Sohan Matlab

BTCS 305-18 IT WORKSHOP FILE 2301695
IT WORSKHOP
PRACTICAL FILE
BTCS 305-18
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Mr Vinay Chopra Name: Sohan
B.Tech CSE B (3rd Sem)
Class Roll no: 847/23
Uni. Roll no: 2301695
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INDEX
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO SIGNATURE
1 Introduction to MATLAB 3-5
2 Basics of MATLAB 6-12
3 Variables in MATLAB 13-14
4 Datatypes in MATLAB 15-18
5 Operators in MATLAB 19-22
6 Matrix in MATLAB 23-27
7 Arrays in MATLAB 28-29
8 Scripts and Functions in MATLAB 30-31
9 Conditional Statements in MATLAB 32-37
10 Loops in MATLAB 38-39
11 Plotting in MATLAB 40-43
12 Graphs in MATLAB 44-48
13 Polynomial in MATLAB 49-50
14 Algebra in MATLAB 51-54
15 Calculus in MATLAB 55-56
16 Certificate 57
17 Project made using c 58-60
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Introduction to MATLAB:
MATLAB, short for MATrix LABoratory, is a high-level programming environment
developed by MathWorks, widely used for numerical computation, data analysis,
algorithm development, and visualization. Initially designed for matrix-based linear
algebra, MATLAB has evolved into a versatile tool supporting an extensive range of
engineering and scientific applications. At its core, MATLAB provides an intuitive
syntax, making it accessible for beginners while offering advanced features for
professionals. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in a single
environment, enabling users to perform complex mathematical operations and create
comprehensive data visualizations with ease.
One of MATLAB’s distinguishing features is its interactive desktop environment,

which includes components such as the Command Window for executing commands,
the Workspace for managing variables, and the Editor for writing scripts and
functions. It also provides dedicated tools like the Figure Window for visualizing data
and the File Browser for managing projects. These features are complemented by a
vast library of built-in functions that simplify solving problems across various
domains, including signal processing, control systems, optimization, and machine
learning. MATLAB’s powerful visualization capabilities allow users to create 2D and
3D plots, animations, and interactive dashboards, making it an essential tool for
exploring and presenting data.
The platform is further enhanced by its toolboxes—specialized libraries designed to

extend MATLAB’s functionality in specific areas. Popular toolboxes include the
Signal Processing Toolbox, Image Processing Toolbox, Optimization Toolbox, and
Deep Learning Toolbox. Additionally, MATLAB integrates seamlessly with
Simulink, a complementary product used for model-based design and simulation of
dynamic systems, making it ideal for industries like automotive, aerospace, and
robotics. Beyond its built-in capabilities, MATLAB supports integration with
languages like C, C++, Java, and Python, and it facilitates hardware interfacing,
enabling the development of real-world applications.
MATLAB’s applications are vast and diverse. It is used in academia for teaching and
research, providing students and researchers with an intuitive platform to solve
equations, analyze datasets, and simulate physical systems. In industry, it is employed
for designing control systems, performing financial modeling, developing machine
learning algorithms, and conducting real-time signal analysis. Its ability to prototype
and deploy algorithms efficiently makes it a preferred choice for engineers and
scientists.
Despite its advantages, MATLAB has some limitations. Its proprietary nature and
high cost can be barriers for individuals and smaller organizations. Additionally, while
MATLAB excels at prototyping, it may not match the execution speed of lower-level
programming languages like C or Python for highly optimized applications.
Nevertheless, MATLAB’s versatility, extensive documentation, and strong
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community support make it one of the most powerful tools for numerical computing
and algorithm development.
In summary, MATLAB is a comprehensive platform that bridges the gap between

theoretical concepts and practical applications, empowering users to solve complex
problems and innovate across a wide array of fields. Its user-friendly environment,
robust computational capabilities, and rich set of features ensure its continued
relevance in both academic and professional settings.
MATLAB is a powerful and versatile platform designed to meet the needs of researchers,
engineers, and scientists across a wide range of fields. Its popularity stems from its unique
combination of features, which make it ideal for tackling complex computational
problems, visualizing data, and developing algorithms. Below are the key reasons why
MATLAB stands out and why it is widely used:
1. Ease of Use
MATLAB offers an intuitive and user-friendly interface, making it accessible for

beginners while also catering to advanced users. Its high-level language allows users to
write programs and scripts with straightforward syntax, reducing the time needed to learn
and implement concepts. Built-in functions and toolboxes further simplify complex tasks.
2. Comprehensive Toolboxes
MATLAB’s extensive library of specialized toolboxes enables users to work on domain-

specific applications. For instance:
 The Signal Processing Toolbox aids in filtering, Fourier transforms, and spectral
analysis.
 The Image Processing Toolbox provides tools for image enhancement,
segmentation, and noise removal.
 The Optimization Toolbox helps solve mathematical optimization problems.
 The Deep Learning Toolbox supports neural network modeling and training.
3. Powerful Visualization
MATLAB excels in data visualization, allowing users to create a wide variety of plots,
graphs, and animations. From simple 2D plots to intricate 3D visualizations, MATLAB
makes it easy to explore data and present results in a visually appealing manner.
Interactive tools further enhance the analysis process by enabling real-time adjustments.
4. Interactive Development Environment
MATLAB’s integrated development environment (IDE) combines coding, debugging,

and visualization in one workspace. Key features like the Command Window for
immediate execution, the Editor for writing scripts, and the Workspace for variable
management streamline the workflow and enhance productivity.
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5. Applications Across Diverse Fields
MATLAB is widely used across industries for tasks such as:
 Numerical computing: Solving linear equations, calculus, and differential

equations.
 Data analysis: Cleaning, processing, and visualizing large datasets.
 Machine learning: Building and training predictive models.
 Signal and image processing: Analyzing audio, video, and image data.
 Control systems: Designing and simulating dynamic systems.
 Financial modeling: Performing risk analysis and portfolio optimization.
6. Integration and Flexibility
MATLAB supports integration with other programming languages such as Python,

C/C++, and Java, providing flexibility for developers. It also facilitates hardware
integration, enabling real-time control systems and data acquisition.
7. Prototyping and Deployment
MATLAB is an excellent platform for rapid prototyping. Its efficient computation

capabilities allow users to test algorithms quickly before deploying them to production
environments. MATLAB Compiler and MATLAB Coder facilitate the deployment of
applications across different platforms.
8. Strong Community and Documentation
MATLAB has a robust community of users, along with extensive documentation and
tutorials provided by MathWorks. These resources make troubleshooting and learning
new skills easier.
9. Cross-Platform Compatibility
MATLAB runs on multiple operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux,
ensuring compatibility for users in various environments.
Conclusion
MATLAB is a versatile and efficient tool for solving complex problems, visualizing data,
and implementing algorithms. Whether you're an engineer working on a control system, a
data scientist building predictive models, or a student learning linear algebra, MATLAB’s
capabilities make it an indispensable resource for computation and innovation. Its ease of
use, powerful features, and broad applications justify its widespread adoption in both
academic and professional settings.
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EXPERIMENT 1: BASICS OF MATLAB

MATLAB, an acronym for MATrix LABoratory, is a powerful computational tool
used for numerical computation, algorithm development, data analysis, and
visualization. It is designed to perform matrix operations efficiently, making it
particularly popular in engineering, science, and mathematics. This section provides a
detailed explanation of the basics of MATLAB, from its interface to core
functionalities.
MATLAB Environment: The MATLAB environment is an integrated platform

where users interact with tools to perform computations and develop algorithms.
Its primary components include:
1.Command Window: The Command Window is the interactive interface where users
execute commands and view immediate results.
Figure 1
Commands can be typed directly, making it suitable for quick calculations and testing
code snippets.
Example: a = 5; b = 10; c = a + b
Output: c = 15
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2. Command History: In MATLAB, the Command History window is a log of all

the statements you've run in the current and previous sessions. It includes the time and
date of each session, along with the statements from that session.
Figure 2
Here are some things you can do with the Command History window:
Re-execute a line: Double-click the line in the Command History window.
Select a range of lines: Shift-click to select contiguous lines, or Command-click to

select non-contiguous lines.
Open the Command History window: Press the Up Arrow key (↑) or type command
history in the Command Window.
Display a specific statement: Type part of the statement at the prompt, then press the
Up Arrow key.
Keep the Command History window open: Click the action button, then select
Detach or Dock.
Save the Command History: Select File > Preferences > Command History, then set
the Saving option to Save after n commands.
You can also remove commands or figures from the Command History in MATLAB
Mobile.
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3. Workspace: In MATLAB, the workspace is where you can store and manage
variables that you create or import into the program:
Figure 3
View and edit: Use the Workspace browser to view and edit the contents of your
workspace. You can also edit scalar variables directly in the Workspace browser.
Display statistics: Use the Workspace browser to display statistics for variables and
objects, such as minimum, maximum, and mean.
Save and load: Save your data to a compressed file with a .mat extension to use across
multiple sessions. You can restore saved data by loading a MAT-file back into
MATLAB.
Set preferences: Open Workspace preferences to specify Maximum array size to limit
the number of elements of arrays saved to a MATLAB script.
List variables: Use the who function to list variables in the workspace.
Analyze variable usage: Use the Model Explorer to analyze how a model uses variables.
There are also different types of workspaces in MATLAB, including:
Base workspace: Stores variables that you create at the command line. Variables in the
base workspace exist until you clear them or end your MATLAB session.
Model workspace: Initialized from a data source when the model is loaded. You can use
the Simulink Model Workspace object to perform tasks related to the model workspace.
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4. Editor: MATLAB has two editors, the MATLAB Editor and the MATLAB Live
Editor:
MATLAB Editor: Allows users to enter commands, save scripts, write functions, set
breakpoints, and more. To open the editor, type edit or edit filename.
Figure 4
The MATLAB editor features include: syntax highlighting, auto-indentation, parenthesis

matching, code completion, debugging tools like breakpoints, step-through execution,
live editing with the ability to combine code, formatted text, and output visualizations
within a single document, and the option to publish live scripts as HTML, PDF, or other
formats; allowing users to create interactive and well-documented MATLAB code.
MATLAB Live Editor: Allows users to create interactive documents called Live Scripts
that combine code, output, and formatted text. Live Scripts can be shared with others as
PDFs, Word documents, HTML, or LaTeX documents.
The MATLAB Live Editor allows users to create interactive documents by combining
code, formatted text, images, equations, and hyperlinks, displaying output alongside the
code that produced it, enabling easy visualization and documentation of analysis while
allowing for interactive exploration of parameters through features like section-by-section
execution and live controls like sliders and dropdowns.
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Figure 5
Key features of the MATLAB Live Editor:
Combined code and output: View results (plots, text, numerical values) directly next to
the code that generated them.
Formatted text: Add headings, paragraphs, lists, and other text formatting options to
enhance readability.
Equation editing: Insert mathematical equations using a dedicated editor or LaTeX

syntax.
Image integration: Embed images within the live script for visual explanation.
Section execution: Divide code into sections and run them individually, allowing for step-
by-step analysis.
Interactive controls: Add sliders, dropdowns, checkboxes, and other controls to modify
variables and observe changes in real-time.
Live tasks: Create interactive tasks that guide users through parameter exploration and
code generation.
Sharing capability: Export live scripts as various formats like PDF, HTML, or Markdown
for easy sharing with others.
Code generation: Automatically generate code based on adjustments made through

interactive controls.
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Hide code view: Option to hide the code and only display the formatted text and outputs
for presentation purposes.
To create a Live Script, you can: Go to the Home tab>>Click New Live Script>>Add the
Census Data >>Divide your live script into sections.
5. Figure Window: A "figure window" in MATLAB refers to the individual graphical

window where plots, images, and other visual outputs are displayed; essentially, it's the
primary area on your screen where you see the results of your MATLAB code, created
using the "figure" function.
Figure 6
Key points about figure windows:
Creating a figure: To open a new figure window, use the command figure() in your
MATLAB code.
Manipulating properties: You can customize various aspects of a figure window like its
title, color, size, and more using property-value pairs when creating the figure.
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Current figure: At any time, only one figure window is considered the "current figure,"
which is where new graphics commands will draw their output.
6. Current Folder: The current folder is a reference location that MATLAB uses to find
files. This folder is sometimes referred to as the current directory, current working folder,
or present working directory. To open the Current Folder browser if it is not currently
visible, on the Home tab, in the Environment section, click Layout. Then, in the Show
section, select Current Folder. In MATLAB Online™, the Current Folder browser is
called the Files panel. To show or hide the Files panel, click its icon in the sidebar.
Figure 7
7. MATLAB Syntax: MATLAB syntax is simple and designed for matrix and array
operations.
Example:
Figure 8
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EXPERIMENT 2: VARIABLES
Creating Variables: To create a variable enter the name of the variable in the command
window, followed by an = operator, and then assign it some values.
Figure 9
Output:
Figure 10
Assigning Vectors to Variables: A vector is a one-dimensional array of numbers.

Matlab allows you two types of vector:
Row Vector
Column Vector.
Row Vectors: These are created by enclosing numbers in square brackets separating
with either space or comma.
Example:
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Figure 11
Output:
Figure 12
Column Vector: These are created by enclosing numbers in square brackets,

separating each number with ;(semicolon).
Example:
Figure 13
Output:
Figure 14
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EXPERIMENT 3: DATA TYPES

MATLAB is a platform which provides millions of Engineers and Scientists to
analyze data using programming and numerical computing algorithm and also help in
creating models. Data types are particular types of data items defined by the values
they can store in them, generally, in programming languages they are used.
In MATLAB we do not require any type of declaration statement, when it gets any
new variable name it creates the variable and allocates appropriate memory space to it
but if the variable name already exists it will replace the original content with new
content and allocate it to new storage space when required.
Syntax: variable name = a value (or an expression)
Example:
Figure 15
Output:
Figure 16
In MATLAB data can be stored in different types, numeric, text, complex number,
etc. To store these data MATLAB has different classes which have various
characteristics. MATLAB provides a total of 16 fundamental data types.
Figure 17
Logic Type: Logic types are True and false values that are represented with the
logical value 0 and 1. Any numerical value (non-complex) can be converted into a
logical representation.
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Syntax: G = logical (x)
Example:
Figure 18
Output:
Figure 19
Char and String type: In MATLAB character and string array provide storage for
text type data. The strings are character array compared with the sequence of numbers
called a numeric array.
Syntax: s = ‘String’
Example:
Figure 20
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Output:
Figure 21
Table: The table contains rows and column variables. Each variable can be of
different data types and different sizes, but each variable needs to have the same
number of rows. Range of functions are used to access data to create, edit, and read
the table data.
Example:
Figure 22
Output:
Figure 23
Cell: A cell array is a MATLAB data type that contains indexed data containers called
cells. Cells can contain any type of data, commonly contain character vectors of
different lengths, numbers, an array of numbers of any size. Sets of cells are enclosed
in () and access to the cells is done by using {} which is to create, edit or delete any
cell functions.
Example
Output:
Figure 24
Function Handles: Function Handles is majorly used in MATLAB is to pass a

function (numerical or char) to another function. Variables that are used to invoke
function indirectly can be named as a Function handle.
Example: To create a function handle to evaluate x^2 + y^2
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Output:
Figure 25
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EXPERIMENT 4: OPERATORS
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or
logical manipulations. MATLAB is designed to operate primarily on whole matrices
and arrays. Therefore, operators in MATLAB work both on scalar and non-scalar
data. MATLAB allows the following types of elementary operations −
Arithmetic Operators: MATLAB allows two different types of arithmetic operations

 Matrix arithmetic operations
 Array arithmetic operations
Matrix arithmetic operations: These are same as defined in linear algebra. Array
operations are executed element by element, both on one-dimensional and
multidimensional array.
Examples:
Figure 26
Output:
Figure 27
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Relational Operators: Relational operators can also work on both scalar and non-
scalar data. Relational operators for arrays perform element-by-element comparisons
between two arrays and return a logical array of the same size, with elements set to
logical 1 (true) where the relation is true and elements set to logical 0 (false) where it
is not.
Example:
Figure 28
Output:
Figure 29
Logical Operators: MATLAB offers two types of logical operators and functions
 Element-wise − These operators operate on corresponding elements of logical
arrays.
 Short-circuit − These operators operate on scalar and, logical expressions.
Example:
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Figure 30
Output:
Figure 31
Bitwise Operations: Bitwise operators work on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation.
The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows −
Examples:
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Figure 32
Output:
Figure 33
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EXPERIMENT 5: MATRIX
A matrix is a two-dimensional array of numbers. In MATLAB, you create a matrix by
entering elements in each row as comma or space delimited numbers and using
semicolons to mark the end of each row.
Example:
Figure 34
Output:
Figure 35
Referencing the Elements of a Matrix:To reference an element in the mth row and
nth column, of a matrix mx,
Example:
Figure 36
Output: ans = 6
Deleting a Row or a Column in a Matrix: You can delete an entire row or column
of a matrix by assigning an empty set of square braces [] to that row or column.
Basically, [] denotes an empty array.
Example:
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Figure 37
Output:
Figure 38
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices: You can add or subtract matrices. Both the
operand matrices must have the same number of rows and columns.
Example:
Figure 39
Output:
Figure 40
Division of Matrices: You can divide two matrices using left (\) or right (/) division
operators. Both the operand matrices must have the same number of rows and
columns.
Example:
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Figure 41
Output:
Figure 42
Transpose of a Matrix: The transpose operation switches the rows and columns in a
matrix. It is represented by a single quote(').
Example:
Figure 43
Output:
Figure 44
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Concatenating Matrices: You can concatenate two matrices to create a larger matrix.
The pair of square brackets '[]' is the concatenation operator.MATLAB allows two
types of concatenations
Horizontal concatenation
Vertical concatenation
Example:
Figure 45
Output:
Figure 46
Determinant of a Matrix: Determinant of a matrix is calculated using

the det function of MATLAB. Determinant of a matrix A is given by det(A).
Example:
Figure 47
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Output:
Figure 48
Inverse of a Matrix: The inverse of a matrix A is denoted by A−1 such that the
following relationship holds
AA−1 = A−1A = 1
Example:
Figure 49
Output:
Figure 50
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EXPERIMENT 6: ARRAYS
Special Arrays in MATLAB: In this section, we will discuss some functions that
create some special arrays. For all these functions, a single argument creates a square
array, double arguments create rectangular array.The zeros() function creates an array
of all zeros
Example: Zeros(5)
Output:
Figure 51
A Magic Square: A magic square is a square that produces the same sum, when its
elements are added row-wise, column-wise or diagonally.The magic() function creates
a magic square array. It takes a singular argument that gives the size of the square.
The argument must be a scalar greater than or equal to 3.
Example: Magic(4)
Output:
Figure 52
Multidimensional Arrays: An array having more than two dimensions is called a

multidimensional array in MATLAB. Multidimensional arrays in MATLAB are an
extension of the normal two-dimensional matrix. Generally to generate a
multidimensional array, we first create a two-dimensional array and extend it.
Example:
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Figure 53
Output:
Figure 54
Cell Array: Cell arrays are arrays of indexed cells where each cell can store an array
of a different dimensions and data types.The cell function is used for creating a cell
Example:
Figure 55
Output:
Figure 56
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EXPERIMENT 7: SCRIPTS AND FUNCTIONS

Scripts: A script file is an ordinary MATLAB file that could contain any code except
a class definition. See the following example which creates and displays a magic
square.
Example:
Figure 57
Output:
Figure 58
Functions: As seen in the previous section, a script file can contain a locally declared
function. Now, traditionally a function in MATLAB is defined more globally by
creating it in its specified file. A file that contains a function only needs to fulfill
following conditions:
Example:
Figure 59
Output:
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Figure 60
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EXPERIMENT 8: CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

Conditional statements are something that is very basic and important for every
programmer. There will be some situations where a program or a particular block has
to be executed only when a specific condition is True. These conditional statements
will be very handy and fruitful in such situations. These conditional statements work
as same as in other languages. However, syntax varies from language to language. The
following are the conditional statements that we can use in MATLAB.
if-end statement: An if-end statement is the simplest decision-making statement. It

decides whether a particular block of code has to be executed or not, based on the
given boolean condition. Only when the given condition is true, it executes the
statements inside the block otherwise not.
Syntax: if (condition)
% statement(s) will execute
% if the boolean expression is true
<statements>
End
Example:
Figure 61
Output:
Figure 62
if-else-end statement: In conditional if Statement the additional block of code is

merged as else statement which is performed when if the condition is false else
condition won’t be executed when if the condition is True.
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% if the boolean expression is true
<statement(s)>
else
<statement(s)>
% if the boolean expression is false
End
Example:
Figure 63
Output:
Figure 64
nested if-end Statement: There comes some situations where multiple conditions
have to be satisfied to execute a block of code then we use nested if-end statements.
This is nothing but another if condition(s) inside an if condition.
% Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true
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if (condition)
End
Example:
Figure 65
Output:
Figure 66
if- elseif- elseif-else-end: An if statement can be followed by one (or more) optional
elseif and an else statement, which is very useful to test various conditions.
% Executes when the expression 1 is true
<statement(s)>
elseif (condition)
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<statement(s)>
elseif (condition)
<statement(s)>
else
% executes when the none of the above condition is true
<statement(s)>
End
Example:
Figure 67
Output:
Figure 68
Switch case: A switch block is familiar to if-elif-else-end statements. It works as

same as in other languages except for syntax. But there are few key differences
between them. A switch block conditionally executes one set of statements from
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several choices. Each choice is covered by a case statement. A switch expression can
be any of the following.
Syntax: switch (condition)
case condition
<statements>
case (condition)
<statements> otherwise
<statements>
End
Example:
Figure 69
Output:
Figure 70
Nested Switch Case: This is similar to nested if statements. We can use switch as a
part of the statement inside a switch. Even if the case constants of the inner and outer
switch contain common values, no conflicts will arise.
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Syntax: switch (condition)
case (condition)
<statements>
switch (condition)
case (condition)
<statements>end
case (condition)
<statements>
End
Example:
Figure 71
Output:
Figure 72
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EXPERIMENT 9: LOOPS
While Loop: While loop works same as it does in other common languages like
python, java etc. But here syntax varies from language to language. While loop is used
to execute a block of statements repeatedly until a given a condition is satisfied. And
when the condition becomes false, the line immediately after the loop in program is
executed.
Syntax: while expression
Statements
End
Example:
Figure 73
Output:
Figure 74
For loop: It is used when you know the number of iterations in advance. It's
particularly useful for iterating over arrays or performing a specific number of
repetitions.
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Example:
Figure 75
Output:
Figure 76
We have one more way of using for loop, that is used to access array elements. Here
we assign an array directly to the for loop to access its elements through the iterator
variable (i.e., i or j etc).
Example:
Figure 77
Output:
Figure 78
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EXPERIMENT 10: PLOTTING

MATLAB is a powerful tool for data visualization, allowing you to create a wide
range of plots to understand and communicate insights from your data. By using
MATLAB's built-in plotting functions, you can visualize data in various forms, such
as line plots, scatter plots, bar charts, histograms, and many more.
Create a script file and type the following code
Figure 79
When you run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot
Figure 80
Let us take one more example to plot the function y = x2. In this example, we will
draw two graphs with the same function, but in second time, we will reduce the value
of increment. Please note that as we decrease the increment, the graph becomes
smoother.
Create a script file and type the following code:
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Figure 81
When you run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot:
Figure 82
Adding Title, Labels, Grid Lines and Scaling on the Graph
MATLAB allows you to add title, labels along the x-axis and y-axis, grid lines and
also to adjust the axes to spruce up the graph.
Example:
Figure 83
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Output:
Figure 84
Drawing Multiple Functions on the Same Graph
You can draw multiple graphs on the same plot. The following example demonstrates
the concept:
Example:
Create a script file and type the following code
Figure 85
Output:
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Figure 86
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EXPERIMENT 11: GRAPHS

Vertical Bar-graphs: This plot draws bars at positions specified by the array “Year”
with the heights as specified in the array “Revenue”
Example:
Figure 87
Output:
Figure 88
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Horizontal Bar Graph: This plot draws horizontal bars at positions specified by the
array “Year” with the lengths as specified in the array “Revenue”.
Example:
Figure 89
Output:
Figure 90
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Pareto Charts: This plot shows vertical bars corresponding to the values of the data
in descending order of value. This also shows a curve made with the cumulative
values above each bar. In addition to this, the right side of the graph has a percentage
scale that shows how much percentage each bar contributes to the sum of all values.
Example:
Figure 91
Output:
Figure 92
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Scatter Plot: This plot shows dots placed at the values given in the data. The Y-axis
is scaled from the lowest to the highest value in the data. The X-axis is scaled
similarly as in stem charts, from least to highest value.
Example:
Figure 93
Output:
Figure 94
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Stairstep Plot: This plot shows a staircase-like structure with each step beginning at
the next value given in the data. Similar to the scatter plot, X and Y axes scale from
the lowest to the highest values given.
Example:
Figure 95
Output:
Figure 96
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EXPERIMENT 12: POLYNOMIALS

Evaluating Polynomials: The polyval function is used for evaluating a polynomial at
a specified value. For example, to evaluate our previous polynomial p, at x = 4, type
Example:
Figure 97
Output: ans=693
MATLAB also provides the polyvalm function for evaluating a matrix polynomial. A
matrix polynomial is a polynomial with matrices as variables.
Example:
Figure 98
Output:
Figure 99
Finding the Roots of Polynomials: The roots function calculates the roots of a
polynomial. For example, to calculate the roots of our polynomial p, type
Example:
Figure 100
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Output:
Figure 101
Polynomial Curve Fitting: The polyfit function finds the coefficients of a

polynomial that fits a set of data in a least-squares sense. If x and y are two vectors
containing the x and y data to be fitted to a n-degree polynomial, then we get the
polynomial fitting the data by writing
Example:
Figure 102
Output:
Figure 103
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EXPERIMENT 13: Algebra

Solving Basic Algebraic Equations in MATLAB
The solve function is used for solving algebraic equations. In its simplest form, the
solve function takes the equation enclosed in quotes as an argument.
For example, let us solve for x in the equation x-5 = 0
Example:
Figure 104
Output: ans=5
Example:
Figure 105
Output: Y=5
Example:
Figure 106
Output: ans=5
If the equation involves multiple symbols, then MATLAB by default assumes that you
are solving for x, however, the solve function has another form
Example:
Figure 107
Output:
51
Figure 108
Solving Basic Algebraic Equations in Octave
The roots function is used for solving algebraic equations in Octave and you can write
above examples as follows
Example:
Figure 109
Output: ans=5
Example:
Figure 110
Output: Y=5
Solving Quadratic Equations in MATLAB
The solve function can also solve higher order equations. It is often used to solve
quadratic equations. The function returns the roots of the equation in an array.The
following example solves the quadratic equation x2 -7x +12 = 0. Create a script file
and type the following code
Figure 111
Output:
52
Figure 112
Solving Higher Order Equations in MATLAB
The solve function can also solve higher order equations. For example, let us solve a
cubic equation as (x-3)2(x-7) = 0
Output:
Figure 113
In case of higher order equations, roots are long containing many terms. You can get the
numerical value of such roots by converting them to double. The following example solves
the fourth order equation x4 − 7x3 + 3x2 − 5x + 9 = 0.
Example:
Figure 114
Output:
53
Figure 115
54
EXPERIMENT 14: CALCULUS

MATLAB provides various ways for solving problems of differential and integral
calculus, solving differential equations of any degree and calculation of limits. Best of
all, you can easily plot the graphs of complex functions and check maxima, minima
and other stationery points on a graph by solving the original function, as well as its
derivative.
Calculating Limits: MATLAB provides the limit function for calculating limits. In its
most basic form, the limit function takes expression as an argument and finds the limit
of the expression as the independent variable goes to zero.
Example:
Figure 116
Output:
Figure 117
Calculating Limits using Octave: Following is Octave version of the above example
using symbolic package, try to execute and compare the result
Example:
Figure 118
Output:
Figure 119
55
Verification of Basic Properties of Limits using Octave: Following is Octave

version of the above example using symbolic package, try to execute and compare the
result:
Example:
Figure 120
Output:
Figure 121
56
CERTIFICATE
Figure 122
57
PROJECT
BANK DATA MANAGEMENT SYSYTEM
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;
class temp
{
int accNo;
char name[25];
char Fname[25];
char cnic[35];
char P_no[35];
char email[30];
float amount;
fstream file, file1;
int search;
int New_amount;
public:
void CreateAccount();
void DepositAmount();
void withdrawAmount();
void checkInfo();
} obj;
int main()
{
char option;
cout << "\tNOTE:::Enter your details without space" << endl;
cout << "\n\t\t..........:::MY BANK:::.........." ;
cout << "\n\t\t:: 1.Create New Account ::";
cout << "\n\t\t:: 2.Check Account Status ::";
cout << "\n\t\t:: 3.Deposit Amount ::";
cout << "\n\t\t:: 4.Withdraw Amount ::";
cout << "\n\t\t:: 5.EXIT ::";
cout << "\n\t\t::.............................::\n\t\t\t\t";
cout<<"Enter choice ;
cin >> option;
switch (option)
{
58
case '1':
obj.CreateAccount();
break;
case '2':
obj.checkInfo();
break;
case '3':
obj.DepositAmount();
break;
case '4':
obj.withdrawAmount();
break;
case '5':
system("exit");
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid Option";
}
}
void temp::CreateAccount()
{
srand(time(0));
accNo = rand() * rand() + rand() * rand();
cout << "Enter Your Name ::";
cin >> name;
cout << "\nEnter Your Father Name ::";
cin >> Fname;
cout << "\nEnter Your CNIC ::";
cin >> cnic;
cout << "\nEnter Your phone Number ::";
cin >> P_no;
cout << "\nEnter Your Email ::";
cin >> email;
cout << "\nEnter Your First Amount ::";
cin >> amount;
cout << endl;
cout << "\t\t\t\tACCOUNT NUMBER \t\t\t\t" << endl;
cout << "\t\t\t\t" << accNo << "\t\t\t\t" << endl;
cout << "Please Save IT" << endl;
file.open("Data.txt", ios::out | ios::app);
file << accNo << "\t" << name << "\t" << Fname << "\t" << cnic << "\t" << P_no << "\t"
<< email << "\t" << amount << "\n";
file.close();
}
void temp::DepositAmount()
59
{
cout << "Enter Your Account Number";
cin >> search;
fstream file, file1;
file.open("Data.txt", ios::in);
file1.open("Data1.txt", ios::out | ios::app);
file >> accNo >> name >> Fname >> cnic >> P_no >> email >> amount;
while (!file.eof())
{
if (accNo == search)
{
cout << "Account found Successfully" << endl;
cout << "Enter Amount TO Deposit" << endl;
cin >> New_amount;
cout << "ACCOUNT HOLDER NAME::" << name << endl;
cout << " Father Name::" << Fname << endl;
cout << "Email::" << email << endl;
cout << " CURRENT AMOUNT::" << amount << endl;
amount = amount + New_amount;
cout << " UPDATED AMOUNT::" << amount << endl;
file1 << accNo << "\t" << name << "\t" << Fname << "\t" << cnic << "\t" << P_no <<
"\t" << email << "\t" << amount << endl;
}
else
{
}
}
file.close();
file1.close();
remove("Data.txt");
rename("Data1.txt", "Data.txt");
}
void temp::withdrawAmount()
{
cout << "Enter Your ACCOUNT NUMBER::";
cin >> search;
file1.open("Data1.txt", ios::out | ios::app);
while (!file.eof())
{
60
{
cout << "Enter Amount TO Wthdraw" << endl;
cin >> New_amount;
cout << "ACCOUNT HOLDER NAME::" << name << endl;
cout << " Father Name::" << Fname << endl;
cout << " CURRENT AMOUNT::" << amount << endl;
amount = amount - New_amount;
cout << " UPDATED AMOUNT::" << amount << endl;
}
else
{
}
}
file.close();
file1.close();
remove("Data.txt");
rename("Data1.txt", "Data.txt");
}
void temp::checkInfo()
{
cout << "Enter Your Account Number";
cin >> search;
while (!file.eof())
{
{
cout << "\n\nACCOUNT NUMBER::" << accNo << endl;
cout << "NAME::" << name << endl;
cout << "Father Name::" << Fname << endl;
cout << "CNIC::" << cnic << endl;
cout << "PHONE NUMBER::" << P_no << endl;
cout << "AMOUNT::" << amount << "/-" << endl;
}
61
file.close();
}
OUTPUT:
fi
DATA STORED IN FILE:: “ DATA.txt ” file
62

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BTCS 305-18 IT WORKSHOP FILE 2301695

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

2 Basics of MATLAB 6-12

3 Variables in MATLAB 13-14

4 Datatypes in MATLAB 15-18

5 Operators in MATLAB 19-22

6 Matrix in MATLAB 23-27

7 Arrays in MATLAB 28-29

8 Scripts and Functions in MATLAB 30-31

9 Conditional Statements in MATLAB 32-37

10 Loops in MATLAB 38-39

11 Plotting in MATLAB 40-43

12 Graphs in MATLAB 44-48

13 Polynomial in MATLAB 49-50

14 Algebra in MATLAB 51-54

15 Calculus in MATLAB 55-56

17 Project made using c 58-60

One of MATLAB’s distinguishing features is its interactive desktop environment,

The platform is further enhanced by its toolboxes—specialized libraries designed to

In summary, MATLAB is a comprehensive platform that bridges the gap between

MATLAB offers an intuitive and user-friendly interface, making it accessible for

MATLAB’s extensive library of specialized toolboxes enables users to work on domain-

4. Interactive Development Environment

MATLAB’s integrated development environment (IDE) combines coding, debugging,

5. Applications Across Diverse Fields

MATLAB is widely used across industries for tasks such as:

 Numerical computing: Solving linear equations, calculus, and differential

6. Integration and Flexibility

MATLAB supports integration with other programming languages such as Python,

7. Prototyping and Deployment

MATLAB is an excellent platform for rapid prototyping. Its efficient computation

8. Strong Community and Documentation

EXPERIMENT 1: BASICS OF MATLAB

MATLAB Environment: The MATLAB environment is an integrated platform

2. Command History: In MATLAB, the Command History window is a log of all

Re-execute a line: Double-click the line in the Command History window.

Select a range of lines: Shift-click to select contiguous lines, or Command-click to

There are also different types of workspaces in MATLAB, including:

The MATLAB editor features include: syntax highlighting, auto-indentation, parenthesis

Key features of the MATLAB Live Editor:

Equation editing: Insert mathematical equations using a dedicated editor or LaTeX

Code generation: Automatically generate code based on adjustments made through

5. Figure Window: A "figure window" in MATLAB refers to the individual graphical

Key points about figure windows:

Assigning Vectors to Variables: A vector is a one-dimensional array of numbers.

Column Vector: These are created by enclosing numbers in square brackets,

EXPERIMENT 3: DATA TYPES

Syntax: variable name = a value (or an expression)

Syntax: G = logical (x)

Function Handles: Function Handles is majorly used in MATLAB is to pass a

Example: To create a function handle to evaluate x^2 + y^2

Arithmetic Operators: MATLAB allows two different types of arithmetic operations

Determinant of a Matrix: Determinant of a matrix is calculated using

Multidimensional Arrays: An array having more than two dimensions is called a

EXPERIMENT 7: SCRIPTS AND FUNCTIONS

EXPERIMENT 8: CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

if-end statement: An if-end statement is the simplest decision-making statement. It

% statement(s) will execute

% if the boolean expression is true