Chapter 2

This electric transmission tower is stabilized by cables that exert forces on the
tower at their points of connection. In this chapter we will show how to express
these forces as Cartesian vectors, and then determined their resultant.
 32 CHAPTER 2 F O RC E V E C T O R S

2.4 Addition of a System of Coplanar

Forces
When a force is resolved into two components along the x and y axes, the
2 components are then called rectangular components. For analytical work
we can represent these components in one of two ways, using either scalar
notation or Cartesian vector notation.
y Scalar Notation. The rectangular components of force F shown
in Fig. 2–15a are found using the parallelogram law, so that F = Fx + Fy.
Because these components form a right triangle, they can be deter-
F
mined from
Fy Fx = F cos u and Fy = F sin u
u
x Instead of using the angle u, however, the direction of F can also be
Fx defined using a small “slope” triangle, as in the example shown in Fig. 2–15b.
Since this triangle and the larger shaded triangle are similar, the proportional
(a) length of the sides gives
Fx a
=
y F c
or
Fx
x a
Fx = F a b
c c
Fy b
a and

F Fy b
=
(b) F c

Fig. 2–15 or

b
Fy = -Fa b
c

Here the y component is a negative scalar since Fy is directed along the

negative y axis.
It is important to keep in mind that this positive and negative scalar
notation is to be used only for computational purposes, not for graphical
representations in figures. Throughout the book, the head of a vector
arrow in any figure indicates the sense of the vector graphically; algebraic
signs are not used for this purpose. Thus, the vectors in Figs. 2–15a and
2–15b are designated by using boldface (vector) notation.* Whenever
italic symbols are written near vector arrows in figures, they indicate the
magnitude of the vector, which is always a positive quantity.

*Negative signs are used only in figures with boldface notation when showing equal but
opposite pairs of vectors, as in Fig. 2–2.
 2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES 33

Cartesian Vector Notation. It is also possible to represent the x y

and y components of a force in terms of Cartesian unit vectors i and j. They
are called unit vectors because they have a dimensionless magnitude of 1, j
and so they can be used to designate the directions of the x and y axes,
F
respectively, Fig. 2–16.*
Since the magnitude of each component of F is always a positive 2
Fy
quantity, which is represented by the (positive) scalars Fx and Fy, then we
can express F as a Cartesian vector, x
Fx i
F = Fx i + Fy j
Fig. 2–16

Coplanar Force Resultants. We can use either of the two

methods just described to determine the resultant of several coplanar
forces. To do this, each force is first resolved into its x and y components,
and then the respective components are added using scalar algebra since
they are collinear. The resultant force is then formed by adding the
resultant components using the parallelogram law. For example, consider
the three concurrent forces in Fig. 2–17a, which have x and y components y
shown in Fig. 2–17b. Using Cartesian vector notation, each force is first
represented as a Cartesian vector, i.e.,
F2
F1 = F1x i + F1y j F1
F2 = -F2x i + F2y j
x
F3 = F3x i - F3y j

The vector resultant is therefore F3

(a)
FR = F1 + F2 + F3 y
= F1x i + F1y j - F2x i + F2y j + F3x i - F3y j
= (F1x - F2x + F3x) i + (F1y + F2y - F3y) j
F2y
= (FRx)i + (FRy)j F1y

F2x F1x
If scalar notation is used, then from Fig. 2–17b, we have x
F3x

(h+ ) (FR)x = F1x - F2x + F3x F3y

(+ c) (FR)y = F1y + F2y - F3y (b)

These are the same results as the i and j components of FR determined Fig. 2–17
above.

* For handwritten work, unit vectors are usually indicated using a circumflex, e.g., î and ĵ.
Also, realize that Fx and Fy in Fig. 2–16 represent the magnitudes of the components, which
are always positive scalars. The directions are defined by i and j. If instead we used scalar
notation, then Fx and Fy could be positive or negative scalars, since they would account for
both the magnitude and direction of the components.
 34 CHAPTER 2 F O RC E V E C T O R S

We can represent the components of the resultant force of any number

of coplanar forces symbolically by the algebraic sum of the x and y
components of all the forces, i.e.,

(FR)x = Fx
2 (2–1)
(FR)y = Fy

y Once these components are determined, they may be sketched along

the x and y axes with their proper sense of direction, and the resultant
force can be determined from vector addition, as shown in Fig. 2–17c.
(FR)y FR
From this sketch, the magnitude of FR is then found from the Pythagorean
theorem; that is,
u
x
(FR)x FR = 2(FR)2x + (FR)2y

Also, the angle u, which specifies the direction of the resultant force, is
(c)
determined from trigonometry:
Fig. 2–17 (cont.)
(FR)y
u = tan-1
(FR)x

The above concepts are illustrated numerically in the examples which

follow.

y
Important Points
F2
F3
F1 • The resultant of several coplanar forces can easily be determined
if an x, y coordinate system is established and the forces are
resolved along the axes.
x
• The direction of each force is specified by the angle its line of
action makes with one of the axes, or by a slope triangle.

• The orientation of the x and y axes is arbitrary, and their positive

direction can be specified by the Cartesian unit vectors i and j.

• The x and y components of the resultant force are simply the

algebraic addition of the components of all the coplanar forces.
The resultant force of the three cable
forces acting on the post can be • The magnitude of the resultant force is determined from the
determined by adding algebraically the Pythagorean theorem, and when the resultant components are
separate x and y components of each sketched on the x and y axes, Fig. 2–17c, the direction u can be
cable force. This resultant FR produces
the same pulling effect on the post as all determined from trigonometry.
three cables.
 2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES 35

EXAMPLE 2.5
EXAMPLE 2.1
Determine the x and y components of F1 and F2 acting on the boom y
shown in Fig. 2–18a. Express each force as a Cartesian vector.
F1 200 N
2
SOLUTION
Scalar Notation. By the parallelogram law, F1 is resolved into x and 30
y components, Fig. 2–18b. Since F1x acts in the –x direction, and F1y
acts in the +y direction, we have x
13
5
F1x = -200 sin 30 N = -100 N = 100 N d Ans. 12

F2 260 N
F1y = 200 cos 30 N = 173 N = 173 N c Ans.
(a)
The force F2 is resolved into its x and y components, as shown in Fig. 2–18c.
Here the slope of the line of action for the force is indicated. From this
5 y
“slope triangle” we could obtain the angle u, e.g., u = tan-1(12 ), and then
proceed to determine the magnitudes of the components in the same
manner as for F1.The easier method, however, consists of using proportional F1 200 N
F1y 200 cos 30 N
parts of similar triangles, i.e.,
30
F2x 12 12
= F2x = 260 Na b = 240 N
260 N 13 13 x
F1x 200 sin 30 N
Similarly, (b)

5 y
F2y = 260 Na b = 100 N
13

Notice how the magnitude of the horizontal component, F2x, was

obtained by multiplying the force magnitude by the ratio of the
horizontal leg of the slope triangle divided by the hypotenuse; whereas
the magnitude of the vertical component, F2y , was obtained by 12
260 —
F2x — N
multiplying the force magnitude by the ratio of the vertical leg divided 13
x
by the hypotenuse. Hence, using scalar notation to represent these 5
13
components, we have F2y 5 N
260 —
—
12
13
F2 260 N
F2x = 240 N = 240 N S Ans.
(c)
F2y = -100 N = 100 NT Ans.
Fig. 2–18
Cartesian Vector Notation. Having determined the magnitudes
and directions of the components of each force, we can express each
force as a Cartesian vector.

F1 = 5 - 100i + 173j 6 N Ans.

F2 = 5 240i - 100j 6 N Ans.
 36 CHAPTER 2 F O RC E V E C T O R S

EXAMPLE 2.6
EXAMPLE 2.1
The link in Fig. 2–19a is subjected to two forces F1 and F2. Determine
y the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

2 F2 400 N F1 600 N
45 SOLUTION I
Scalar Notation. First we resolve each force into its x and y
30
x components, Fig. 2–19b, then we sum these components algebraically.
+ (F ) = F ;
S (F ) = 600 cos 30 N - 400 sin 45 N
R x x R x
(a) = 236.8 N S
+ c (FR)y = Fy; (FR)y = 600 sin 30 N + 400 cos 45 N
= 582.8 N c
y
The resultant force, shown in Fig. 2–18c, has a magnitude of
F2 400 N F1 600 N
45
FR = 2(236.8 N)2 + (582.8 N)2

30
= 629 N Ans.
x
From the vector addition,

(b) 582.8 N
u = tan-1 a b = 67.9 Ans.
236.8 N
y
SOLUTION II
FR
582.8 N Cartesian Vector Notation. From Fig. 2–19b, each force is first
expressed as a Cartesian vector.

u F1 = 5 600 cos 30 i + 600 sin 30 j 6 N

x
236.8 N F2 = 5 -400 sin 45 i + 400 cos 45 j 6 N
Then,
(c)
FR = F1 + F2 = (600 cos 30 N - 400 sin 45 N)i
Fig. 2–19 + (600 sin 30 N + 400 cos 45 N)j
= 5 236.8i + 582.8j 6 N
The magnitude and direction of FR are determined in the same
manner as before.

NOTE: Comparing the two methods of solution, notice that the use
of scalar notation is more efficient since the components can be
found directly, without first having to express each force as a
Cartesian vector before adding the components. Later, however, we
will show that Cartesian vector analysis is very beneficial for solving
three-dimensional problems.
 2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES 37

2.7
EXAMPLE 2.1
The end of the boom O in Fig. 2–20a is subjected to three concurrent
and coplanar forces. Determine the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force.
2

F2 250 N
F3 200 N 45
5
3
4 x
F1 400 N

(a)

SOLUTION
Each force is resolved into its x and y components, Fig. 2–20b. Summing
the x components, we have y
S+ (F ) = F ; (F ) = -400 N + 250 sin 45 N - 200 4 N
R x x R x 5
250 N
= -383.2 N = 383.2 N d 200 N 45
5
The negative sign indicates that FRx acts to the left, i.e., in the negative 3
4
x direction, as noted by the small arrow. Obviously, this occurs because x
400 N
F1 and F3 in Fig. 2–20b contribute a greater pull to the left than F2
which pulls to the right. Summing the y components yields
3
+ c (FR)y = Fy; (FR)y = 250 cos 45 N + 200 5 N
(b)
= 296.8 N c
The resultant force, shown in Fig. 2–20c, has a magnitude of
y
2 2
FR = 2(-383.2 N) + (296.8 N) FR
296.8 N
= 485 N Ans.
From the vector addition in Fig. 2–20c, the direction angle u is
u
x
296.8-1 383.2 N
u = tan a b = 37.8 Ans.
383.2

NOTE: Application of this method is more convenient, compared to (c)

using two applications of the parallelogram law, first to add F1 and F2
Fig. 2–20
then adding F3 to this resultant.
 38 CHAPTER 2 F O RC E V E C T O R S

FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS
F2–7. Resolve each force acting on the post into its x and F2–10. If the resultant force acting on the bracket is to be
y components. 750 N directed along the positive x axis, determine the
y magnitude of F and its direction u.
2
F1 300 N
F2 450 N y
F3 600 N 325 N
5 4 13 12
3 5 F
45
x
u
x
45

F2–7 600 N
F2–8. Determine the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force.
y F2–10
250 N
5
3 400 N F2–11. If the magnitude of the resultant force acting on
4
the bracket is to be 80 lb directed along the u axis,
determine the magnitude of F and its direction u.
30

x y
300 N
F

u
x
50 lb
45

5
4

90 lb
3 u
F2–8
F2–9. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force F2–11
acting on the corbel and its direction u measured F2–12. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force
counterclockwise from the x axis. and its direction u measured counterclockwise from the
y positive x axis.

y
F3 600 lb F2 400 lb
F1 700 lb F2 20 kN
4 5 F1 15 kN
3 30 5 5
F3 15 kN
3 3
x 4 4

F2–9 F2–12
 2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES 39

PROBLEMS

*2–32. Determine the x and y components of the 800-lb 2–34. Resolve F1 and F2 into their x and y components.
force.
2–35. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force 2
and its direction measured counterclockwise from the
positive x axis.

800 lb
40 y
y
60
30
60
F1 400 N
x

60

45 x
Prob. 2–32

F2 250 N

Probs. 2–34/35

2–33. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force

and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the
positive x axis.

*2–36. Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into

its x and y components, and express each force as a
Cartesian vector.
y 2–37. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force
acting on the plate and its direction, measured counter-
F3 750 N clockwise from the positive x axis.

45
y
F3 650 N
x
3
5 F2 750 N
5 4
3
4
30 45
F2 625 N F1 850 N x
F1 900 N

Prob. 2–33 Probs. 2–36/37

 40 CHAPTER 2 F O RC E V E C T O R S

2–38. Express each of the three forces acting on the 2–41. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force
column in Cartesian vector form and compute the and its direction measured counterclockwise from the
magnitude of the resultant force. positive x axis.

2
y
y
F1 = 60 lb
F2 275 lb
2
1
F1 150 lb F3 75 lb 1
4 5
x
3 60
x
60
45
F2 70 lb

F3 50 lb

Prob. 2–38 Prob. 2–41

2–42. Determine the magnitude and orientation u of FB so

that the resultant force is directed along the positive y axis
2–39. Resolve each force acting on the support into its
and has a magnitude of 1500 N.
x and y components, and express each force as a Cartesian
vector. 2–43. Determine the magnitude and orientation, measured
counterclockwise from the positive y axis, of the resultant
*2–40. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force
force acting on the bracket, if FB = 600 N and u = 20 .
and its direction u, measured counterclockwise from the
positive x axis.

FB
y FA 700 N
30
F2 600 N F1 800 N B A
45
u
60 x

x
13
5
12
F3 650 N

Probs. 2–39/40 Probs. 2–42/43

 2.4 ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES 41

*2–44. The magnitude of the resultant force acting on *2–48. If F1 = 600 N and f = 30 , determine the
the bracket is to be 400 N. Determine the magnitude of magnitude of the resultant force acting on the eyebolt and
F1 if f = 30°. its direction, measured clockwise from the positive x axis.

2–45. If the resultant force acting on the bracket is to be 2–49. If the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the
directed along the positive u axis, and the magnitude of F1 is eyebolt is 600 N and its direction measured clockwise from
required to be minimum, determine the magnitudes of the the positive x axis is u = 30 , determine the magnitude of 2
resultant force and F1. F1 and the angle f.

2–46. If the magnitude of the resultant force acting on

the bracket is 600 N, directed along the positive u axis, y
determine the magnitude of F and its direction f.

F1

f
x
y
u 60
F2 650 N

4 5
5 4
3
F1 3
F2 500 N
45
f F3 450 N
x
45 Probs. 2–48/49

F3 500 N 2–50. Determine the magnitude of F1 and its direction u

so that the resultant force is directed vertically upward and
has a magnitude of 800 N.
2–51. Determine the magnitude and direction measured
counterclockwise from the positive x axis of the resultant
Probs. 2–44/45/46 force of the three forces acting on the ring A. Take
F1 = 500 N and u = 20 .

y
2–47. Determine the magnitude and direction u of the F1
resultant force FR. Express the result in terms of the u
600 N
magnitudes of the components F1 and F2 and the angle f. 400 N
5
3
4 30
x
A
F1
FR

f
u
F2

Prob. 2–47 Probs. 2–50/51

 42 CHAPTER 2 F O RC E V E C T O R S

*2–52. Determine the magnitude of force F so that the *2–56. Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the
resultant FR of the three forces is as small as possible. What magnitude and direction u of F2 so that the resultant force is
is the minimum magnitude of FR? directed along the positive u axis and has a magnitude of 50 lb.

2–57. If F2 = 150 lb and u = 55 , determine the

magnitude and direction measured clockwise from the
2 positive x axis, of the resultant force of the three forces
acting on the bracket.
5 kN

y
30
F
F3 52 lb
4 kN

Prob. 2–52 13 12
5
2–53. Determine the magnitude of force F so that the
resultant force of the three forces is as small as possible.
What is the magnitude of the resultant force? F1 80 lb
x
14 kN F
25

30 45 u
8 kN u
F2

Probs. 2–56/57

Prob. 2–53 2–58. If the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the
bracket is to be 450 N directed along the positive u axis,
2–54. Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the determine the magnitude of F1 and its direction f.
magnitude and direction u of F1 so that the resultant force
is directed along the positive x axis and has a magnitude 2–59. If the resultant force acting on the bracket is
of 1 kN. required to be a minimum, determine the magnitude of F1
and the resultant force. Set f = 30 .
2–55. If F1 = 300 N and u = 20 , determine the magnitude
and direction, measured counterclockwise from the x axis, of
the resultant force of the three forces acting on the bracket. y
F1 u

y f
30
F2 450 N x
F2 200 N
45
F3 200 N 13
x 12
30 5
u F3 260 N
x¿
F1

Probs. 2–54/55 Probs. 2–58/59

 82 CHAPTER 2 F O RC E V E C T O R S

REVIEW PROBLEMS

*2–140. Determine the length of the conneting rod AB by 2–143. Determine the x and y components of each force
first formulating a Cartesian position vector from A to B acting on the gusset plate of the bridge truss. Show that the
2 and then determining its magnitude. resultant force is zero.

y
F1 200 lb

25 F2 400 lb
5
3 4

A B

x
125 mm O

F4 300 lb 3
400 mm x 5 y
4
F3 300 lb

Prob. 2–140
Prob. 2–143

*2–144. Express F1 and F2 as Cartesian vectors.

2–141. Determine the x and y components of F1 and F2.
2–145. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force
2–142. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction measured counterclockwise from the
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis.
positive x axis.

y
F2 26 kN

y 12 13
5

45
F1 200 N x

30

30
F2 150 N
x F1 30 kN

Probs. 2–141/142 Probs. 2–144/145

 REVIEW PROBLEMS 83

2–146. The cable attached to the tractor at B exerts a force *2–148. If u = 60 and F = 20 kN, determine the
of 350 lb on the framework. Express this force as a Cartesian magnitude of the resultant force and its direction measured
vector. clockwise from the positive x axis.

z
2
y
A 50 kN

35 ft F 350 lb 5
3
4
x
y u 2
20 1

F 1
B
40 kN
x

Prob. 2–148

Prob. 2–146

2–147. Determine the magnitude and direction of the

resultant FR = F1 + F2 + F3 of the three forces by first finding
2–149. The hinged plate is supported by the cord AB. If
the resultant F’ = F1 + F3 and then forming FR = F’ + F2.
the force in the cord is F = 340 lb, express this force,
Specify its direction measured counterclockwise from the
directed from A toward B, as a Cartesian vector. What is
positive x axis.
the length of the cord?

y
F2 75 N
F1 80 N
z
F3 50 N
B
30
30

45

x 12 ft

F y

x 8 ft
9 ft A

Prob. 2–147 Prob. 2–149

Fundamental Problems
Partial Solutions And Answers
Chapter 2 F2–9.
+
F2–1. S (FR)x = Fx;
FR = 2(2 kN)2 + (6 kN)2 - 2(2 kN)(6 kN) cos 105 (FR)x = - (700 lb) cos 30 + 0 + 3
5 (600 lb)
= 6.798 kN = 6.80 kN Ans. = - 246.22 lb
sin f sin 105
= , f = 58.49 + c (FR)y = Fy;
6 kN 6.798 kN
4
u = 45 + f = 45 + 58.49 = 103 Ans. (FR)y = - (700 lb) sin 30 - 400 lb - 5 (600 lb)
= - 1230 lb
F2–2. FR = 22002 + 5002 - 2(200)(500) cos 140
= 666 N Ans. FR = 2(246.22 lb)2 + (1230 lb)2 = 1254 lb Ans.
-1 1230 lb
F2–3. FR = 26002 + 8002 - 2(600)(800) cos 60 f = tan 246.22 lb = 78.68
= 721.11 N = 721 N Ans. u = 180 + f = 180 + 78.68 = 259 Ans.
sin a sin 60 +
= ; a = 73.90 F2–10. S (FR)x = Fx;
800 721.11
5
f = a - 30 = 73.90 - 30 = 43.9 Ans. 750 N = F cos u + 13 (325 N) + (600 N)cos45

Fu 30 + c (FR)y = Fy ;
F2–4. = ; Fu = 22.0 lb Ans. 12
sin 45 sin 105 0 = F sin u + 13 (325 N) - (600 N)sin 45
Fv 30 tan u = 0.6190 u = 31.76 = 31.8 a Ans.
= ; Fv = 15.5 lb Ans.
sin 30 sin 105
F = 236 N Ans.
FAB 450 +
F2–5. = F2–11. S (FR)x = Fx;
sin 105 sin 30
3
FAB = 869 lb Ans. (80 lb) cos 45 = F cos u + 50 lb - 5 90 lb
FAC 450 + c (FR)y = Fy ;
=
sin 45 sin 30 -(80 lb) sin 45 = F sin u - 4
(90 lb)
5
FAC = 636 lb Ans.
tan u = 0.2547 u = 14.29 = 14.3 a Ans.
F 6 F = 62.5 lb Ans.
F2–6. = F = 3.11 kN Ans.
sin 30 sin 105
4 4
Fv 6 F2–12. (FR)x = 15 5 + 0 + 15 5 = 24 kN S
= Fv = 4.39 kN Ans.
sin 45 sin 105 (FR)y = 15 3
+ 20 - 15 3
= 20 kN c
5 5

F2–7. (F1)x = 0 (F1)y = 300 N Ans. FR = 31.2 kN Ans.

(F2)x = - (450 N) cos 45 = - 318 N Ans. u = 39.8 Ans.
(F2)y = (450 N) sin 45 = 318 N Ans.
3 F2–13. Fx = 75 cos 30 sin 45 = 45.93 lb
(F3)x = 5 600 N = 360 N Ans.
4
Fy = 75 cos 30 cos 45 = 45.93 lb
(F3)y = 5 600 N = 480 N Ans.
Fz = - 75 sin 30 = - 37.5 lb
F2–8. FRx = 300 + 400 cos 30 - 250 45 = 446.4 N a = cos -1 45.93
= 52.2 Ans.
75
FRy = 400 sin 30 + 250 35 = 350 N
b = cos -1 45.93 = 52.2 Ans.
FR = 2(446.4)2 + 3502 = 567 N Ans. 75

u = 350
tan-1446.4 = 38.1 a Ans. g = cos -1 - 75
37.5
= 120 Ans.

606
Answers to Selected Problems
Chapter 1 2–3. F = 960 N
1–1. a. 58.3 km u = 45 .2
b. 68.5 s 2–5. F1u = 205 N
c. 2.55 kN F1v = 160 N
d. 7.56 Mg 2–6. F2u = 376 N
1–2. 2.42 Mg >m3 F2v = 482 N
1–3. a. GN>s 2–7. FAB = 448 N
b. Gg>N FAC = 366 N
c. GN>(kg # s) 2–9. F1v = 129 N
1–5. a. 0.431 g F1u = 183 N
b. 35.3 kN 2–10. F2v = 77.6 N
c. 5.32 m F2u = 150 N
1–6. 88.5 km>h 2–11. Fa = 30.6 lb
24.6 m>s Fb = 26.9 lb
1–7. 1 Pa = 20.9(10 - 3) lb>ft2 2–13. F = 917 lb
1 ATM = 101 kPa u = 31 .8
1–9. a. 3.65 Gg 2–14. FBC = 434 lb
b. 35.8 MN f = 56.5
c. 5.89 MN 2–15. FR = 10.8 kN
d. 3.65 Gg f = 3.16
1–10. a. 8.53 km>kg2 2–17. u = 53.5
b. 135 m2 # kg3 FAB = 621 lb
1–11. a. 0.447 kg # m>N 2–18. f = 38.3
b. 0.911 kg # s 2–19. FR = 19.2 N
c. 18.8 GN>m u = 2.37 c
1–13. a. 27.1 N # m 2–21. u = 75 .5
b. 70.7 kN>m3 2–22. f = u2
c. 1.27 mm>s FR = 2F cos 2u
1–14. a. 0.185 Mg2 2–23. u = 36 .9
b. 4 mg2 FR = 920 N
c. 0.0122 km3 2–25. a. Fn = - 14.1 lb
1–15. a. 2.04 g Ft = 14.1 lb
b. 15.3 Mg b. Fx = 19.3 lb
c. 6.12 Gg Fy = 5.18 lb
1–17. 584 kg 2–26. FA = 439 N
1–18. 7.41 mN FB = 311 N
1–19. 1.00 Mg >m3 2–27. u = 60
1–21. a. 4.81 slug FA = 520 N
b. 70.2 kg FB = 300 N
c. 689 N 2–29. FR = 4 .01 kN
d. 25.5 lb f = 16.2
e. 70.2 kg 2–30. u = 90
FB = 1 kN
Chapter 2 FR = 1 .73 kN
2–1. FR = 393 lb 2–31. FR1 = 264.6 lb, u = 10.9
f = 353 Fmin = 235 lb
2–2. FR = 497 N 2–33. FR = 546 N
f = 155 u = 253
624
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 6 25

2–34. F1 = 5 200i + 346j 6 N F2 = 5 -130k 6 lb

F2 = 5 177i - 177j 6 N a2 = 90
2–35. FR = 413 N b2 = 90
u = 24 .2 g2 = 180
2–37. FR = 1 .96 kN 2–63. Fx = 40 N
u = 4 .12 Fy = 40 N
2–38. F1 = 5 90i,- 120j 6 lb Fz = 56.6 N
2–65. F = 5 217i + 85.5j - 91.2k 6 lb
F2 = 5 - 275j 6 lb
2–66. F1 = [480i + 360k] lb
F3 = 5 - 37.5i, -65.0j 6 lb
F2 = [200i + 283j - 200k] lb
FR = 463 lb 2–67. FR = 754 lb
2–39. F1 = 5 400i + 693j 6 N a = 25.5
F2 = 5 - 424i + 424j 6 N b = 68.0
F3 = 5 600i - 250j 6 N g = 77.7
2–41. FR = 111 lb 2–69. FR = 733 N
u = 202 a = 53.5
2–42. u = 68.6 b = 65.3
FB = 960 N g = 133
2–43. FR = 839 N 2–70. F1 = 5 176j - 605k 6 lb
u = 14.8 F2 = 5 125i - 177j + 125k 6 lb
2–45. F1 = 143 N FR = 496 lb
FR = 91 .9 N a = 75.4
2–46. f = 29.2 F1 = 528 N b = 90.0
2–47. FR = 2F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 cos f g = 165
2–71. a = 121
F1 sin f g = 53.1
tan u = FR = 754 N
F2 + F1 cos f
b = 52.5
2–49. f = 42.4 F1 = 731 N 2–73. F1 = {14.0j - 48.0k} lb
2–50. u = 29.1 F1 = 275 N F2 = {90i - 127j + 90k} lb
2–51. FR = 1 .03 kN 2–74. FR = 5 90i - 113j + 42k 6 lb
u = 87 .9 2–75. a = 46 .1
2–53. F = 2.03 kN b = 114
FR = 7.87 kN g = 53.1
2–54. u = 37.0 2–77. F1 = 5 225j + 268k 6 N
F1 = 889 N F2 = 5 70 .7i + 50 .0j - 50 .0k 6 N
2–55. FR = 717 N F3 = 5 125i - 177j + 125k 6 N
f = 37.1 FR = 407 N
2–57. FR = 161 lb ax = 61.3
u = 38.3 by = 76.0
2–58. f = 10.9 F1 = 474 N gz = 32 .5
2–59. FR = 2(0,5F1 + 300)2 + (0.866F1 - 240)2 2–78. F3 = 166 N
FR = 380 N, F1 = 57.8 a = 97.5
2–61. FR = 114 lb b = 63.7
a = 62.1 g = 27.5
b = 113 2–79. aF1 = 36.9
g = 142 bF1 = 90.0
2–62. F1 = 5 53.1i - 44.5j + 40k 6 lb gF1 = 53.1
a1 = 48.4 aR = 69 .3
b1 = 124 bR = 52 .2
g1 = 60 gR = 45.0
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 6 27

2–135. F1 = 19.4 lb 3–19. m = 8.56 kg

F2 = 53.4 lb 3–21. d = 1 .56 m
2–137. F = 82 .4 N 3–22. Fs = 2k( 25 - 4 cos u - 1),
F# = 594 N u = 35.0
2–138. F = - 300 sin 30 sin 30 i + 3–23. l = 212 ft; BCA = 30 ,
300 cos 30 j +300 sin 30 cos 30 k l = 2.66 ft
Fx = 75 N 3–25. F = 39.3 lb
Fy = 260 N 3–26. d = 7.13 in.
2–139. F = - 300 sin 30 sin 30 i + 3–27. k = 6.80 lb>in.
300 cos 30 j +300 sin 30 cos 30 k 3–29. m = 20 .4 kg
FOA = 242 N 3–30. tan u = dy>dx = 5.0(0.4)
2–141. F1x = 141 N m B = 3.58 kg
F1y = 141 N N = 19.7 N
F2x = -130 N 3–31. FED = 30.2 lb
F2y = 75 N FEB = 43 .6 lb
2–142. FR = 217 N FBC = 69.8 lb
u = 87.0 FBA = 86 .6 lb
2–143. F1x = -200 lb, F1y = 0 3–33. FED = 28.9 lb
F2x = 320 lb, F2y = - 240 lb FCE = 28 .9 lb
F3x = 180 lb, F3y = 240 lb FCA = 35.4 lb
F4x = -300 lb, F4y = 0 FCD = 10.6 lb
2–145. FR = 25 .1 kN FDB = 35.4 lb
u = 185 3–34. W = 56.6 lb
2–146. F = 5 98.1i + 269j - 201k 6 lb 3–35. (3.5 - x)>cos f + x>cos f = 5
2–147. FR = 178 N x = 1 .38 m
u = 85.2 T = 687 N
2–149. rAB = 17.0 ft 3–37. The attachment of the cable to point C and
F = 5 - 160i - 180j + 240k 6 lb D will produce the least amount of tension in
the cable.
Chapter 3 T = 106 lb
3–1. F2 = 9 .60 kN 3–38. T = {50 sec u} lb
F1 = 1 .83 kN 3–39. W B = 18.3 lb
3–2. u = 4.69 , F1 = 4.31 kN 3–43. P = 1 .61 kN
3–3. FAC = FAB = 5 2.45 csc u 6 kN a = 136
l = 1.72 m b = 128
3–5. T = 13.3 kN, F = 10.2 kN g = 72.0
3–6. T = 14.3 kN, u = 36.3 3–45. F1 = 800 N
3–7. FBC = 2.99 kN, FAB = 3.78 kN F2 = 147 N
3–9. W = 76.6 lb F3 = 564 N
3–10. FCA = 80 .0 N, FCB = 90 .4 N 3–46. FDA = 10.0 lb
3–11. u = 64.3 FDB = 1 .11 lb
FCB = 85.2 N FDC = 15.6 lb
FCA = 42.6 N 3–47. sOB = 327 mm
3–13. s = 5.33 ft sOA = 218 mm
3–14. W = 6 lb 3–49. F = 843 N
3–15. FBD = 171 N 3–50. FAO = 319 N
FBC = 145 N FAB = 110 N
3–17. m = 2.37 kg FAC = 85.8 N
3–18. x AD = 0.4905 m 3–51. W = 138 N
x AC = 0.793 m
xAB = 0.467 m