ON(T= 4 Dynan Prrogia rng Creneral Mellod » - See ts aw ale peat “Uy aft gs desian wnethod Reh werkt on oplinrrecion. Tea approach werk on divide and congrer, wore a problems Se divided Vhs Subpre lens tron solutlon ak there sulpecblens< rue conpined, teroewes problen wort nal partitioned into : Non Ane e ubpreblene we overlp depended “ocbplirs Ost Seales. nck belli S geacanin 1s selved only mee verul He Dn peed wellod, only ome Aeusion sequen ce a4 ever generated , were ian dynansie pee wey decision Seqguentes moa be qenesded . S Dyramsc programe drastically swceduces tHe crowd of enumeration by avarding the enumenchy, oh some dedision sequenced toot control potibly be op krat, on oplinal seqruence of decdeememmnn obtained by using Hee principle & optranalilz at vosuallyy applied on ilesohve mathod bel RecwS&ve demchons teo take “ih. Dy nine programming adaple, memerraton ad toloudabion technique. er aCkomple s- Hbonaccr center ung Resin tnd Red 9) 7 (neal), nelian jrelian bl bln) 4 Lib; % Gee nis).e 7 08) pag fb) Pile) = 1S), io Bb), eR wae ool eg ou Bue). wee) blo) — FW) bh) ae top down & prroach ble) ht) : Tee compheritey Vntrewtes cpanel ol row meditted toy memorzation valng an ee ENE aE Ove oes ate ie Css ee aay al ta play 0 | tania EMIS}qedeos Se LAGA Nevyleeny tet é lr arias Ursa ahi 2 eS yearn ETE, a F wwiRtae Is} —) bottom up eppsoach. Application ach Dynamic progaomang > AL patxs chottert _paill E ; 4 Leal Ge, €) be & dirvetled apeph vat n exticen Lal cost be cost adjacency pple bod & suck tral cot )2 os 1eien ae coat O44) be She Jengtty of dae aa af ea cortlind Jee 1h tH ud, ¢ 5 The all parks chotlerl ~ patty py a wala & suc Seat Ali, Heo shotted pot dom 14 sy sungle SOURCE chortest _ patte algeritn) take O(n) toOS IEN ex aeo ta attane votes, Soh n smal Sovrce it role O(nxnr). o(as Jhmes Nn Bea Ly CaN er ex ost yc A Np eminf hte ]) AG ds ARDS R=! ansl best NG,4) a col 4) he above eqrecation can be colvedl Pos a" by Com puting aunty aE xe A” \ OOP he == - hestewt A-heliecn A) Complete ape ee : yoticen por follnw rg graph: « AU) emt \ a gett lam AQ amen iha, YW, AU Sin (NGO i -| aval )» A(t >) * °5 bn aoe mat A(t), AC )+ atn2) 4 emiat a, os 4k nee PLS ee rat Cnn) Br te ACES twin fn ore Wes cee ead cran (ele), A(a,1) 4 AC Ys 2 min ' 6, Ci Ok 2G i Gang arena Ca, ) 2, gry re ain) amin (8 Ord) a, pre rut crinfr geebet ale) pees C79 Potato Alla ne) Sinaia (Ants D> rE eur ay erin toe, Bek 24 | rye mad ta2) 1) 40 Ole ' cs Poe es . a(S, oe v ae wan o pee) ip Sane leew) BoX ae a (1s) = Spr S ih A (UR) = min { 0) 46% Ao, vy cuunth Caerf ee On aay at, Co Alt ALA), Al a4 a'(ry 3) 8 2 aa 5 at ot ea aya a(w yh a (2,1) eelag Gl aly WC + win fb Or a ae nN (2,2 MRA ila at Air rV4 - mn Bn otoke °o (2,8) smiat aa), a'(y 2 = rmiatr poruks phe Arar) = a PION, al(aryan SCREENS ple) = maf hry A DANES AS or aoa A atlas) amiain (aay, al (a,2)4 AUR) % zringo, Fa rhs © een (Cem) ie: Atala Ome a) HC eae ee AO) = at rl pAb) PRON) vO sin ere Ouse. ‘ 3 pe) eriad A(t, 2) ‘ aX ya ewinfin;, 643 ee BQ) = inh Ras), As) al ering 6, d+ ay : ja nas) 4lll “ a ” nl, 1): nig A (uri), Area) 4 nO) emint g, Gasres 3 , , A '(242) mat Arla .&), Ares) anise) rminfo,2 +¥= © AX(2,3) ~ aa gn (sd), Arar syanle/2)% Bini ntitee, uit ok nr PD = wingman, Parse nk emagra,od Byods / Ree re meme nay h), pla ryan-r)% erin 10 48k F A(a,%)s ria ats, 31, B33) + (8/3) 8 = mint, O*OK EO fala 4 “| & a ra AlgesiIhm MiPathaleost A 17) nrockyr i TI cos (EW 1 NY os cost EN 1 ATE AA Ae Cost of & hotlext. pth Bem vatlex's Y xo qr cos tf 4 =~ 0,0 fos Veen t fos treet to n do doh jel ton do ACh {Vs eoll4y fot kre! ten obo r Lot jizt on do J gos fic to md Attic esaQt5Y ( \ \ Chsined ywolix mulfiplicaten OO eee One 7 Eamon A a a Q a & bri bar nay Ane VY) ae Be bay 37d On byt Onabay* aribsy aealance at | Qyiby + Gibet dggba) Aribird Peers, no- of moclfiphicalien s Ses ae Ve Cosides e Ay x ALY a ta nwahies ” ve ete uk dimenstons eG P, P, '3 eX nti . Ae Gueaa) (Woxta) As on oe os 5AM sss m{uide O aha gxuKx4 nde x SX MEM tile=0 Due. elke p, PEs mised = ertitd+ a 34 mt sterhels oy yx uxt Bate Po ty be = wh 40 4 LKUXT t woe Hea 40 ae ae Cokes? 2 ¢ wmike Ry observing Heoxe tod ola 403 (tq: wen eke] {mts Kym OO et 1 nas Poa Pod OCU. COLE CC CECE Cee MIEEEEC OEE ECE OS OE eS ll—. ~~~ Seereegtevetetcegeeeeeceeeceeeceeereecreste Malin chain wullphéalion is cnr opiliméaclion problem Lhet fin ate mos! efficient way to mudtiply qeven Sequence ol malrices. Thy pro blen ts vel actially +0 perform fle multiplication, bul 4to dlectole fe seyuen@ of the rele mel plications cA prrertlesine malin ruecllipLecechy eat A, Aver- == fy be sequence of mewn iy [he aulfiphied » dgsume thal wabiy Ae Loe dimensions ps) xPz fed e270 as Py) whe plengfh=m+! \npod sequence p= (Por Pi Pe alah prerilenrieg Cate Lh Us " Ba ph le proble we 2s rene crime. tt ive ve] fos some ‘iwheqes in ta RaW TEKEY) produdl Gun het Uepled oa Mie2 We molk ply tem Logettor te produce va Pihal puoaucl AS = = 7 ee | nee ct pesentbeiring y dat Ra Cot of compahng tLe vachiig Ail pls cost of Compuching Ae ES 4 , Pe yolue forging from 12 kd: al gl - won ae— Tie eaTweawewaweeeese STlUSeTelhlUcehlU eel erehlU SC hlU wwe eemlCUlrmhUcrmhlULeTlUL PC. Recieve eqyuoten i a4 ° if iy NO ee | ? geal ka malian] 4 Ca 0, Pit ii min tak Lary toble raat rasan ww chia A wo eX cd wu k mon, enh Los Stoling tte ming 1 costs and auditor doable s(n) jtol secon which rade of Is achieved te op tinue east Computing oti 4 a pore ; . 3 Niger thm Malsixdlainodes fee nz P lengbl- i: ted eft unr gfiin-121n) be new ebolor fot yc l ton mend =o) EN Ae os Sa fel be not \ “As tes ae \y pelo e Demo egress vem, + mitt 54 ~ Piel Phy yh as Ree chen length verusyn % 4S dyer midds Vv isi aie kKi ee ee exampl 22 Maen chown nulliplic alin cath follarirng ee Aferxr, Arzand, Ax =Bxy Au a Ay x Ar * Ag yx Ay ee as alee Ace (Aang Sh 2 fe Uk B a \ ° %\ fe Py p eee , (A, x Renin i 4 fi Get foal Cpe pee SS a © }au|es Lh | : ae : . | & 2 0, Mp ds 6 mCi ag mei i320, Mb 3 = muy -o Lid = etn Feiner fete MPG te Ke? mir a win fee amQ, 24 P, ‘ ra N= ke i ma, sd apentnb ats meGed+e, FL Pah s mingere Fox sxe = UM ens en{3.u) = min med smd Pe Ps i ae poross dae ae ee4 ‘ 8mis} = min re Se eke LU mOr a aera a P oe © 3 5 ee 2XUxX &y We Re Ke a. el mp, 4d = min ks 2ekH mB? + mf 4) + is Py bei Dik Cont HBOS comin ae is rekeu\ au +o eek 9 * . qo, re. abu aeku| 64 mC) erin rain here es mtd - maa t+ Pola Py, mlinaaysanna WM Patna Pals: at - egm(r, et] am(3 414 Poeba Ra ea . = ms pee ie ee 6 Ona vape sss”) (ieeees | ses eons PCs RENAN ie See eo ea SOE Posantlos 2 G of AW Arb AyxAe (K, KAT x Py) XAY a (Ry & Ax Ay Aly= Optional binany seaach trees Comet des beet aA elenorts $10 12) 20,40, 8,028 ) AN = ; . -\ Ene oeN ; leu HO. . 5 derma nodes, ) Level -O F zy on f i \. ; Vevel-3. a a Sucl saspel Sp - 7 / i 3 Prolooder tity 23 PCJ y > a t . ere ana a >.) , ae , ace unsucremful prrokabs lity j ts y(?) » no- of binary search Avees oxoulable ath mn node b TO Men alas My | > ne| ares sts 5 Dee only 2 wade wlrdegrency > can aes Ay! 4 : JD ) 12) “ Oe Es vey coy “2 » 8 » nes D inc. R Conparison= ill Con perions Dien ve £ tng a 35 > > > det wy Oeste Heol Hee “ y Ta tree An be rade mote effrecernt by a ) )Oven a fixed sed ay Modi frers Arle, O11 A, Axh fn different key - A sotbed other such Hod a; ca ,eastay- Let PCr) be te probaly lit of a _ secs fil ry pa aren | 4) be AC probeor lity ch wncuccessfel( easel, LA key X. ZA 6 binatey Search tree Vepvesecl 1 Pen tries Han Hey usll be exachhy Ma) dernet rides § WA enteral nodes [au Fea, ails ‘ ‘ dedi ies we wif] represen! Ne woos cure Bh Ze, werght ie pale dees id ods “thes oott an op yore eaN ; hat binacy Gn ce as ceoach dwee: i ; nocle a) optival aes je Ciara ae ein. fe6,« Gacodli Noles cUiideo ond w{i,11 = 40a " Pee re ith ard AULA repel the wel seosch tree -SS a a eee eer rae eae aS SS ee ere fetes 3 Teo $0 lve te preb woe usll perform follnsing steps step gi Notations poea (ape maling aliyrort c ap proath let +342 ppetlare-~ ,a4) cUfl= denotes cast (TG I hale vege OH) Ton = Prat “bu oblaived Slap lt The OBST Can be bull ce te ne i, Ae Comider ta proces cxtating eb el he an OfST fot Hi chemad; ted Lee R be UB left Hol tHe Noa od. lay, A Z0,e- SOY ond maghl sub lies , Suppose iy aly, ae kee , Lon plore re L ahd Aya — Ae. ¢ yi ened R ah Op Vice” 1p Te cot of Computing Tan Can be ga CUTon \ = CCE) FOUY £ PtP REG YE te C(ton) > CUL)+C(RA) +00gee a ret an optimal binary Seach vee tan toe cur firal anether tree L' ft Some lemenfs urth tte properly c(L'y2c(t) hed 7 dal be Hu tree anth wool ae Aept Soblvee LS anol right subtree R thon tec) + (R) + W OP eerste A 42C[fon) Ve Pay ophhual then Ton Tis cnthealiolh da Jacl the Tee uean 0 BS pan) mutt be an cplinal bt ili elencescle Dr Han Some manner we Caw ctolain opttrwal tree F fot R te * we sll apply goltnoig fein fh coup, - tng oo th Sequence i COjdenn ’ {cu keite cfg Tht woth f 14 iekSj wigl= ecyye Ore ols Te Eel = extn ane Pevlumecencerne (ch Fix values Fes ps & 4s ane x ven y (Cron gates 4) = (2.2 YG1) Cosbrucd1 op Jay Mee Aellsvsing Rorneulie far the Conepucechor ee a wh d= c(i ico nee wllo,o)\= Anam abs Payers Wir 6) =O 21 w (2, Seen Wie] -> We! tiers c(o,osz ‘vLo,o} =o el leo sO,Q-o (cea v(r te ca ..je6e Ysd=0 cui4qro yeu wjcoae - & & bE 8 is le ! ecececceeeeeeeeeereeerrve e fhe values, of wy yw dA 4re | EEE &L $—. wd = (3) A weds B, cL *c waar 2a + e(glez wn elie rcs, er Cfo \= man lewortech.n ockkeeg * ee Erdinda Lose seg xed = {) cof, rye Pot Me svelt,") o 4 ay hes oy coe nn “yet v\e c{2.t\* w(t, er peket \ ne oat he = res Cfo js ker wh, ee Pa Ga Paco es: a cz ey +128 coat rgiy fled oases a sto or B43 oe habe ta hes eb2l aye ler 7 (ste oe, welt: ay acta s+ w [art x mip, FOF O48 shud EoThe Values of wie,e fod g-i=r worse tL 4%, + wlot | zBrl eS cir oa acl aj) + on cord eet + eb Cfo ,2V= win cocker © . AC leant . wan =n BAkeE ne @erac = Kt w[o r= k=1 wr, ads P44, + e023 a ee ee oe g aaa eae ee oma os IPERS oc liy 22) eet eel ee ore =o cae wk22 | gr o4+4 neo oo (rz, 4) = Pt Vig + OEY pe ee a cfu zn (Cee eee LekeH Cf2a reek + HE] sin ott SC 2 perc | qgrore S ~ y yi 734 Tip values of Wy Cy ¥ 40% fle 3 {0134 = Py + Py 4 wo, 24 Bea aiseae ee ee ee = {o13 a mi( Cfoodectt, 3) He c {o13)\ ne etoratectes} iy 4 Liefesrzqsc(s.sye whee GFo+l H th} c24¢ reese Saf ‘ mae Jd Panam) os mals (9 aon '™ \ 2 ylorg.h2 2 bol tate 2 fa Vn, wl, 3) {eve 4 i A = Prayer Gey al mee! € (eneulee nN fais 08 vol 4] be ea ecG |) eelowd ee og teil ie ie cali he Aerie efi uhe ao aa value af WIEN FA joe 4 ar toeredd = fa t@ae eles hea 4c ees) + ean pabantey cle (api cee dat ey 4 efor 23 eel, HQ vvled \ Wh coat) ee Cu ay + Cord , 0+ 1946 a) tmig . Bt gale oo ye ORE J ge ec [ceed BY * ee 2S One 4 fouls BOPOC OCC CCC CMM HMMS SC HHHCHOHEECCCCS There fae tree Tor, bas a root You =L- fron (a, 1, 74 hans (do, tity nec while), arslf becomes the ‘ool rede - Tan Yi ket becomes ledt child 2 %es4 becmey wight child ie wo, becones Leff child $¢ ry becauney ‘eight cbelds Here 21, 50 41 becomes left child ed Daiclcola eS lt) > hee Geol seceny2) atglt eld ob ay feX pod ry) 122, 42G KET hence left hy of th be wy co he, left chet ts engl Te ghd child of wy is ¥yay, Henle ay becomel ght Cla dee stare ees opttnsel binady search tree yi, re4 Alagatitiarn OBST P49) fer tao bon-! do dite wii. - gli q sli Iso; cfr, 20- Mf optimal Ayees uth ome rode > J wo (dard salty eyed tele; VE t+ Qe tans c(t 4 Me gfiteylit Grete; % , von m= yrds vnmd=os clan] = 0-0; fA met de nda (fad optinnal Ayes pith ter T= ot6 nem do (eee & ' t- t MN, vo(i,gd= wo (ig-10 a eGd +VCE Is ke Pinder t,9)5 eC Flew G14 Cite + elke]; vil = K, write (6C fowl, werd ‘i Nfomn); Algettting flrok COs tf) men = 0, tA mof'7-'9 ee hed ale tFCclii me FC lng 3) e min then i efi; m1] ao : PL age — SS OVPRZVIDIOCUCC CCC ECPM eH MSC HCHO CECE ECCLESaca re Te ee ais vetuny L,; 7 is . Alges\ttin Buold rlveelyai4 3 CS Nz Néta(nede J, ee ra T= dodger altel, if(]: e ee) felurn 4 9 ale Se ear a tree (474.1, k= as Fo ¥ abd: build reelma kgs 3 ik: Tine Lomplenity each cht 4] can The total me fet all c(t, 4)'S wn Hy jrizm 5 Olomn- C2 O(nm- rr). Ta Acted tyme to eu alucte otk cfisyys 4 a yYs ts an (nm- ual *) be Cmapudedt jy hee O(m) = yeh ant an — Vt ~~ EN) = f= Jinen econ - Ws ae an) = n [terest - en\ - [adh aaa -~4n) > np Nee |S mnt) (U4) % % : SNS aya ta) > Olr )OLE _RNAPSACK PROBLEM ; —> 4 we ase given ‘on Objects & Q knappack TRA > aa are Ke object t that has COLaght We & fe be i : Napsack thasa Capacity then the poohit i] Be earned & Pte The objective taste chtotn JE Ph Kmapinck titi mnademum Peopit Comneds > dem ts Xe Gek Manimizx d "e_ Patt Buble ot te Cem ZQruen wher tena n ty detal no: of, & Lez O Rl. We Solve this psoblen Using dy sate pregeit WE LL Pertein followotne Alzps, ™ Sep 4: the Motokions Cased Org - Jot +, ly.) ie a (43) And Wed aati Ss 29 Co,8)4 q 1.4 2 Con Cem Orto# Computations of o' are basically the 42 qtion ee “AM Rialonsa wade farc btaining the optima selulior gt : oe \ mesh) Wwe can quote the Sequence 4, deciat om 4 / “i der te Obtain the optimam selection fox lyn? 9 the Knapsack Peoblem . - @ Skep 3 the fosmutae that axe ured atile setuings |i knapsack & Zen They lak 4:44) bethe value of onfmal Saas wy emma $ bat) $, Gren +n i Anitrally Compute | F=L 10,04 ; . 7 , t | %, =U, tw) LPa?, 40 + e)S q : | ‘al ; ‘ a | g, Can be Compuled by merging se Ei } ° i ' -} y | Purging Ruler 44 c+! eontodns CF) and CP» OR | and y Pp SP d WP % WO then CPs , Wg) CON be elimont | Wes Purging surle ta also called as Aomimance Rute, | An Purging mute basteally the dominated Lc ple got || Puaged. to sherk, Memoye a Pat. cotth tus peat Ond MEL Loeeght: , ae4 i ( Ps con > > \ t em a & & g ‘ 3 5 4 > Hf 6 5 i > Build the Sequence of decision oe, gest - a ei ee ct s = La, 2) 4 2 Fe at p02 cus cocinanal ae inataneey nn e18 Tee fet PER WO; Axe ax Ahowm beboos . tohile building $° ewe select he ert ch Pais Fee Swe have selecg Past (Rt) Pate wohich & U2) a= Lmege Past 2 a =$ W&,0), Cr2dy i az § Select ment pau and add ct worth 34 a =9@,2), (240; 8 +6) (a4, 34204 gi) a $@.a3 C594 3 F =Fmerge g, s\§ a = Soo) C12 3) 2804 BS select ment frrr MA add =¥5 ia) (So, H+0) GSaiaa +2) ($424 8m Gb weih 3h- BH SB (4B) AD Le) = FF &={muge easy $23 0,05, UU G@ADG,s) (6,4) Cr Th Potr (3-8) ts pusge d WRrw)> GS) A (Pr toe) a ts tun. $0 ebfmonake (3.8) TOMS "5 5) ra) C&L, foo & because, = 64). Hew P5S PS 199 eZ Mize o:[..8), ud 02, 65,4) LE, 69C1,7) ts, ‘ a =f tes) (exo (TRO LOA! BD (6t2,E43) (6+ SASF a Lore, STOLE, Set) Ets, $4994 S Fe) a4 ay > cee Cens)) cry C8, eM C0 > t.60%,5] Bace mae. and we get pau Ce) Nota te seleck Nett fran object do P-Piy < O”Nys ene tS) =@,0 te & Hee Gel bre, a Pole (7,3) belongs P_P& w-he & The Mal éotedtion ts Crt Y g _9 & 3-3 = 00,0) - ae M efés ie “4 ae °) a (a) BME BD abs F Ce LVAD 02 ua, U4)1g Eales Man problem: a @ beadisedled graph denoted by (v,€) Whee V | denotes et of Vertices Gnd E denotes ack of ed $ The edaoes are xen along eocth thei cost Cry hey Cos Ciys0 for alt URL. 4 thee moedge betioesn ftp then Cay 90+ : i > A dour Fox the gaaph Should be Such that alt the J, Verticer ahould be visited only ‘once Gnd Cost tf the X doug Us dam of Cost of edges on the Lour- The txcrteLling kale person problem ts te find the tour oh Mumememn Cok, Egret Progamming fa ased & delve this podem, Step 15 dek the toncen CUY-$QV% Ay tol, Leng dR of the eux Leaminiasting ak 4. The objectee of Tsp psoblem ts that. the Cos of thus tour ahould he mniniencen » i ae tok Att al be the Shextest Path helideen Lice Vested c&L: i Shep 2s Lek WiVar Nn be the Sequence of vertices elLovoea wo optimal dour, Then (Cv, Nove Ne) TULA 5 be a Bhostest path ytom V, 6 Vn Cokich Passes tiroughs och veka exactly once, Hence the prindgle oh optermoliby is USed- te gue all the path Ve, Nia? s : .3 Rods beginning ok VCO, ending at VOX) and Possing Though alt the taternectiots Vek Cees Vey -*Ve 2 md yyLa Following fosmita Can be used & obtal 2 opimum Cost ts ux, Cost (tys)=mmin$d Ci,%} + eoseCh, $— £13) 4 tohae yeg Andifs = | lek ge Ken 2 Coe (a,&, = ees 4) Cost (3,8, 9 = At D> cost (,&, = AO AB | Skep Qe | | | 9 | S2fone elemenk 4 ; Cost (2,2 min Jd Ct.) 4 cork (8, 8-152 ) 3 | Hence dtom Vertia ab 4, Vetix 34 and verts | ty we 4 by con adetng inlirmedtots Patr lengths’ | Wwe wi Coleulake total optimum Cet - ; Gos (2, 3h 1) = 213) + COS (370 1) 245 Geis Cost (3, $a) = A OA) * cost (uy 8,1) =lO+8 = 19 eosk (8, (qt, ~4 (3,QD ¥ Cost (9, 8,1 = 8415 =120 yy(3,Qu%,)) AB AD4 Costly, 4,1) 1246 224; Ut $24 1) = Ay, 2) eost (2,8,1) = 847 =13 Cosk G4 Fak) =AU4,3) yeost (3,8, negts ea oe) A Sep $29 Wo element? y Cok & OEE, GA) emtn f fa Gay + cost C, 163, OE [a G4) cost U4, 923, IG ; Emin 4 + De ey sy) 2a aa Cada, D amin} {acs,2) +cok C2843, J 2 (4 Guy + Cost (4,423, nd £ | Emen§} UZtig, U2+ay zas | | cost (4 $2.34, 0) Emin FTA CH 2) 4 Cost (2 $a4r : Lay, 2) + Cost (3,923, 1) 3 =min§ Ce +is), Carteyg 223 step 4: Consider Sof Thee Clement’, g intial Vertirc AS Vata 4 har been choosen the cle Should be Completed 40 the Finak Vested Ahowld be 4 Cost), $2,3/43, =mbn {A LA + Cost (2,93, 43,19, fac de Cot By 43, 5) [a U,H)+ cost (4,921 34, 0.14 =min§ WorRs)/LiS+28), (20 Dh 2 =W 25.0 IEE’”’SC oq <—_ 4 the optimal tour ts oF Path tengih 39» Soncider skeply, dtom Vein 4 ‘woe obtain Ae [dphimuun Path as d U2) + Hence select Veer a. Now Congrcles Step, In hich from Veulan 2 WE prises Optimum coat drom AB,H). Hence Select Nex Ly. Now th stepo we. get damoining Vvertr3 de ACE AD G optimum. Bence optimal Cour bs 1,2,4,3 RELARIUTY DESIGN lsIn is peoblem the Main aim is fe chtan good Perhemance fiom a Aysten eq which eed devices — BAL Connecksd (1 a Aeuea as follow 3 3 tp as > *-- a |r ; Ls tohon devices Axe Connecled togettor then iE G 2 Mecesary that each device Should work property , : | The probability hat device t cot wor k Peepest, | te colted scebiaktlit, of thak beige -cleuice . ‘ lek x be the Paliability of device D» Gen dellall | Lde A, (endividirat device & Vou good) entute Ayelea ; iT, At may Rapper thak even 4 srobi Gt ot, ‘ Ywndvidual device t Vey good but Helin? lity 64 2 7 Ondtice Bester oy net be Good. Hence Lo obtat» he goss Perketmane qiom entire Ayton we Can duplicate ~ individual devices And Can Connect Fhem OQ anja, Bale 55; attach duvices fo Switching etrouits Ty Leg kukiching cicuik ts da delrmine echich device Se Austtching eicuik ts te @ cohich device €, cooking: properly -= ane ae N — ml \ [p,\ | [ ( D3\ | \ 4 Bl | a | ro) Seael [d,\ a See ae 5 \ | | i | ea | stage 4 kage a Stage a Stoge multiple Devices connected Jagebhen epdek ™ be the copies of device De ten (i-*e)" be tHe, Hence the Probakility thak all me have a malbunckion « Stage Keliability & 1-C yy, weet denote Helio bility of Stage L by aime) Hence dylme) = 1-8 >In neliabiliby desiga psoblem woe etpegt Lo ge smonimum Sreliob Cty asing clevtce. durplicaleen r Marimtn Sebabiiky FOC" e) fs aakjeded & BCom, &C whee cy ts the COE fe of Coat each device And @ & the POOLE nein eoLctbalbl encase the « aye. The Upper bound & Bb , =Loexe -2¢3) heal — the dynamic. Psogamaning decom uae dupes othe Soom GD coher £ =) The f2 . > Ora he Carameland OA pe ite a - on the Cost Can beldetieaaul “$yflv) = mar} Domi CO —cemr) | intiotly f. Come { fF ($,.%) deme (4, 12) bf ren “he Aominaled kaples can be discaided from ae Puagiging Rule. &4,<%s