WATER SOURCES

Water Cycle – continuously collected, purified, recycled and distributed

Glacier: large natural accumulation of land ice affected by present or past flowage

• Glacial ice has shaped many landforms in middle and high latitudes

• Glacial ice sheets affect global climate

•Glaciers reflect sunlight

•Glacial ice affects global heat transport

•Volume of glacial ice affects sea levels

• Large bodies of ice are plastic because of pressure on ice at bottom of mass

•Large body of ice can flow in response to gravity

• Ice on a slope can slide downwards

Earth scientists use the term stream for all water flowing in a channel, regardless of the stream’s size.
The term river is commonly used for any large stream fed by smaller ones, called tributaries. Most
streams run year-round, even during times of drought, because they are fed by ground water that seeps
into the streambed.

3 factors that control the stream velocity

Discharge

Gradient

Channel Characteristics

A lake is a large, inland body of standing water that occupies the depression in the land surface.

Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all
year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season.

Marine/Coastal Wetlands

• Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and
freshwater marshes.

• Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp
forests.

• Coastal freshwater lagoons; includes freshwater delta lagoons

Inland Wetlands

• Permanent rivers/streams/creeks; includes waterfalls.

• Seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers/streams/creeks.
• Permanent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha); includes large oxbow lakes.

• Seasonal/intermittent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha); includes floodplain lakes.

• Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes.

• Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes and flats.

Human-made wetlands

• Aquaculture (e.g., fish/shrimp) ponds

• Ponds; includes farm ponds, stock ponds, small tanks; (generally below 8 ha).

• Irrigated land; includes irrigation channels and rice fields.

• Seasonally flooded agricultural land (including intensively managed or grazed wet meadow or
pasture).

• Salt exploitation sites; salt pans, salines, etc.

• Water storage areas; reservoirs/barrages/dams/impoundments (generally over 8 ha).

• Excavations; gravel/brick/clay pits; borrow pits, mining pools.

• Wastewater treatment areas; sewage farms, settling ponds, oxidation basins, etc.

• Canals and drainage channels, ditches.

The availability of water too is a limiting factor. An average human needs about 300,000 gallons of water
annually, including 250,000 gallons for growing food. Indeed, nations with under 150,000 gallons of
annual per capita water supply face severe limits to their growth.

Use of Water Resources

Humans directly or indirectly use about 54% of reliable runoff Withdraw 34% of reliable runoff for:

• Agriculture – 70%

• Industry – 20%

• Domestic – 10%

Leave 20% of runoff in streams for human use: transport goods, dilute pollution, sustain fisheries

Could use up to 70-90% of the reliable runoff by 2025

Activities affects the quality and Activities affects the quality and availability of water

1. 1. Deforestation and removal of natural Deforestation and removal of natural vegetation

• Complete removal of natural vegetation from Complete removal of natural vegetation from
large stretches of land by converting forest into large stretches of land by converting forest into
agricultural land, road construction, and upland agricultural land, road construction, and upland
development development
 • Deforestation leads to loss of wildlife habitats, Deforestation leads to loss of wildlife habitats,
micro-climate changes, loss of production micro-climate changes, loss of production potential
from a range of wood and non-wood potential from a range of wood and non-wood renewable
resources, and potentially to erosion renewable resources, and potentially to erosion and loss of
nutrients and loss of nutrients

2. Over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use and commercial scale

• Contrary to “deforestation and removal of natural vegetation”, this does not involve the (near)
complete removal of the “natural” vegetation, but rather a degradation of the remaining
vegetation;

3. Inappropriate agricultural activities

• Improper management of cultivated arable land;
• It includes a wide variety of practices, such as absence or poor maintenance of control
measures, improper crop rotation, shortening of the fallow period in kaingin cultivation,
insufficient or excessive use of fertilizers and overuse of irrigation water;
• Degradation types commonly linked to this causative factor are soil erosion, soil compaction,
soil nutrient loss, and water pollution (by sediments, pesticides, fertilizer)

4.Inappropriate forestry activities

• These activities reflect to the improper management of natural forests and tree plantations;
• This category would also include the replacement of a mixed natural forest with plantations of
a very limited range of exotic species; and

5. Overgrazing
• The effect is usually soil compaction and/or a decrease of plant cover, both which may, in turn
give rise to soil erosion and reduced infiltration of rainwater

6. Poor water resource management

• The over extraction of water (for irrigation, urban and industrial use) from rivers and other
surface water resources has led to reduced downstream availability;
• Inefficient irrigation practices, wasteful urban/industrial water use and leakages from water
delivery systems all contribute to water shortage problems, as does overpumping of the
aquifers;
• In coastal areas, over-extraction of groundwater has resulted in salt water intrusion into the
freshwater aquifer (a growing problem in parts of Cebu)

7.Unregulated land conversion

• Uncontrolled land development for agricultural, residential, commercial and/or industrial
purposes may contribute to degradation should such land uses or the management practices
followed be unsuitable;
• Unregulated urban and industrial expansion within lowland agricultural areas may be
contributory to watershed degradation
8. Industrial activities
• All human activities of a (bio)industrial nature: timber processing, factory farming (e.g. large-
scale commercial poultry and piggery farms), power generation, mining, infrastructure and
urbanization, waste handling, etc.
• It is most often linked to pollution of different kinds (either point source or non-profit); and
• In addition to possible chemical and organic pollutants, uncontrolled rainwater run-off from
mine spoil heaps, unconsolidated roadside cuttings and embankments, urban and industrial
sites can be the source of significant quantities of downstream sediments.

9. Inappropriate conservation technologies

• While the range of soil and water conservation, agroforestry and forestry technologies have
been developed for upland areas, it implementation typically requires substantial investments in
labor, time, money and material resources – items that many households do not have;
• Even when aware of the need to adopt specific sustainable land management practices, a
household’s socio-economic constraints may prevent it from being in a position to do so; and
• There is a strong need to develop strategies and technologies that are cost effective, socio-
culturally adaptive and ecologically friendly.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF THE SOIL

Negative Effect of Farming

Tillage- All tillage operations, including aeration and sward lifting, cause direct damage to soil
macrofauna and potentially expose them to new predators

Pesticides- are a diverse group of chemicals used to control insects and other organisms harmful
to cultivated plants and animals. There is little evidence of long-term harmful effects of the use
of typical range of agricultural pesticides, singly or in combination, on the overall activity or
population of soil organisms.

Veterinary Medicines- Direct application of anti-microbials and nematicides usually used as

veterinary medicines to soil has been shown to have a negative impact on soil organisms. There
is also evidence of reduced numbers and activity of dung beetles where veterinary drugs are
used regularly, retarded decomposition rates of dung are likely to have an impacts on other soil
organisms and reduce the positive impact that dung can have in maintaining soil health

Positive Effect of Farming

Herbicides
have a range of target effects on plant cover (restricting weed emergence and/or growth and
stimulating crop growth) which are likely to result in a range of indirect effects on soil
organisms. Earthworms seem to benefit more from weedy conditions more than other species
groups but, in general, where weeds don’t restrict crop growth or adversely affect forage
quality, they should be considered as a positive benefit for soil health.

Lime and mineral fertilizers

are a major input into UK agriculture to provide stable optimum growing conditions, meet plant
nutrient demand and maintain a balanced nutrient budget. In general lower rates of application
are used in grassland than in cropping systems; however, intensive dairy pastures may receive
high rates of nitrogen fertilisers. In general, balanced fertilisation has a positive impact on soil
health.

Growing plants
Plant growth is directly linked to soil organisms – it is the plant that provides energy through
root growth and exudation in the soil during growth and the amount and quality of litter or
residues returned to the soil. The action of roots is important for the development and
stabilisation of soil structure. Roots tend to compress soil in their vicinity changing pore size
distribution

Organic manures and other organic fertilizers

These materials provide inputs of organic matter thus providing a source of energy/ food for
many of the soil organisms. Therefore when applied regularly, organic fertiliser inputs generally
lead to an increase in the populations of all soil organisms.

Drainage and irrigation

The main effect of irrigation and drainage on soil organisms and consequently on soil health is
indirect. By regulating the seasonal effects of rainfall patterns, irrigation and/or drainage tend to
stabilise the soil moisture regime away from extremes. Irrigation in dry seasons reduces the
disturbance effect of soil drying and can increase the length of time during which soil organisms
are active.

Construction of Structure
Soil quality is often overlooked as a crucial component in urban areas, as well as the agricultural
environment. Urban development activities can cause rapid soil degradation and sedimentation.
Soil erosion and sedimentation from construction sites can be significant in quantity and in the
impact on off-site resources such as streams. Erosion, which produces sediment, is accelerated
when soil is disturbed, left bare, and exposed to rainfall. Construction activities, such as grading
and filling, reduce soil quality on construction sites.

Urban development activities can cause rapid soil degradation and sedimentation. Soil erosion
and sedimentation from construction sites can be significant in quantity and in the impact on
off-site resources such as streams.

Waste Dispossal
Hazardous chemicals that get into the soil (contaminants) can harm plants when they take up
the contamination through their roots. If humans eat plants and animals that have been in
contact with such polluted soils, there can be negative impact on their health.

The soil became a major recipient for this waste and there was little concern about depositing it
in or on the soil. This waste was in a wide variety of forms and included human waste and
sewage spread on land and various industrial wastes including those from textiles, the paper
industry, abattoirs and tanneries. Some of these at least were seen as amendments to the soil
and good for it but as a side effect have added toxic substances to many soils.

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF THE SOIL

Forest Protection
•The natural forest cover in many areas has been decreased due to commercial activity. One of
the purposes this cover provided was the protection of the soil. Businesses involved in building
can conserve by ensuring these areas are protected.
Buffer Strips
•Soil erosion is a large problem that is being battled around the country. This is particularly an
issue where there are natural bodies of water. Buffer strips come in handy for conservation
efforts. They provide protection where stream banks exist. They can be created with grass, trees
and shrubs.

No-Till Farming
•There are a number of approaches used when it comes to farming. It is possible to do this work
and still conserve the soil. No-till farming is an approach that allows crops to remain in place for
a season. This keeps the soil from being left bare and unprotected

Fewer Concrete Surfaces

•Soil requires an adequate amount of water in order to function properly. Lots of concrete
surfaces, especially in residential areas make it difficult for water to get to the soil. Using paving
stones for patios and gardens work to protect the soil. They are also a tool to prevent soil
erosion in specific areas.

Plant Windbreak Areas

•Windbreaks are composed of shrubs, plants and trees. They work in combination and serve a
conservation purpose. These will work together to slow the force of wind over ground areas.
This is a method that can also work to prevent erosion of the soil.

Terrace Planting
•This type of planting is done by maximizing the topography of the land. It benefits from the
way the rain water flows naturally. This is a way to protect the soil from erosion. It is also a
proven method to encourage growth from moist soil areas.

Plant Trees
•Simply planting trees is a good conservation method. As the tree grows, its roots become even
more secure in the soil. This soil is protected in numerous ways because of the trees existence.
Erosion is prevented from this planting process.

Crop Rotation
•The way you plant your crops can have an impact on the soil. Crop rotation is a process that
works to conserve soil. It is accomplished by planting and growing a serious of different crops in
the same soil. This process prevents overgrowth of pathogens and a lack of fertility in the soil,
overall.

Water the Soil

•This is a simple process that provides a lot of benefits to the soil. Watering your soil along with
plants and vegetables is important. This helps to not only nourish the soil but to protect it. Moist
soil is not in danger of erosion due to wind activity.
Maintain pH
•The pH levels in the soil can be affected by a number of things. Pollutants and acid are just two
examples in this category. Purchasing a soil tester is a good way to monitor your soil’s levels.
This also allows you to learn what needs to be added to ensure healthy soil and conservation.

Add Earthworms
•There are a variety of things that live in the soil around us. You can add earthworms to your
soil to ensure its health. This is a conservation method that encourages the decomposition of
organic material. This is what earthworms do on a regular basis. They increase the soil’s ability
to absorb nutrients.

Indigenous Crops
•Farming is all about diversity but indigenous crops are important. These are native crop options
that enhance the soil. Planting these is a way to ensure conservation efforts. They should be
planted even when diverse crops are being planted, as well.
1-3. What are the three human activities that can affect the quantity and quality of the soil?
4. Give examples of negative effect of farming in the soil.
5. Give at least two (2) positive effect of farming in the soil.
6. ********* CHEMICALthat get into the soil (contaminants) can harm plants when they take up
the contamination through their roots.
7. Urban development activities can cause rapid soil *********** and sedimentation.
8. Type of planting which was done by maximizing the topography of the land.
9. Using ****** stones for patios and gardens work to protect the soil. ( Fewer Concrete
Surfaces)
10. This is a conservation method that encourages the decomposition of organic material.
11. ________ is the native crop options that enhance the soil.
12.- 14. Give three examples of ways to conserve and protect the soil. (Answers here cannot be
the same as the answer above)
15.What was the TOPIC 2?
Answers
1.-3.Farming, Construction of Structures, Waste Disposal
4. Tillage, Pesticides, Veterinary Medicines
5. Herbicide, Lime and mineral fertilizers, Growing plants , Organic manures and other organic
fertilizers, Drainage and irrigation
6. Hazardous Chemical
7. Degradation
8. Terrace Planting
9. Paving
10. Add Earthworms
11. Indigenous
12.-14. Forest Protection, Buffer Strips, No-Till Farming, Plant Windbreak Areas, Plant Trees,
Crop Rotation, Water the Soil, Maintain pH, Indigenous Crops
15. Ways of conserving and protecting the soil for future generation
EFFECTS OF ACTIVITIES ON QUALITY AND AVAILABILITY OF WATER

COMMERCIAL FORESTRY
PLANTING FORESTS NEAR WETLANDS AND STREAMS CAN RESULT IN THE WATER FLOW BEING
RESTRICTEDAND EVENTUALLY DRYING UP.

WETLAND DESTRUCTION
THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE OF STORING LARGE AMOUNTS OF RAINWATER THAT FEED THE
GROUNDWATER AND STREAMS DURING DRY TIMES. IF DESTROYED, THERE WILL BE FEWER
WETLANDS THAT ACT AS SPONGES OR NATURAL FILTERS OF RIVER SYSTEMS.

POLLUTION
IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTE CAN POLLUTE BODIES OF WATER. THE DISCHARGE OF WASTE
OF SOME INDUSTRIES INTO NEARBY STREAMS IS ALSO A CONTRIBUTOR TO
POLLUTION.CLEANING WATER SOURCES ONCE POLLUTEDIS MORECOSTLYAND IT TAKES A
LONGER TIME TO DO SO.

AGRICULTURE
THE CHEMICALS FARMERS SPRAY ON THEIR CROPS CAN SEEPINTO THE GROUND AND COULD
LATER ON FLOW ON STREAMS OR RIVERS

EXCESS WATER WITHDRAWAL

AROUND THE WORLD, LAKES, RIVERS AND INLAND SEAS ARE IN THE PROCESS OF DRYING UP
BECAUSE TOO MUCH WATERIS BEING DRAWN FROM THEM.

SEDIMENTATION
ACTIVITIES SUCH AS FARMING, CLEARING FORESTS, BUILDING ROADS, AND MINING INCREASE
THE AMOUNT OF SEDIMENTS IN THE WATER. THESE SEDIMENTS COULD CARRYTOXIC
CHEMICALS. THEY COULD DAMAGE EQUIPMENT USED IN WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS AND
IN HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS. SEDIMENTATION CAN ALSO LIMIT RESERVOIRS’ CAPACITY.

URBAN GROWTH CAUSES SCARCITYOF WATER DUE TO INCREASING POPULATION

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN AREAS AROUND WATER SOURCES USUALLY BATHE, WASH CLOTHES, OR
EVEN DEFECATE, AT THE SAID WATER SOURCE, THUS, CONTAMINATING IT. THIS INCREASES THE
CHANCE OF PEOPLE CATCHING WATER-BORNE DISEASES.

CLIMATE CHANGE
OBSERVED THAT LAND AND MOUNTAIN GLACIERS ARE SHRINKING, AND THIS TREND HAS
ACCELERATED CONSIDERABLY IN RECENT YEARS.
 HOW CAN WE GET STRONGER ?
OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY SYSTEM
- In physical activity and exercise, there are different ways of how our body produces energy,
depending on the type and intensity of our work out.
• Energy balance for the athlete is the amount of energy the athlete consumes (food
calories) necessary to balance the amount of energy the athlete expends (activity).
Physical activity does influence the amount of specific nutrients required and the
optimal timing of their intake. The athlete, who is engaged in heavy training, will have
higher energy and nutritional requirements. Total energy intake must be sufficient to
offset the energy expended during athletic training and performance.

• The body needs energy to function, even during sleep and rest. During exercise,
energy must be produced at a faster rate as compared to its resting state. With
different forms of activity, muscles are used and the heart compensates by beating
faster to deliver oxygen to the whole body. For all these functions, energy is
needed. Energy comes from what we eat.

3 sources of Energy
Carbohydrates
• Main Sources of energy
• Maintains blood glucose level during exercise and replaces glycogen
stores after exercise.

Glycogen- Sugar stored in liver and muscle cells which can be broken down
to glucose to energy

Glucose- Simple form of sugar that the body converts into energy.
• Symptoms of Deficiency
• Irritability, nausea, bad breath, muscle cramps, excess fatigue, increase
in body fat, deficit in body sodium and water, constipation, regular
headaches
 Fat
• Needed for immune system function and helps the body store and use
vitamins
• Stored fat provides energy for long endurance events.
• Serve as fuel as well when it is broken down into two types of
molecules, glycerol and fatty acid.

Symptoms of Deficiency
• Dry skin, hair loss, body weight deficiency, cold intolerance, bruising,
slow growth, poor infection resistance, and slow wound healing, loss of
menstruation

Protein
• Needed for growth, building and repair of body tissues,
• Enough protein is essential to maintain muscle mass and strength, but
eating more proteins does not yield bigger muscle.
• Energy can also be produced when protein is broken down, but, this
only happens with prolonged endurance events such as marathons.
Symptoms of Deficiency
• Ridges or white lines in both finger and toe nails, hair loss and thinning
or brittle hair, muscle deterioration

THE ATP CYCLE

• When carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down, they produce a
substance called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is energy fuel of the body
in that all functions of the body such as manufacture and repair of tissue,
production of hormones, digestion and transmission of nerve impulses among
others.
• ATP- is made up of adenosine and three phosphate groups. As the three
phosphates are in special high energy bond, the breaking of one of the
phosphate results in energy. When this occurs in muscles cells, mechanical
work is generated and the muscle contrasts. Heat is a byproduct of this process,
and this is the reason one heats up in exercise. Losing a phosphate, ATP
becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate). ADP is resynthesizing back to ATP by
gaining back a phosphate in process known as “Couple Reaction”. It is the cycle
gaining energy for the body.
 •
3 ENERGY SYSTEM

THE PHOSPHOCREATINE ENERGY SYSTEM

• The system is used for instantaneous activity, lasting several seconds.
In the system, a fuel called creatine phosphate is used to make ATP.
Only in limited amounts, when creatine phosphate is broken down, the
energy from this process is immediately used to reproduce ATP.

 This process is in used when you need an explosive action. In sports, the
system is in used in the 100 and 200 meter dash, shot put, discuss throwing.
This energy system backs up ATP immediately, as it rapidly synthesizes ADP
back to ATP. Since there is a limited stock of creatine phosphate. ATP
production will have to rely on other sources such as glycogen and fat.

THE LACTIC ACID ENERGY SYSTEM

• When glycogen is used without oxygen to produce ATP, this is called
the lactic acid system. The muscles have glycogen store in small
amounts, and this is broken down to a substance known as pyruvate
and then to ATP, leaving a byproduct called lactic acid. An excess lactic
acid leads to muscular fatigue. The lactic acid system can sustain quick
burst of intensity activity, up to 90 seconds .
• Activities such as resistance training or a similar activity with eight to
twelve repetitions to muscular failure, or running the 400 to 800 meter
event, utilizes energy system. The two limitations of this energy system
are: one limited glycogen stores in muscles; and two the excessive
lactic acid build-up of converting glycogen to ATP without oxygen leads
to fatigue
THE AEROBIC ENERGY SYSTEM
• the aerobic energy system make use of oxygen with glucose, fatty acids
and even amino acids to produce energy. The process of energy
production occurs in the mitochondria, which is inside the muscle cells.
Therefore mitochondria are dubbed the “powerhouse” of the cell. The
mitochondria contain enzymes that enable the cell to use oxygen to
produce ATP.

In the aerobic system, large quantities of ATP produced, and the byproducts are
carbon dioxide and water. This energy system sustains prolonged activities such
as walking, jogging, swimming, cycling and circuit based- weight training.
With aerobic activities, the body adapts by producing a greater number of
mitochondria and oxidizing fatty acids. Fat occurs in greater quantities that
glycogen, therefore endurance activities are designed to be less intense but
more prolonged, as the aerobic energy system takes longer for the ATP to be
replenished.