ADAMA SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SPECIAL SCHOOL
MATHS & ICT DEPARTMENT

Subject: Information Technology

Grade: 9

Unit 1: ORGANIZATION OF FILES

Girma A.
Sept. 24, 2024
 Outlines

1.1 Basics of Files and Folders

1.2 Managing Files and Folders

1.3 Computer Drives

1.1 Basics of Files and Folders
 1.1 Basics of Files and Folders

Files: a file is a collection of data stored in one unit, identified by a filename.

✓It stores a data which can be a document, a picture, text, video, audio, etc.

✓Files are represented by an icon in a computer.

✓Icons are small graphical representation of a file.

✓Icons are usually used to help identify the type of file or program.

✓A computer file can be both system generated and created or transferred

from other sources.

 Cont…

Folders: it is, also called a directory.

✓It is a container which is used to store related files together.

✓A folder can also contain another folder inside that is called subfolders.

✓A file folder is a mechanism to keep your computer files in an organized

manner.
 Group discussion

➢What is the difference between files and folder?

➢Present the way you put things in your home such as your cloths,

exercise books and text books. Compare and contrast a messy home
and a tidy home. Which one is easy to locate things?
 Cont…

➢The difference between a file and a folder is that a file is a collection or

group of interrelated data and information whereas a folder is a container
used to store different files and subfolders.

➢We can have different types of Files such as text, video, document and
image and each has different extensions to identify their types but folders
do not have extensions.

➢If all your files were in a single place, every file would need a unique file
name.
Cont…
 CONT….
▪ How do you organize different files

such as document, image, video

and audio files in your desktop
computer?
 1.2 Managing Files and Folders

1.2.1: Using File Explorer

➢ File Explorer application is one of the primary ways of interacting with files and folders.

➢ It has the following main parts:

✓ Navigation pane

✓ Forward and Back buttons

✓ Ribbon

✓ Address bar

✓ Column heading

✓ Search box
File Explorer Parts and Their Descriptions
 Cont.…

Opening File Explorer:

➢There are different methods used to opening file explorer.

➢Using search bar

➢Using shortcut (Win key + E)

➢Using task bar

 Cont…

1. Navigation pane: it allows you to view and access your computer’s file and folder structure.
✓ On Navigation pane, there is a Quick Access area.

✓ It allows you to navigate quickly and easily to the folders that you use regularly or
frequently.

✓Question: How to add or pin a folder to the Quick access area?

✓Answer: right click on the folder name and then select Pin to Quick access from the
drop-down menu.

2. Forward and Back buttons: it enables you to go to folders you have previously opened.
 Cont…

3. Ribbon: Enables you to perform layout, formatting and sharing tasks.

✓ It also enables you to change your files’ and folders’ displays.

✓Question: How to display the Ribbon?

✓Answer: click on one of the menu items at the top of File Explorer.

4. Address bar: it Enables you to go to a different folder in the same Explorer window.

5. Column headings: Titles of each of the columns displayed in the file and folder list.

✓Question: How to add & remove column headings?

✓Answer: Click on a column heading and then select items you want to display.
 Cont…

6. Search box: it allows you to Search documents and folders in the current folder.

✓Question: How to search documents or files?

✓Answer: open file explorer and then type on search box what you want to
search.

7. File and folder listing: Shows you the files and folders in the current folder.

8. Preview/Details pane: Enables you to quickly preview an item, such as a photo,

without having to open that item.

9. Status bar: Displays information about a selected folder and its contents the
number of items selected and the total file size.
 cont.…

➢Creating New File: A file is created using a computer software program.

➢Example:

➢Notepad++: to create plain text file

➢WordPad, Microsoft Word and LibreOffice Writer: to create a text document file

➢Microsoft Paint, Paint 3D, Gimp and Adobe Photoshop: to create image files

➢ Microsoft PowerPoint: to creating presentation file

 Classwork

➢Create text file using notepad.

➢Create image file using Paint.

➢Create presentation file using power point.

 Cont….

➢Creating a New Folder: Creating a new folder can help you store related files in an
organized manner.

➢Copying a File: It is used to put the file in a duplicated manner.

➢Methods used to copy file or folder:

a) Using right click

b) Using shortcut (ctrl + C)
c) Using file explorer
➢ A file name must be unique; otherwise, a number will be appended to the end of a
file name.
 Cont….

➢Renaming File and Folder: it is the process of changing name.

➢Methods used to rename file or folder:

➢Using right click

➢Using key on the keyboard (F2)

➢Using file explorer

➢Once highlighted, wait a few seconds and click the file name again.
 Homework

1. Explain and define computer and computer system.

2. Write the acronym of computer.

 cont….

➢ Accessing Files and Folders: There are a number of ways you can navigate to your files and folders in File
Explorer. These methods are:
✓ Using the Address bar

✓ Forward and Backward buttons

✓ From the Folders/Navigation pane

✓ Using the Search function

➢ Moving Files and Folders on Computer: There are several methods available to move computer files and folders
(directories) from one source or level to another.

➢ These are:

✓ Cut and paste

✓ Drag-and-drop

✓ Use the “Move to Folder” command

 Cont…

➢ Deleting File and Folder: it is the process of clean up your drives or removing the files or folders
from drive.

➢ There are two types of delete.

➢ Temporary deleting

➢ Permanently deleting

➢ Searching a File on a Computer: it is the process of finding files or folders on the hard drive.

➢ Some of the methods used to search files:

✓ Using Start button:

✓ Using File Explorer

 Class work

➢Copy the image files you have created previously.

➢Rename the copied file to MyImage1.

➢Create subfolders that called Image

➢Move MyImage1 file to Image folder.

 1.3 Computer Drives

➢A drive is a computer hardware component used to store and retrieve data.

➢In the Windows operating system, a drive is usually referred to by a letter such as

C:, D:, or F:, but the Linux operating system is not like that.

➢A computer drive can be a,

➢Hard disk drive

➢CD/DVD drive

➢Removable disk (USB) flash drive, etc.

➢These are called secondary storage devices.

 Cont….

➢USB drives are commonly used for storage, data backup and transferring files

between devices.
 Unit 2

COMPUTER NETWORK
 UNIT OUTCOMES

At the end of this unit, learners will be able to:

✓Define what a computer network is.

✓Identify the building blocks of a computer network.

✓Compare and contrast the basic types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN) and

client server vs. peer to peer.

✓Describe the topologies of network.

✓Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of network.

✓Draw simple network diagrams using network device symbols.

2.1 Definition of Network
 2.1 Definition of Network

➢A network is a connection of two or more computers that are linked together

in order to share resources(such as printers, files and disks) or allow electronic

communications.

➢Example: Bluetooth-used to share files.

➢The central network device must connected to

ISP(Internet Service Provider) to use internet.

 2.2 Fundamental Elements of Network

➢Networks are comprised of four basic elements:

a) Hardware

b) Network software

c) Protocols and

d) Connection medium

➢ All data networks are comprised of these four elements, and cannot function without

them.
 Cont….

➢The backbone of any network is the hardware that runs it.

➢Network hardware includes end devices and intermediary devices.

➢Network software is also a foundational element for any network.

➢ This type of software helps to manage connected end devices and services the network
provides.

➢Protocols are set of rules to facilitate electronic communication across connected

device.

➢Transmission medium which can be wired or wireless, caries message between end

devices.
 Home work

➢List and briefly describe network devices used as intermediary devices.

➢List and briefly describe types of network cables.

 2.2.1 End Devices

➢End devices, which are also called hosts, are devices used to send or receive
data over the network.
➢The sending device is called a sender and the receiving one is a receiver.
➢Some examples of end devices are:
➢Computers(such as desktops, laptops, file servers and web servers etc.)
➢Network printers
➢Security cameras
➢Mobile handheld devices.
Cont…
 2.2.2 Intermediary devices

➢Intermediary devices interconnect end devices.

➢These devices interconnect and work behind the scenes to ensure data flow
across the network and the devices.
➢Intermediary devices connect the individual hosts to the network and also can
connect multiple individual networks to form an internetwork.
➢Without these hardware devices, end devices have no means of accessing a
network.
➢Intermediary device includes:
 Cont…

a) Network Interface Card (NIC)

➢Network Interface Card (NIC) is a computer hardware component that connects a
computer to a computer network.
➢NIC comes in a card form to be plugged into the computer system or can be
an integrated one as part of the systems board that you often see in laptops.
 Cont…

b) Repeater:
➢The electronic signal they carry will become weak after traveling a long distance.
➢Repeater enables a network segment to extend the coverage to reach beyond its
inherent distance limitation by refreshing or generating the weak network signal.
 Cont…

c) Switch:
➢A switch is a device that interconnects various devices such as computers,
printers and servers in a small business network.
➢Switch is more intelligent device than hub as it can segment a computer
network into smaller parts.
➢In addition, switch forwards packets to specific destination after learning the
network topology.
➢To perform this, switch uses a table which contains computer physical
address and switch port number on which a computer connected on.
➢A hub is unintelligent device which broadcasts all received packets to all
computers connected to it except the sender.
Cont…
 Cont…

d) Router:
➢It is such an intelligent device which operates in determination of pathways
for electronic messages in networks.
➢A router, as its name suggests, works with routing or finding a route through
a network.
➢That is, it is a router of a network.
➢The main objective of router is to connect dissimilar and different networks
simultaneously.
 Cont…

➢ Assume two different cases:

✓ Case 1: A computer sends a message for another computer within one network;
that is, both the sending and the receiving computers are connected to the same
switch.
✓ Case 2: A computer in one network segment sending a message to another
network connected to a different switch.
❖ The router usually works for case 2 type scenario.
➢ A router is selects best route to reach to the destination network.
➢ To do this, a router uses a mechanism called routing table, which contains
destination network field and interface number of routers.
Cont…
 Cont…

e) Wireless Access Points (WAP):

➢A WAP is used to connects various types of wireless communication devices
with wireless networks.
➢The connectivity is made possible through Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
technologies.
➢It acts as an intermediary between wireless and wired devices that are part of
a network.
 2.2.3 Communication Protocol

➢A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communications.

➢In order for different network hardware to interact with the network, they
should follow the same rules called protocols.
➢It is software that instructs network devices on how to connect to the network
and how to interact with one another.
➢Internet Protocol (IP) is one of the important communication protocols and
used for addressing network devices and forwarding data from one network to
another.
 2.2.4 Connection Media

➢Without physical connections, a network cannot function.

➢The connection media are the media which are used to carry the message from
sender to receiver.
➢We have two types of communication medium:
a) Wired medium: It is also called guided medium.
✓It is a cable that connects end devices.
✓Example: Copper and fiber optic cables.
✓The most common copper cable used in networks today is unshielded
twisted-pair cable (UTP), which uses electric signal to transmit message
for a maximum distance of 100 meters.
 Cont….

✓Fiber optic cable uses light to transmit signal at faster speed and longer
distance than copper cable.
b) Wireless medium: It is also called unguided medium or unbounded
transmission media.
✓It is used to communicate information through the air, water or vacuum.
✓Example: radio Waves, micro waves, infrared waves and satellite
communications.
 2.3 Types of Networks

➢There are different types of network classified based on the following four
categories:
✓Network media
✓ƒSize of the network or geographical coverage of the network
✓Topology
✓Resource security and access
 2.3.1 Types of Network Based on Connection Medium

➢Based on connection medium, computer networks are classified into wired and
wireless networks.
i. Wired Network: it is, also called Ethernet networks.
➢It is the most common type of local
area network (LAN) technology.
➢It is simply a collection of two or more computers, printers, and other
devices linked by Ethernet cables.
 Cont…

ii. Wireless Network: it haven’t physical connection with the wired network.
➢They get connected through the wireless access point (WAP).
➢It uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires.
➢It is another option for home or business networking.
➢It allows for devices to be shared without networking cable which increases
mobility.

Note: The backbone of wireless

network is always a wired network.
 2.3.2 Types of Networks Based on Size

➢The size of a network can be expressed in terms of the geographic area the
network occupies and the number of computers connected to the network.
➢Some of the network types based on size are:
i. Personal area network or PAN
ii. Local area network or LAN
iii. Metropolitan area network or MAN
iv. Wide area network or WAN
 Cont…

i. Personal area network or PAN: it is a computer network organized around

an individual person within a single building.
✓A common example is a wireless network that connects a computer with
its peripherals.
✓It covers 1m up to 10m distances.
✓A network created by Bluetooth is PAN.
✓Bluetooth is a short-range wireless network used to connect computer’s
peripheral components without wires like laptop, a mobile phone and a
television.
✓This type of network provides a great flexibility. It allows you to:
➢Send a document to the printer
➢Upload a photo from your cell phone to your desktop computer
➢Watch movies from an online streaming service to your TV
Cont..
 Cont…

ii. Local Area Network (LAN): it is generally an organizational or a privately owned

network within a single office, building or campus covering a distance of a few
kilometers.
✓It covers up to 1km distances.
✓The main reason for designing a LAN is to share resources such as storage spaces,
printers, programs and data.
✓It also enables the exchange of information.
✓The smallest LAN may use only two computers while larger LANs can
accommodate thousands of computers.
✓A LAN typically relies mostly on wired connections for increased speed and
security, but wireless connections can also be part of a LAN.
✓If a LAN is entirely wireless, it is referred to as a wireless local area network
(WLAN).
Cont…
 Cont…

iii. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): it is a network that is designed to cover an

entire city.
✓It covers up to 10km distances.
✓MAN used to interconnects a hospital, a school/collage and a factory local area
networks.
✓Examples: interconnection of banks with its branches in a given city.
Cont…
 Cont…

iv. Wide Area Network (WAN): it occupies a very large area such as an entire country
or the entire world.
✓It covers 100km up to 10,000km distances.
✓It can contain multiple smaller networks such as LANs or MANs.
✓Examples: Internet.
 Homework

❖List and explain types of wireless communication.

❖What is firewall?
 2.3.3 Types of Network Based on Topologies

✓Network topology defines how various computers or electronic devices

represented as nodes are connected to one another in the network.
✓It refers to the physical arrangement of devices in a network.
✓Typical network configurations include bus topology, mesh topology, star
topology, and ring topology.
 Cont…

i. Bus Topology: In these topology, there is a long cable called bus which acts as a
backbone for all the nodes.
✓It connects each computer or electronic device to a backbone cable (or bus) just
like a water pipe interconnections.
 Cont…

✓It is easy to install and uses less cables than other topologies.
✓However, fault isolation becomes very difficult in bus topology.
✓It is also relatively difficult to add new nodes to a bus, thus making it more
inflexible.
✓Because addition of a node changes the number of taps and the average distance
between them, which are generally optimized for a bus length.
✓Another demerit is that, if a portion of the bus breaks down, the whole bus cannot
function.
 Cont…

ii. Mesh Topology: it is also called complete topology.

✓In this topology, each node is connected to every other node by direct links.
✓It does not have traffic congestion problems due to dedicated links.
✓It has the advantage in terms of data security.
✓It is also robust.
✓Fault identification is also easy in this case.
✓The main demerit of this network scheme is cable length and consequent cost and
complexity.
✓This is clearly impractical for medium to large networks.
Cont…
 Cont…

iii. Star Topology: In this topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link
only to a central controller, usually called a switch.
✓The devices are not directly linked to one another.
✓It does not allow direct traffic between devices.
✓In this topology, nodes send data to central controller.
✓It is cheaper than mesh topology.
✓It is also relatively easier to install, maintain and reconfigure.
✓It is also robust. However, if the switch goes down, the entire network becomes
defunct.
Cont…
 Cont…

iv. Ring Topology: In this topology, each node is directly connected to only its two
adjacent neighbors.
✓If a node wants to send something to a distant node on a ring, it has to go through
many intermediate nodes, which act like repeaters, reproducing the incoming bit
stream with full signals on the outgoing line.
✓It is easy to reconfigure and install.
✓In a ring, a signal normally circulates all the time.
✓A node not receiving any signal for a long time indicates a fault. Therefore, fault
isolation is relatively easy in a ring.
✓In a ring, if a node fails, the whole ring cannot function.
✓Another demerit is that traffic flows only in one direction.
✓This topology is not used if the number of nodes to be connected is very high.
Cont…
Cont…
 Group Discussion

Problem solving question

➢Choose the best topology to use to connect the computers

in the ICT lab.

➢Explain why you chose it.

 2.3.4 Types of Network Based on Resource Security and Access

✓There are two types of network based on this criteria. Those are:
1) Peer-to-Peer Network: in this each machine (computer) is known as peer and can
participate in the sharing of files or resources.
✓ No server is required in this network, so there is no additional cost for a
dedicated machine, but there is also no a real security.
✓ It is also called workgroup.
✓ There is no hierarchy among the computers. This mean that all computers are
peers (equals).
✓ The number of computers in peer-to-peer network usually does not exceed 10.
 Cont…

Advantages of peer-to-peer network

➢Server is not required.

➢All computers are equal in the network.

➢No additional cost is needed for dedicated-machine.

Disadvantages of peer-to-peer network

➢Provides share level security, i.e. it applies a trust-based security.

➢Can work in small environments only.

 Cont…

2) Client-server Network: it involves multiple clients or workstations, connecting to

at least one central server.
✓ Most resources are installed on the server.
✓ Client is a computer which requests resources and services.
✓ Server is a computer which provides services and resources according to client
requests.
✓ Servers often have private user directories as well as multiple public directories.
✓ It is easier to upgrade software applications and files.
✓ In this, security is handled by the server due to this security is strong.
 Cont…

Summarizes the difference between peer-to-peer and client network.

 Group Work at Home

✓ Ask your parents or adults you have close contact about the following and discuss
them in classroom.
1. Discuss whether peer-to-peer or client-server network is more appropriate for:
a. A small home network.
b. A school laboratory network.
2. Discuss advantages and disadvantages you considered for the selection of the
network type in question 1 above.
 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Network

Advantages of network
1) Sharing data and information: it shares documents, images, photos, songs and
videos between each devices.
2) Communication: quickly communicate with each other either using chatting or
instant messaging.
3) Sharing hardware: it can be shared:
➢ Storage devices such as Hard Disk that are shared on a storage server, which is
also called NAS (Network attached storage).
➢ A printer
➢ Fax machines, Scanners, more powerful computers, such as super computers.
 Cont…

4) Share software – Different application software and Internet-based services (E-

learning) can be shared over the network.

5) Transferring money: allows a person or business to digitally transfer money

between banks and users.

 Cont…

Disadvantages of network
1) Virus and malware– viruses may be share with files that are shared.
2) Vulnerabilities: it can introduce new security issues or vulnerabilities to the
computer.
3) Complex: it requires someone with a lot of experience or certification.
4) Cost: it incurs cost to setting up…
5) Social media effect on youth and adults: youths, including students, waste their
time on use of social media and unsafe Internet resources.
➢ There are also many cyber security threats such as cyberbullying,
disinformation/misinformation and identity theft.
Unit 3 APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
 UNIT OUTCOMES

At the end of this unit, learners will be able to:

✓Indent a paragraph.
✓Align text by using icons on the menu bar and selecting paragraph from formatting
menu.
✓Apply bullets and numbers in text.
✓Insert and delete page break and page number in a document.
✓Add and delete headers and footers in a document
✓Manipulate data in spread sheet.
✓Create a presentation in PowerPoint
3.1 Using Application Software
 Cont…

✓Application software is used to perform specific tasks.

✓Some examples of application software are:
➢ Word processing software
➢ Presentation software
➢ Spreadsheet software
✓Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft Notepad
(for writing and editing simple text).
✓It may also consist of a collection of programs called a software package, which
work together to accomplish a task.
✓It may also include a larger collection of programs (a software suite).
✓Example: Microsoft Office Suite.
 3.2 Word Processing

✓Word Processing refers to the act of using a computer to create, edit, save and print

documents including, but not limited to, textual reports, letters, memos, newsletters
and brochures.

✓An application software that process word is called Word Processor.

✓Example of Word Processor are:

➢Microsoft Word

➢OpenOffice Writer

➢LibreOffice and

➢Google docs
Cont…
 Cont..

✓Some of the functions of word processing software include:

➢Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.

➢Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.

➢Formatting text such as font type, bolding, underlining or italicizing.

➢Creating and editing tables.

➢Inserting elements such as illustrations and photographs from other software.

➢Correcting spelling and grammar.

➢Providing different templates for repetitive tasks.

 Homework

1. Write the difference between word processing software and

notepad.
 3.2.1 Starting Microsoft Office Word Program In Windows

✓How to create document using Microsoft Office Word?

✓Simply we can use two method.

➢Method 1: click on start => select Microsoft word => select create document

➢Method 2: use search bar

3.2.1 Microsoft Office Word User Interface
Cont…
 3.2.3 Paragraph Formatting

✓A paragraph is a collection of words, numbers or any combination of them.

✓It is organized in a section that describes a particular idea or point.

✓Formatting a paragraph can be a little combination of different commands. These

include:

✓Indention

✓Alignments

✓Bulleting and Numbering

 Cont…

✓Line and Paragraph Spacing.

✓Multi-level list

✓Sorting text

✓Shading and different borders.

Cont…
 Cont…

a. Setting Indents

✓Indentation means how far you want to move the paragraph away from the left or the

right margin.

✓In Microsoft Word, there are four methods to do paragraph indentation:

➢The Tab Key method

➢The Ruler method: there are 3 ruler indenting marker such as first line, hanging &

left ident marker.

➢The Indent Command method

➢The Paragraph Dialog Box method

 Cont…

b. Text Alignment

✓Alignment determines the appearance and orientation of the edges of the paragraph

✓There are four types of alignment. Those are: left-alignment, right-alignment,

centered or justified text.

c. Manipulating Lists

✓There are two types of lists: bulleted and numbered lists.

d. Line and Paragraph Spacing

✓The default space between the lines is 1.15.

 3.2.4 Inserting and Deleting a Page Break in a Document

✓A page break is the location in a document where one page ends and a new page
begins.
✓Ctrl + Enter: shortcut used to break page.

✓The Breaks menu contains options for inserting three types of breaks:

✓Page Inserts: Inserts a manual page break where one page ends and the new page
begins.
✓Column: Inserts a manual column break where a text will begin in the next column after
the column break.
✓Text Wrapping: Separates the text around objects on a web page, such as caption text
from body text.
 3.2.5 Insert and Delete Page Number in Document

✓Page number used to identify different pages in Word document.

✓Page numbers are usually placed in the header, footer or side margins.

Lab work

✓How to insert and delete page number in document?

 3.2.6 Adding and Deleting Headers and Footers in Document

✓Headers and footers generally contain additional information such as page numbers,

dates, author’s name and footnotes.

✓It used to organize documents and make it easier to read.

✓A header appears at the top of a document page.

✓The footer appears at the bottom.

Lab work

✓How to adding & deleting header & footers in documents?

 Cont…

Inserting Preset Header or Footer

✓What is preset in Header or Footer?

✓It is used to enhance the design and layout of your documents.

✓It contain text placeholders called Content Control fields.

 Cont…

Lab work

✓How to Inserting Preset Header or Footer and edit a Content Control field?

✓How to edit Headers and Footers?

✓How to remove Headers and Footers?

N.B: Esc key used to close Headers and Footers.

 3.3 Manipulating Data in Spreadsheet

✓Spreadsheet software is application software capable of organizing, storing and

analyzing data in tabular form.

✓Example: MS-Excel, Google sheet, Libre office calc….

MS-Excel

✓It provides powerful tools that enable users to organize, analyze, manage and share

information easily.

✓It use formulas to calculate numerical data.

 3.3.1 Using Mathematical Operators

✓Excel uses standard operators, such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication

(*), division (/) and a caret (^) for exponents, for formulas.

✓In Excel, the formula is stored internally and the results are displayed in the cell.

✓The formula bar display the content of active cell.

✓All formulas should begin with an equal sign (=).

 Cont…

Lab work

✓Open MS- Excel and perform some calculation.

 3.3.2 Using Cell References in Formulas

✓A cell reference identifies a cell’s location in the worksheet.

✓In an Excel, each cell has a unique identifier indicating its column and row.

✓In an Excel, cell reference is not case sensitive.

✓Using a cell reference gives you more flexibility.

✓Updating data
 3.3.3 Using Relative Cell References in Formula

✓A relative cell reference is the one that adjusts the cell identifier automatically when

you insert or delete columns or rows or copy the formula to another cell.

✓A relative cell reference is, therefore, one whose references change “relative” to the

location where it is copied or moved.

Lab work

✓Exercise relative cell reference.

 3.3.4 Copying Formulas with the Fill Handle

✓Fill handle is used to copy formula or data to adjacent cells.

Fill handle
Lab work

✓Exercise fill handle.

 3.3.5 Using Absolute Cell References in Formula

✓It remains constant even if the reference is copied or moved to another cell or sheet.

✓To make an absolute cell reference, use the dollar sign ($) before the column and

row of the cell you want to reference.

✓F4 key used to insert dollar sign (making cell reference absolute).

Lab work

✓Exercise absolute cell reference.

 Classwork

➢Why we use spreadsheet?

➢Compare and contrast formula and function.

➢What does it mean when we say, using a cell reference gives you more

flexibility?

➢What is the d/f b/n relative and absolute Cell References?

➢What is fill handle?

 3.4 Creating Presentation

✓It is specifically designed to allow you to display slides using a computer during a

presentation.

✓Example: Microsoft PowerPoint, Google slides, and LibreOffice Impress.

✓Presentations consist of a number of individual pages or slides.

✓Each slide may contain text, graphics, sound, movies and other objects that can be

freely arranged.

✓A presentation package helps both the speaker and the participant with access to

his/her ideas and visual information respectively.

 3.4.1 Opening PowerPoint

✓New - open a blank presentation or Templates and Themes.

✓Open - navigate to an existing file to view.

✓Recent – open recently created presentations and their file locations.

Lab work

✓Open & create presentation

 3.4.2 Adding PowerPoint Slides

✓When we click a blank presentation, PowerPoint will open a presentation with a Title

Slide.

✓Placeholder used to contain data.

✓Ctrl+M- used to insert new slide page.

Lab work

✓Practice insert new slide

 3.4.3 Slide Layouts

✓The slide layout is the arrangement of all the items that make up your slide, such as

title, graphics or text boxes.

✓There are several standard slide layouts such as title slide, title and content….

Lab work

✓Practice change slide layout

 3.4.4 Applying a Theme

✓A theme is a predefined set of colors, fonts, and visual effects that you apply to your

slides for a unified, professional look.

✓Avoid busy backgrounds and primary colors.

✓Use sans serif fonts like Arial, Calibri and Helvetica for titles and size them between

44 and 60, 32 to 40 points for subheading and 18 to 32 points for body text.

✓Try not to use more than two fonts.

Lab work

✓Practice applying theme for your presentation

 3.4.5 Changing Slide Backgrounds

✓Power point have some preset background styles.

✓If you do not want to use a theme, you can add background styles.

✓Using the Format Background feature, you can choose fill colors, gradients,

transparencies, textures or pictures for your background.

Lab work

✓Practice change slide background

 3.4.6 Formatting Bulleted Lists

Lab work

✓Insert different bullet list and numbering, space between line and indentation
 Classwork

➢Create a presentation that has 5 slides. Each slide must have a unique slide layout.

➢Try to apply themes for the created slide.

➢Try to change the themes to the background style.

➢Try to apply different background styles for each slide.

➢Try to insert bulleting and numbering

➢Try to apply a transition

➢Try to apply animation

➢ Finally, present your work

 3.4.7 Adding Content

➢Text is the default content of the slide below.

➢The format for the default text is a bulleted list.

➢You can add different graphical elements such as table, chart, SmarArt, pictures,

online pictures & video.

 Cont…

a. Inserting Tables in PowerPoint (PPT)

➢You can insert table in ppt through two way

a) Select insert=>click on table=>select insert table

b) Click on the table icon that exist on slide.

Lab work

Insert table
 Cont…

b. Inserting Charts in PPT

➢You can insert chart in ppt through two ways:

a) Select insert=>click on chart=>select type of chart you want

b) Click on the chart icon that exist on slide.

Lab work

Insert chart
 Cont…

c. Inserting SmartArt Graphics in PPT

➢SmartArt graphics are shapes that are designed to represent the relationship

between things or people.

Lab work

✓Insert smartArt
 Cont…

d. Inserting Pictures in PPT

➢Rather than using too much text on your slides, consider using pictures.

Lab work

✓Insert picture
 Cont…

e. Inserting Online Pictures in PPT

➢Online pictures have replaced the old Clip Art.

Lab work

✓Insert clipart/online picture

 Cont…

f. Inserting Videos/Media in PPT

➢You can embed a video or link to a video from your presentation.

➢If you want to limit the size of your file, you can link to a video file on your local

drive or to a video file that you uploaded to a web site such as YouTube.

Lab work

✓Insert video or create link

 3.4.8 Viewing Presentations

➢There are four different ways to view your presentation in PowerPoint:

➢Normal

➢Slide sorter

➢Notes page and

➢Reading views.

➢Status bar or the View Tab used to access this views.

 Cont….

➢Normal View: displays a single slide.

✓Speaker notes can be added in the bottom section of this window.

✓This view is used to create and edit slides.

➢Slide Sorter View: used to shows thumbnails of your slides.

✓It used to reorder slides

✓It also used to set the timing for the slide show.

✓You can also hide slides in this view.

➢Notes Page View: allows the speaker to create notes to use during a presentation.

✓Each page corresponds to one slide.

✓These can be printed to assist the presenter during the presentation.

✓Use this view when you are composing speaking topics.

➢Reading View/Slide: Show View displays the slides as an audience will see them.

✓Use the Esc key to return to normal view.

 Cont….

➢Slide Show Tab

✓ It allows you to review the slide show from the beginning to the end or from

the current (active) slide.

Lab work

✓Practice slide show

 3.4.9 Changing Order of Slides in Presentation

Lab work

✓Practice changing order of slides