marks) Duration: Two hours

 Current events of national and international importance.

 History of India and Indian National Movement.
 Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
 Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights
Issues, etc.
 Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social
Sector Initiatives, etc.
 General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do not require
subject specialization.
 General Science.

Paper II-(200 marks) Duration : Two hours

 Comprehension;
 Interpersonal skills including communication skills;
 Logical reasoning and analytical ability;
 Decision making and problem solving;
 General mental ability;
 Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data
interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. — Class X level);
Note 1 : Paper-II of the Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination will be a qualifying paper with
minimum qualifying marks fixed at 33%.
Note 2 : The questions will be of multiple choice, objective type.

Note 3 : It is mandatory for the candidate to appear in both the Papers of Civil Services (Prelim)
Examination for the purpose of evaluation. Therefore a candidate will be disqualified in case he/she does
not appear in both the papers of Civil Services (Prelim) Examination.

Part B—Main Examination

The main Examination is intended to assess the overall intellectual traits and depth of understanding
of candidates rather than merely the range of their information and memory.

The nature and standard of questions in the General Studies papers (Paper II to Paper V) will be such
that a well-educated person will be able to answer them without any specialized study. The questions will
be such as to test a candidate’s general awareness of a variety of subjects, which will have relevance for a
career in Civil Services. The questions are likely to test the candidate’s basic understanding of all relevant
issues, and ability to analyze, and take a view on conflicting socio-economic goals, objectives and demands.
The candidates must give relevant, meaningful and succinct answers.

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
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The scope of the syllabus for optional subject papers (Paper VI and Paper VII) for the examination is
broadly of the honours degree 1evel i.e. a level higher than the bachelors’ degree and lower than the masters’
degree. In the case of Engineering, Medical Science and law, the level corresponds to the bachelors’ degree.

Syllabi of the papers included in the scheme of Civil Services (Main) Examination are given as follows :—

QUALIFYING PAPERS ON INDIAN LANGUAGES AND ENGLISH

The aim of the paper is to test the candidates' ability to read and understand serious discursive prose,
and to express ideas clearly and correctly, in English and Indian language concerned.

The pattern of questions would be broadly as follows :

(i) Comprehension of given passages.

(ii) Precis Writing.

(iii) Usage and Vocabulary.

(iv) Short Essays.

Indian Languages :—

(i) comprehension of given passages.

(ii) Precis Writing.

(iii) Usage and Vocabulary.

(iv) Short Essays.

(v) Translation from English to the Indian Language and vice-versa.

Note 1 : The papers on Indian Languages and English will be of Matriculation or equivalent standard and
will be of qualifying nature only. The marks obtained in these papers will not be counted for ranking.

Note 2 : The candidates will have to answer the English and Indian Languages papers in English and the
respective Indian language (except where translation is involved).

PAPER-I

Essay: Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected to keep closely
to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be
given for effective and exact expression.

PAPER-II

General Studies-I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society.

 Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to
modern times.

 Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant
events, personalities, issues.

 The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different
parts of the country.

 Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
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 History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars,
redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism,
capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.

 Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

 Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and
developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.

 Effects of globalization on Indian society.

 Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.

 Salient features of world’s physical geography.

 Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-
continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in
various parts of the world (including India).

 Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.,
geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies
and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

PAPER-III

General Studies- II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations.

 Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions

and basic structure.

 Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the
federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.

 Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.

 Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.

 Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges
and issues arising out of these.

 Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and
Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the
Polity.

 Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

 Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various

Constitutional Bodies.

 Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

 Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of
their design and implementation.

 Development processes and the development industry —the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and
associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.

 Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
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performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection
and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

 Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,

Education, Human Resources.

 Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

 Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models,

successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional
and other measures.

 Role of civil services in a democracy.

 India and its neighborhood- relations.

 Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s
interests.

 Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian
diaspora.

 Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.

PAPER-IV

General Studies-III: Technology, Economic Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and
Disaster Management

 Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and
employment.

 Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.

 Government Budgeting.

 Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, - different types of irrigation and
irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related
constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.

 Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution
System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security;
Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.

 Food processing and related industries in India- scope’ and significance, location, upstream and
downstream requirements, supply chain management.

 Land reforms in India.

 Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial
growth.

 Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

 Investment models.

 Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

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 Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new
technology.

 Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues
relating to intellectual property rights.

 Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

 Disaster and disaster management.

 Linkages between development and spread of extremism.

 Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.

 Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking
sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention.

 Security challenges and their management in border areas - linkages of organized crime with terrorism.

 Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.

PAPER-V

General Studies- IV: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

 This paper will include questions to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating to
integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by
him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects.
The following broad areas will be covered :

 Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human actions;
dimensions of ethics; ethics - in private and public relationships. Human Values - lessons from the lives
and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family society and educational
institutions in inculcating values.

 Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and
political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.

 Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship,
objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.

 Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.

 Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

 Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns
and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources
of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in
governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.

 Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity;
Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of
Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds,
challenges of corruption.

 Case Studies on above issues.

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
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PAPER-VI & PAPER VII

Optional Subject Papers I & II

Candidate may choose any optional subject from amongst the List of Optional Subjects given in Para 2.

AGRICULTURE

PAPER-I

Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and
conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Agro ecology;
cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops,
animals and humans. Climate change—International conventions and global initiatives. Green house effect
and global warming. Advance tools for ecosystem analysis—Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic
Information Systems (GIS).

Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short-
duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of various cropping, and farming systems.
Organic and Precision farming. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds,
fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops.

Important features, and scope of various types of forestry plantations such as social forestry, agro-
forestry, and natural forests : Propagation of forest plants. Forest products. Agro-forestry and value addition.
Conservation of forest flora and fauna.

Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications;
cultural, biological, and chemical control of weeds.

Soil—physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. soils of
India. Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential
plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility, soil testing and
fertiliser recommendations, integrated nutrient management Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in soil,
nitrogen-use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient phosphoruse and
potassium use. Problem soils and their reclamation. Soil factors affecting green house gas emission.

Soil conservation, integrated watershed management. Soil erosion and its management. Dry land
agriculture and its problems. Technology for stabilising agriculture production in rainfed areas.

Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and
means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting. Drip and sprinkler irrigation.
Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water
pollution. Irrigation projects in India.

Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resource use
and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems. Marketing management strategies for
development, market intelligence. price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural
economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them. Agricultural price policy. Crop Insurance.

Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes,
socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers;
Training programmes for extension workers. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in dissemination of
Agricultural technologies. Non-Government Organisation (NGO) and self-help group approach for rural
development.

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
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PAPER-II

Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Synthesis, structure and function of genetic material. Laws
of heredity. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over, and their
significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and aneuploids. Mutation—and their role in
crop improvement. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classification and their application in crop
improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.

History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin, evolution
and domestication of crop plants, center of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources—
conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding, improvement of crop plants.
Molecular markers and their application in plant improvement. Pure-line selection, pedigree, mass and
recurrent selections, combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Heterosis and its exploitation.
Somatic hybridization. Breeding for disease and pest resistance. Role of interspecific and intergeneric
hybridization. Role of genetic engineering and biotechnology in crop improvement Gernetically modified
crop plants.

Seed production and processing technologies. Seed certification, Seed testing and storage. DNA
finger printing and seed registration. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, and marketing.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues, WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture.

Principles of Plant Physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, translocation and
metabolism of nutrients. Soil-water-plant relationship.

Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis—modern concepts and factors affecting the process,
aerobic and anaerobic respiration; C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms. Carbohydrate, protein and fat
metabolism. Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Plant growth substances and
their role in crop production. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy. Stress
physiology—draught, salt and water stress.

major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, spices and flower crops. package practices of major
horticultural crops. Protected cultivation and high tech horticulture. Post-harvest technology and value
addition of fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants.
Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition.

Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation crops and their
economic importance. Classification of pests and diseases and their management. Intergrated pest and
diseases management. Storage pests and their management. Biological control of pests and diseases.
Epidemiology and forecasting of major crop pests and diseases. Plant quarantine measures. Pesticides, their
formulation and modes of action.

Food production and consumption trends in India. Food security and growing population—vision
2020. Reasons for grain surplus. National and International food policies. Production, procurement,
distribution constraints. Availability of foodgtrains, per capita expenditure on food. Trends in poverty, Public
Distribution System and Below Poverty Line population, Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS), policy
implementation in context to globalization. Processing constraints. Relation of food production to National
Dietary Guidelines and food consumption pattern. Food based dietary approaches to eliminate hunger.
Nutrient deficiency—Micro nutrient deficiency : Protein Energy Malnutrition or Protein Calorie Malnutrition
(PEM or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and HRD in context of work capacity of women and children. Food
grain productivity and food security.

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE

PAPER-I

1. Animal Nutrition :

1.1 Partitioning of food energy within the animal. Direct and indirect calorimetry. Carbon—nitrogen
balance and comparative slaughter methods. Systems for expressing energy value of foods in
ruminants, pigs and poultry. Energy requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation,
egg, wool, and meat production.

1.2 Latest advances in protein nutrition. Energy protein inter-relationships. Evaluation of protein
quality. Use of NPN compounds in ruminant diets. Protein requirements for maintenance, growth,
pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat production.

1.3 Major and trace minerals—Their sources, physiological functions and deficiency symptoms. Toxic
minerals. Mineral interactions. Role of fatsoluble and water—soluble vitamins in the body, their
sources and deficiency symptoms.

1.4 Feed additives—methane inhibitors, probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones, oligosaccharides,

antioxidants, emulsifiers, mould inhibitors, buffers etc. Use and abuse of growth promoters like
harmones and antibiotics—latest concepts.

1.5 Conservation of fodders. Storage of feeds and feed ingredients. Recent advances in feed technology
and feed processing. Anti-nutritional and toxic factors present in livestock feeds. Feed analysis and
quality control. Digestibility trials—direct, indirect and indicator methods. Predicting feed intake in
grazing animals.

1.6 Advances in ruminant nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Balanced rations. Feeding of calves,
pregnant, work animals and breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch animals during different
stages of lactation cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composition. Feeding of goats for meat and milk
production. Feeding of sheep for meat and wool production.

1.7 Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations. Feeding of pigs
for lean meat production. Low cost rations for swine.

1.8 Poultry nutrition. Special features of poultry nutrition. Nutrient requirements for meat and egg
production. Formulation of rations for different classes of layers and broilers.

2. Animal Physiology :

2.1 Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion. Endocrine glands in health and
disease.

2.2 Blood constituents.—Properties and functions-blood cell formation—Haemoglobin synthesis and

chemistry-plasma proteins production, classification and properties, coagulation of blood;
Haemorrhagic disorders—anti-coagulants—blood groups—Blood volume—Plasma expanders-Buffer
systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.

2.3 Circulation.—Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heart beat, electrocardiograms. Work
and efficiency of heart—effect of ions on heart function-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and
chemical regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressuer and
hypertension, osmotic regulation, arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of circulation, shock.
Coronary and pulmonary circulation, Blood-Brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid-circulation in birds.

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2.4 Respiration.—Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases-neural control of

respiration-Chemo-receptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.

2.5 Excretion.—Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine-methods of studying renal function-

renal regulation of acid-base balance : physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive
venous congestion-Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Bio-chemical test
for urinary dysfunction.

2.6 Endocrine glands.—Functional disorders—their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of hormones,

mechanism and control of secretion—hormonal receptors-classification and function.

2.7 Growth and Animal Production.—Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves,
measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.

2.8 Physiology of Milk Production, Reproduction and Digestion.—Current status of hormonal control of
mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection. Male and Female reproductive organs,
their components and functions. Digestive organs and their functions.

2.9 Environmental Physiology.—Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation,

environmental factors and regulatory mechanisms involved in animal behaviour, climatology—
various parameters and their importance. Animal ecology. Physiology of behaviour. Effect of stress
on health and production.

3. Animal Reproduction :

Semen quality.—Preservation and Artificial Insemination—Components of semen, composition of

spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in
vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality, preservation, composition of diluents, sperm
concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep, goats, swine and
poultry. Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception. Anoestrus and repeat breeding.

4. Livestock Production and Management :

4.1 Commercial Dairy Farming.—Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries.
Dairying under mixed farming and as specialized farming, economic dairy farming. Starting of a
dairy farm, Capital and land requirement, organization of the dairy farm. Opportunities in dairy
farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal. Heard recording, budgeting cost of milk
production, pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing Practical and Economic rations for
dairy cattle; supply of greens throughout the year, feed and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm.
Feeding regimes for young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animals; new trends in feeding
young and adult stock; Feeding records.

4.2 Commercial meat, egg and wool production.—Development of practical and economic rations for
sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimes for young and
mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements
and socio-economic concept.

4.3 Feeding and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.

5. Genetics and Animal Breeding :

5.1 History of animal genetics. Mitosis and Meiosis : Mendelian inheritance; deviations to Mendelian
genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex determination, sex influenced and sex
limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome aberrations; Cytoplasmic

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
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inheritance, Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis;
Recombinant DNA technology. Mutations, types of mutations, methods for detecting mutations and
mutation rate, Transgenesis.

5.2 Population Genetics applied to Animal Breeding—Quantitative Vs. Qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg
Law; Population Vs. Individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency;
Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimating
inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding; Effective population size; Breeding value, estimation
of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; Partitioning of variation; Genotype X
environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; role of multiple measurements;
Resemblance between relatives.

5.3 Breeding Systems.—Breeds of livestsock and Poultry. Heritability, repeatability and genetic and
phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection
and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Pregnency testing;
Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of
genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and correlated response;
Inbreeding, out breeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred
lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for
threshold characters. Sire index.

6. Extension :

Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted to
educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems and
constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.

PAPER-II

1. Anatomy, Pharmacology and Hygiene :

1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques : Paraffin embedding technique of tissue processing and
H.E. staining—Freezing microtomy—Microscopy Bright field microscope and electron microscope.
Cytology-structure of cell organells and inclusions; cell division-cell types—Tissues and their
classification-embryonic and adult tissues—Comparative histology of organs—Vascular, Nervous,
digestive, respiratory, musculo-skeletal and urogenital systems—Endocrine glands—Integuments—
sense organs.

1.2 Embryology.—Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals
gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers-foetal membranes and placentation-types of placenta in
domestic mammals-Teratology-twins and twinning-organogenesis-germ layer derivatives-
endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.

1.3 Bovine Anatomy.—Regional Anatomy : Paranasal sinuses of OX— surface anatomy of salivary
glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary, mandi-buloalveolar, mental and cornnal nerve
block. Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median, ulnar and radial
nervestibial, fibular and digital nerves—Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anaesthesia-
superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic
cavities-comparative-features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of
mammalian body.

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
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1.4 Anatomy of Fowl.—Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and

flying, digestion and egg production.

1.5 pharmacology and therapeutics drugs.—Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and

pharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance. Drugs acting on Autonomic
nervous system. Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics. Autocoids.
Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial infections. Use of hormones in
therapeutics—chemotherapy of parasitic infections. Drug and economic concerns in the Edible
tissues of animals—chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases. Toxicity due to “insecticides, plants,
metals, non-metals, zootoxins and mycotoxins”.

1.6 Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation.—Assessment of pollution of
water, air and soil—Importance of climate in animal health—effect of environment on animal
function and performance relationship between industrialisation and animal agriculture—animal
housing requirements for specific categories of domestic animals viz. pregnant cows and sows,
milking cows, broiler birds—stress, strain and productivity in relation to animal habitation.

2. Animal Diseases :

2.1 Etiology, epidemiology pathogenesis, symptoms, post-moretem lesions, diagnosis, and control of
infectious diseases of cattle, sheep and goat, horses, pigs and poultry.

2.2 Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, horse, pig
and poultry.

2.3 Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.

2.4 Diagnosis and treatment of non-specific conditions like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion,
dehydration, stroke, poisioning.

2.5 Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.

2.6 Principles and methods of immunisation of animals against specific diseases—hard

immunity—disease free zones—‘zero’ disease concept—chemoprophylaxis.

2.7 Anaesthesia.—local, regional and general-prenesthetic medication. Symptoms and surgical

interference in fractures and dislocation. Hernia, choking abomassal displacement—Caesarian
operations. Rumenotomy—Castrations.

2.8 Disease investigation techniques.—Materials for laboratory investigation—Establishment. Animal

Health Centres—Disease free zone.

3. Veterinary Public Health :

3.1 Zoonoses.—Classification, definition, role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of
zoonotic diseases—occupational zoonotic diseases.

3.2 Epidemiology.—Principle, definition of epidemiological terms, application of epidemiological

measures in the study of diseases and disease control. Epidemiological features of air, water and
food borne infections. OIE regulation, WTO, sanitary and phytosanitary measures.

3.3 Veterinary Jurisprudence.—Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and
prevention of animal diseases—State and Central Rules for prevention of animal and animal product
borne diseases—S.P. C.A.—Veterolegal cases—Certificates—Materials and Methods of collection of
samples for veterolegal investigation.

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
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4. Milk and Milk Products Technology :

4.1 Market Milk.—Quality, testing and grading of raw milk. Processing, packaging, storing, distribution,
marketing defects and their control. Preparation of the following milks : Pasteurized, standardized,
toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined and flavoured milks.
Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, yoghurt, Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand.
Preparation of flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal standards. Sanitation requirement for clean and
safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.

4.2 Milk Products Technology.—Selection of raw materials, processing, storing, distributing and
marketing milk products such as Cream, Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese, condensed,
evaporated, dried milk and baby food, lce cream and Kulfi; by-products, whey products, butter milk,
lactose and casein. Testing, grading, judging milk products—BIS and Agmark specifications, legal
standards, quality control nutritive properties. Packaging processing and operational control.
Costing of dairy products.

5. Meat Hygiene and Technology :

5.1 Meat Hygiene

5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations;
abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgement of carcass meat
cuts—grading of carcass meat cuts—duties and functions of Veterinarians in wholesome meat
production.

5.1.2 Hygienic methods of handling production of meat.—Spoilage of meat and control measures—
Post- slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence them—Quality
improvement methods—Adulteration of meat and detection—Regulatory provisions in Meat trade
and Industry.

5.2 Meat Technology

5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of meat.—Meat emulsions—Methods of preservation of

meat—Curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products, processing and
formulations.

5.3 By-products.—Slaughter house by-products and their utilisation—Edible and inedible by

products—Social and economic implications of proper utilisation of slaughter house by-products—
Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.

5.4 Poultry Products Technology.—Chemical composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre-
slaughter care and management. Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of poultry meat
and products. Legal and BIS standards.

Structure composition and nutritive value of eggs Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance.
Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.

5.5 Rabbit/Fur Animal farming.—Rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and
recycling of waste by products. Grading of wool.

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ANTHROPOLOGY

PAPER-I

1.1 Meaning, Scope and development of Anthropology.

1.2 Relationships with other disciplines : Social Sciences, behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical
Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities.

1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance :

(a) Social-cultural Anthropology.

(b) biological Anthropology.

(c) Archaeological Anthropology.

(d) Linguistic Anthropology.

1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man :

(a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.

(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian).

(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology
(Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and
mosaic evolution).

1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations;
(Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil
primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to
erect posture and its implications.

1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following :

(a) Plio-preleistocene hominids inSouth and East Africa—Australopithecines.

(b) Homo erectus : Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus (heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo
erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis.

(c) Neanderthal man—La-chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type).

(d) Rhodesian man.

(e) Homo sapiens—Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelede.

1.7 The biological basis of Life : The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene,
Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.

1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology : Relative and Absolute Dating methods.

(b) Cultural Evolution—Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures :

(i) Paleolithic

(ii) Mesolithic

(iii) Neolithic

(iv) Chalcolithic

(v) Copper-Bronze age

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(vi) Iron Age

2.1 The Nature of Culture : The concept and Characteristics of culture and civilization; Ethnocentrism
vis-a-vis cultural Relativism.

2.2 The Nature of Society : Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institution; Social groups;
and Social stratification.

2.3 Marriage : Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy,
hypogamy, incest taboo); Type of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage).
Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage
payments (bride wealth and dowry).

2.4 Family : Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family;
Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and
succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist movements on family.

2.5 Kinship : Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral
Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship
terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation and Complimentary Filiation;Decent
and Alliance.

3. Economic Organization : Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology; Formalist and
Substantivist debate; Principles governing production, distribution and exchange (reciprocity,
redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing,
swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic
systems.

4. Political Organization and Social Control : Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state; concepts of
power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple Societies.

5. Religion : Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and

functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in
tribal and peasant Societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion,
magic and science distinguished; magico-religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man,
sorcerer and witch).

6. Anthropological theories :

(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)

(b) Historical particularism (Boas) Diffusionism (British, German and American)

(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural—Functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)

(d) Structuralism (L’evi-Strauss and E. Leach)

(e) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora-du Bois)

(f) Neo—evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)

(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)

(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)

(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)

(j) Post-modernism in anthropology.

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7. Culture, Language and Communication :

Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication; social contex
of language use.

8. Research methods in Anthropology :

(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology

(b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology
(c) Tools of data collection : observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, case study, genealogy,
life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information, participatory methods.

(d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

9.1 Human Genetics : Methods and Application : Methods for study of genetic principles in man-family
study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal
and karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and
recombinant technologies.

9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic
inheritance in man.

9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes
and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and
genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of
consanguineous and cousin marriages.

9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.

(a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders).

(b) Sex chromosomal aberration- Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and
other syndromic disorders.

(c) Autosomal aberrations- Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling, human DNA profiling,
gene mapping and genome study.
9.5 Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and characters. Racial
criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification,
racial differentiation and race crossing in man.

9.6 Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker :ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp,
transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate,
respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-ecomomic groups.

9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology : Bio-cultural Adaptations—Genetic and Non-
genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high
altitude climate.

9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology : Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases,
Nutritional deficiency related diseases.

10. Concept of human growth and Development : Stages of growth—pre-natal, natal, infant,
childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.

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—Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional,

cultural and socio-economic.

—Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations

—biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for
growth studies.

11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and
differentials.

11.2 Demographic theories-biological, social and cultural.

11.3 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality.

12. Applications of Anthropology : Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthroplogy in

designing of defence and other equipments, Forensic Anthroplogy, Methods and principles of
personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics—Paternity diagnosis, genetic
counselling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics
in reproductive biology.

PAPER-II

1.1 Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization—Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
and Neolithic-Chalcolithic), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization). Pre-Harappan, Harappan and post-
Harappan cultures. Contributions of the tribal cultures to Indian civilization.

1.2 Palaeo—Anthropological evidences from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin
(Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).

1.3. Ethno-archaeology in India: The concept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the
hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and crafts producing
communities.

2. Demographic profile of India—Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their
distribution. Indian population—factors influencing its structure and growth.

3.1 The structure and nature of traditional Indian social system—Varnashram, Purushartha, Karma,
Rina and Rebirth.

3.2 Caste system in India— Structure and characteristics Varna and caste, Theories of origin of caste
system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani system. Tribe-case
continuum.

3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature-Man-Spirit Complex.

3.4. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity of Indian society.

4. Emergence, growth and development in India—Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th
Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.

5.1 Indian Village—Significane of village study in India; Indian village as a social system; Traditional
and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages;
Impact of globalization on Indian villages.

5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political and economic status.

5.3 Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society: Sanskritization,

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 45

Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great traditions; Panchayati Raj and social
change; Media and Social change.

6.1 Tribal situation in India—Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of

the tribal populations and their distribution.

6.2 Problems of the tribal Communities—Land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor
educational facilities, unemployment, under- employment, health and nutrition.

6.3 Developmental projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation.
Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of urbanisation and industrialization on tribal
populations.

7.1 Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward
Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.

7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal societies : Impact of modern democratic institutions,
development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections.

7.3 The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal
communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism. Social change among the
tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.

8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies.

8.2 Tribe and nation state—a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries.

9.1 History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development
and their implementation. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution, special
programmes for their development. Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development.

9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development.

9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and
political movements.

BOTANY

PAPER-I

1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology :

Structure and reproduction/multiplication of viruses,viroids, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma;

Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and in control of soil and water pollution;
Prion and Prion hypothesis.

Important crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes; Modes of
infection and dissemination; Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence; Physiology of
parasitism and control measures. Fungal toxins. Modelling and disease forecasting; Plant quarantine.

2. Cryptogams :

Algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutionary

viewpoint; Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their ecological and economic importance.

3. Phanerogams :

Gymnosperms : Concept of Progymnosperms. Classification and distribution of gymnosperms.

Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structure and reproduction.

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General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordiaitailes; Geological time scale; Type of fossils
and their study techniques.

Angiosperms : Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogency.

Taxonomic hierarchy; International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; Numerical taxomomy and

chemotaxomomy; Evidence from anatomy, embryology and palynology.

Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Comparative account of various systems of classification of

angiosperms; Study of angiospermic families— Mangnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae,
Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae,
Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae, Musaceae and
Orchidaceae.

Stomata and their types; Glandular and non-glandular trichomes; Unusual secondary growth;
Anatomy of C3 and C4 plants; Xylem and phloem differentiation; Wood anatomy.

Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization; Endosperm—its

development and function. Patterns of embryo development; Polyembroyony, apomixes; Applications of
palynology; Experimental embryology including pollen storage and test-tube fertilization.

4. Plant Resource Development :

Domestication and introduction of plants; Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov’s centres of origin.
Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, edible oils, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber,
gums, resins and dyes; latex, cellulose, starch and its products; Perfumery; Importance of Ethnobotany in
Indian context; Energy plantations; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.

5. Morphogenesis :

Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation; Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture.
Somatic hybrids and Cybrids; Micropropagation; Somaclonal variation and its applications; Pollen haploids,
embryo rescue methods and their applications.

PAPER-II

1. Cell Biology :

Techniques of cell biology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells—structural and ultrastructural details;
Structure and function of extracellular matrix (cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport
and vesicular transport; Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER,
dictyosomes ribosomes, endosomes,lysosomes, peroxisomes; Cytoskelaton and microtubules; Nucleus,
nucleolus, nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nucleosome; Cell signalling and cell receptors; Signal
transduction Mitosis and meiosis; molecular basis of cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in
chromosomes and their significance; Chromatin organization and packaging of genome; Polytene
chromosomes; B-chromosomes—structure, behaviour and significance.

2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution :

Development of genetics, and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative genetics and
multiple factors; Incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles; Linkage and crossing over
of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping, function); Sex chromosomes and sex-linked
inheritance; sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation; Mutations (biochemical and
molecular basis); Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility).

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Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins; Genetic code and regulation of gene
expression; Gene silencing; Multigene families; Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories.

Role of RNA in origin and evolution.

3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics :

Methods of plant breeding—introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass

selection, bulk method); Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixes in
plant breeding; DNA sequencing; Genetic engineering—methods of transfer of genes; Transgenic crops and
biosafety aspects; Development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding; Tools and techniques—
probe, southern blotting, DNA fingerprinting, PCR and FISH. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation
(CV). Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square tests). Probability and distributions (normal,
binomial and Poisson). Correlation and regression.

4. Physiology and Biochemistry :

Water relations, mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis—
photochemical reactions, photophosphorylation and carbon fixation pathways; C 3, C4 and CAM pathways;
Mechanism of pholem transport, Respiration (anerobic and aerobic, including fermentation)—electron
transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation; Photorespiration; Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis;
Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes; Energy transfer and
energy conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments
and phytochrome). Plant movements; Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence; Growth
substances—their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture; growth indices, growth
movements. Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal); Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy, storage
and germination of seed. Fruit ripening—its molecular basis and manipulation.

5. Ecology and Plant Geography :

Concept of ecosystem; Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community; Plant succession.
Concepts of biosphere; Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and its control (including phytoreme-diation);
Plant indicators; Environment (Protection) Act.

Forest types of India—‘Ecological and ecomomic importance of forests, afforestation, deforestation

and social forestry; Endangered plants, endemism IUCN categories, Red Data Books; Biodiversity and its
conservation; Protected Area Network; Convention of Biological Diversity, Farmers’ Rights; and Intellectual
Property Rights; Concept of Sustainable Development; Biogeochemical cycles. Global warming and climatic
change; Invasive species; Environmetal Impact Assessment; Phytogeographical regions of India.

CHEMISTRY

PAPER-I

1. Atomic Structure :

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle Schrodinger wave equation (time independent); Interpretation of

wave function, particle in one- dimensional box, quantum numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions; Shapes
of s, p and d orbitals.

2. Chemical bonding :

Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle; covalent bond and

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 48

its general characteristics, polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole moments; Valence bond theory,
concept of resonance and resonance energy; Molecular orbital theory (LCAO method); bonding H2 +, H2
He2 + to Ne2, NO, CO, HF, CN–, Comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order,
bond strength and bond length.

3. Solid state :

Crystal systems; Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures and unit cell; Bragg's law; X-ray
diffraction by crystals; Close packing, radius ratio rules, calculation of some limiting radius ratio values;
Structures of NaCl, ZnS, CsCl, CaF2; stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects, impurity defects, semi-
conductors.

4. The gaseous state and Transport Phenomenon :

Equation of state for real gases, intermolecular interactions, and critical phenomena and liquefaction
of gases; Maxwell’s distribution of speeds, intermolecular collisions, collisions on the wall and effusion;
Thermal conductivity and viscosity of ideal gases.

5. Liquid State :

Kelvin equation; Surface tension and surface enercy, wetting and contact angle, interfacial tension
and capillary action.

6. Thermodynamics :

Work, heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics.

Second law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state function, entropy changes in various processes,
entropy-reversibility and irreversibility, Free energy functions; Thermodynamic equation of state; Maxwell
relations; Temperature, volume and pressure dependence of U, H, A, G, Cp and Cv, and ; J-T effect
and inversion temperature; criteria for equilibrium, relation between equilibrium constant and
thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat theorem, introductory idea of third law of thermodynamics.

7. Phase equilibria and solutions :

Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; phase equilibria in binary
systems, partially miscible liquids—upper and lower critical solution temperatures; partial molar quantities,
their significance and determination; excess thermodynamic functions and their determination.

8. Electrochemistry :

Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for various equilibrium
and transport properties.

Galvanic cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. of cells and its
applications fuel cells and batteries.

Processes at electrodes; double layer at the interface; rate of charge transfer, current density;
overpotential; electroanalytical techniques : amperometry, ion selective electrodes and their use.

9. Chemical kinetics:

Differential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first, second and fractional order reactions; Rate
equations involving reverse, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions; Branching chain and explosions;
effect of temperature and pressure on rate constant. Study of fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation
methods. Collisions and transition state theories.

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10. Photochemistry:

Absorption of light; decay of excited state by different routes; photochemical reactions between
hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields.

11. Surface phenomena and catalysis:

Adsorption from gases and solutions on solid adsorbents; Langmuir and B.E.T. adsorption
isotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics and mechanism of reaction on heterogeneous
catalysts.

12. Bio-inorganic chemistry:

Metal ions in biological systems and their role in ion-transport across the membranes (molecular
mechanism), oxygen-uptake proteins, cytochromes and ferrodoxins.

13. Coordination chemistry :

(i) Bonding in transition of metal complexes. Valence bond theory, crystal field theory and its
modifications; applications of theories in the explanation of magnetism and elctronic spectra of metal
complexes.

(ii) Isomerism in coordination compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds;

stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; chelate effect and polynuclear
complexes; trans effect and its theories; kinetics of substitution reactions in square-planar
complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes.

(iii) EAN rule, Synthesis structure and reactivity of metal carbonyls; carboxylate anions, carbonyl
hydrides and metal nitrosyl compounds.

(iv) Complexes with aromatic systems, synthesis, structure and bonding in metal olefin complexes,
alkyne complexes and cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordinative unsaturation, oxidative
addition reactions, insertion reactions, fluxional molecules and their characterization; Compounds
with metal—metal bonds and metal atom clusters.

14. Main Group Chemistry:

Boranes, borazines, phosphazenes and cyclic phosphazene, silicates and silicones, Interhalogen
compounds; Sulphur—nitrogen compounds, noble gas compounds.

15. General Chemistry of ‘f’ Block Element:

Lanthanides and actinides: separation, oxidation states, magnetic and spectral properties;
lanthanide contraction.

PAPER-II

1. Delocalised covalent bonding :

Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes, azulenes, tropolones, fulvenes, sydnones.

2. (i) Reaction mechanisms : General methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of
mechanisms or organic reactions : isotopies, mathod cross-over experiment, intermediate trapping,
stereochemistry; energy of activation; thermodynamic control and kinetic control of reactions.

(ii) Reactive intermediates : Generation, geometry, stability and reactions of carboniumions

and carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.
(iii) Substitution reactions :—SN 1, SN 2, and SN i, mechanisms ; neighbouring group

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Basic nuclear properties-size, binding energy, angular momentum, parity, magnetic moment; Semi-
empirical mass formula and applications. Mass parabolas; Ground state of a deuteron, magnetic moment
and non-central forces; Meson theory of nuclear forces; Salient features of nuclear forces; Shell model of
the nucleus - success and limitations; Violation of parity in beta decay; Gamma decay and internal
conversion; Elementary ideas about Mossbauer spectroscopy; Q-value of nuclear reactions; Nuclear fission
and fusion, energy production in stars. Nuclear reactors.

Classification of elementary particles and their interactions; Conservation laws; Quark structure of
hadrons : Field quanta of electroweak and strong interactions; Elementary ideas about unification of forces;
Physics of neutrinos.

4. Solid State Physics, Devices and Electronics :

Crystalline and amorphous structure of matter; Different crystal systems, space groups; Methods of
determination of crystal structure; X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies;
Band theory of solids—conductors, insulators and semi-conductors; Thermal properties of solids, specific
heat, Debye theory; Magnetism: dia, para and ferromagnetism; Elements of super-conductivity, Meissner
effect, Josephson junctions and applications; Elementary ideas about high temperature super-conductivity.

Intrinsic and extrinsic semi-conductors- p-n-p and n-p-n transistors; Amplifiers and oscillators. Op-amps;
FET, JFET and MOSFET; Digital electronics-Boolean identities, De Morgan’s laws, Logic gates and truth
tables. Simple logic circuits; Thermistors, solar cells; Fundamentals of microprocessors and digital
computers.

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

PAPER- I

Political Theory and Indian Politics :

1. Political Theory: meaning and approaches.

2. Theories of state : Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluiralist, post-colonial and Feminist.

3. Justice : Conceptions of justice with special reference to Rawl’s theory of justice and its communitarian
critiques.

4. Equality : Social, political and economic; relationship between equality and freedom; Affirmative action.

5. Rights : Meaning and theories; different kinds of rights; Concept of Human Rights.

6. Democracy : Classical and contemporary theories; different models of democracy—representative,

participatory and deliberative.

7. Concept of power : hegemony, ideology and legitimacy.

8. Political Ideologies : Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism and Feminism.

9. Indian Political Thought: Dharamshastra, Arthashastra and Buddhist Traditions; Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan, Sri Aurobindo, M. K. Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, M. N. Roy.

10. Western Political Thought : Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci,
Hannah Arendt.

Indian Government and Politics

1. Indian Nationalism :

(a) Political Strategies of India’s Freedom Struggle : Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha, Non-
cooperation, Civil Disobedience; Militant and Revolutionary Movements, Peasant and Workers Movements.

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(b) Perspectives on Indian National Movement; Liberal, Socialist and Marxist; Radical Humanist and
Dalit.

2. Making of the Indian Constitution : Legacies of the British rule; different social and political
perspectives.

3. Salient Features of the Indian Constitution : The Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Duties, Directive
Principles; Parliamentary System and Amendment Procedures; Judicial Review and Basic Structure
doctrine.

4. (a) Principal Organs of the Union Government : Envisaged role and actual working of the Executive,
Legislature and Supreme Court.

(b) Principal Organs of the State Government : Envisaged role and actual working of the Executive,
Legislature and High Courts.

5. Grassroots Democracy : Panchayati Raj and Municipal Government; Significance of 73rd and 74th
Amendments; Grassroot movements.

6. Statutory Institutions/Commissions : Election Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General, Finance

Commission, Union Public Service Commission, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National
Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women; National Human Rights Commission,
National Commission for Minorities, National Backward Classes Commission.

7. Federalism : Constitutional provisions; changing nature of centre-state relations; integrationist

tendencies and regional aspirations; inter-state disputes.

8. Planning and Economic development : Nehruvian and Gandhian perspectives; Role of planning and
public sector; Green Revolution, land reforms and agrarian relations; liberalization and economic reforms.

9. Caste, Religion and Ethnicity in Indian Politics.

10. Party System : National and regional political parties, ideological and social bases of parties; Patterns
of coalition politics; Pressure groups, trends in electoral behaviour; changing socio-economic profile of
Legislators.

11. Social Movement : Civil liberties and human rights movements; women’s movements; environmentalist
movements.

PAPER-II

Comparative Politics and International Relations

Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics :

1. Comparative Politics : Nature and major approaches; Political economy and political sociology
perspectives; Limitations of the comparative method.

2. State in Comparative Perspective : Characteristics and changing nature of the State in capitalist and
socialist economies, and advanced industrial and developing societies.

3. Politics of Representation and Participation : Political parties, pressure groups and social movements
in advanced industrial and developing societies.

4. Globalisation : Responses from developed and developing societies.

5. Approaches to the Study of International Relations : Idealist, Realist, Marxist, Functionalist and
Systems theory.

6. Key Concepts in International Relations : National interest, security and power; Balance of power and

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deterrence; Transational actors and collective security; World capitalist economy and globalisation.

7. Changing International Political Order :

(a) Rise of super powers; Strategic and ideological Bipolarity, arms race and cold war; Nuclear threat;

(b) Non-aligned Movement : Aims and achievements.

(c) Collapse of the Soviet Union; Unipolarity and American hegemony; Relevance of non-alignment in
the contemporary world.

8. Evolution of the International Economic System : From Brettonwoods to WTO; Socialist economies and
the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance); Third World demand for new international economic
order; Globalisation of the world economy.

9. United Nations : Envisaged role and actual record; Specialized UN agencies—aims and functioning;
need for UN reforms.

10. Regionalisation of World Politics : EU, ASEAN, APEC, AARC, NAFTA.

11. Contemporary Global Concerns : Democracy, human rights, environment, gender justice terrorism,
nuclear proliferation.

India and the World

1. Indian Foreign Policy : Determinants of foreign policy; the institutions of policy-making; Continuity and
change.

2. India’s Contribution to the Non-Alignment Movement Different phases; Current role.

3. India and South Asia :

(a) Regional Co-operation : SAARC-past performance and future prospects.

(b) South Asia as a Free Trade Area.

(c) India’s “Look East” policy.

(d) Impediments to regional co-operation : River water disputes; illegal cross border migration; Ethnic
conflicts and insurgencies; Border disputes.

4. India and the Global South : Relations with Africa and Latin America; Leadership role in the demand
for NIEO and WTO negotiations.

5. India and the Global Centres of Power : USA, EU, Japan, China and Russia.

6. India and the UN System: Role in UN Peace-keeping; Demand for Permanent Seat in the Security
Council.

7. India and the Nuclear Question : Changing perceptions and policy.

8. Recent developments in Indian Foreign Policy : India’s position on the recent crises in Afghanistan,
Iraq and West Asia, growing relations with US and Isreal; Vision of a new world order.

PSYCHOLOGY

PAPER-I

Foundations of Psychology

1. Introduction : Definition of Psychology; Historical antecedents of Psychology and trends in the 21st
centrury; Psychology and scientific methods; Psychology in relation to other social sciences and natural
sciences; Application of Psychology to societal problems.

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2. Methods of Psychology : Types of research : Descriptive, evaluative, diagnostic and prognostic;

Methods of Research : Survey, observation, case-study and experiments; Characteristics of experimental
design and non-experimental designs; quasi-experimental designs; Focussed group discussions, brain
storming, grounded theory approach.

3. Research methods : Major steps in psychological research (problem statement, hypothesis

formulation, research design, sampling, tools of data collection, analysis and interpretation and report
writing); Fundamental versus applied research; Methods of data collection (interview, observation,
questionnaire and case study). Research Designs (Ex-post facto and experimental). Application of statistical
techniques (t-test, two-way ANOVA, correlation and regression and factor analysis) item response theory.

4. Development of Human Behaviour : Growth and development; Principles of development, Role of

genetic and environmental factors in determining human behaviour; Influence of cultural factors in
socialization; Life span development—Characteristics, development tasks, promoting psychological well-
being across major stages of the life span.

5. Sensation, Attention and Perception : Sensation: concepts of threshold, absolute and difference
thresholds, signal-detection and vigilance; Factors influencing attention including set and characteristics of
stimulus; Definition and concept of perception, biological factors in perception; Perceptual organization-
influence of past experiences, perceptual defence-factor influencing space and depth perception, size
estimation and perceptual readiness; The plasticity of perception; Extrasensory perception; Culture and
perception, Subliminal perception.

6. Learning : Concepts and theories of learning (Behaviourists, Gestaltalist and Information processing
models). The processes of extinction, discrimination and generalisation. Programmed learning, probability
learning, self instructional learning, concepts, types and the schedules of reinforcement, escape, avoidance
and punishment, modelling and social learning.
7. Memory : Encoding and remembering; Shot-term memory, Long-term memory, Sensory memory, Iconic
memory, Echoic memory: The Multistore model, levels of processing; Organization and Mnemonic
techniques to improve memory; Theories of forgetting: decay, interference and retrieval failure: Metamemory;
Amnesia: Anterograde and retrograde.
8. Thinking and Problem Solving : Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; Concept formation processes;
Information processing, Reasoning and problem solving, Facilitating and hindering factors in problem
solving, Methods of problem solving: Creative thinking and fostering creativity; Factors influencing decision
making and judgement; Recent trends.
9. Motivation and Emotion : Psychological and physiological basis of motivation and emotion;
Measurement of motivation and emotion; Effects of motivation and emotion on behaviour; Extrinsic and
intrinsic motivation; Factors influencing intrinsic motivation; Emotional competence and the related issues.
10. Intelligence and Aptitude : Concept of intelligence and aptitude, Nature and theories of intelligence-
Spearman, Thurstone, Gulford Vernon, Sternberg and J.P. Das; Emotional Intelligence, Social intelligence,
measurement of intelligence and aptitudes, concept of I Q deviation I Q, constancy of I Q; Measurement of
multiple intelligence; Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
11. Personality : Definition and concept of personality; Theories of personality (psychoanalytical, socio-
cultural, interpersonal, developmental, humanistic, behaviouristic, trait and type approaches);
Measurement of personality (projective tests, pencil-paper test); The Indian approach to personality;
Training for personality development; Latest approaches like big 5 factor theory; The notion of self in
different traditions.

Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.