PPT 2: foundation, peer influence on children’s gender

socialization is even more powerful.

GENDER SOCIALIZATION 3. School- Schools provide experiences that
offer technical competence as well as the
Becoming Gendered learning of values and norms appropriate to the
culture.
SOCIALIZATION 4. Media- People today are the most media-
saturated and media-engaged in history (Kung-
‘The process by which society’s values and
Shankleman, Towse, & Picard, 2007). American
norms, including those pertaining to gender, are
teens typically spend up to 50% of their waking
taught and learned.’ (Renzetti & Curan, 1992:
hours engaging some form of media
57)
5. Religion- our personal values on gender is
◾“Gender socialization is the process by which
also greatly shaped by the religious beliefs and
individuals learn the cultural behavior of
the religious community we belong.
femininity or masculinity that is associated with
the biological sex of female or male”
(Linsey,2016, p.65). In his book, The Male Experience (1997) James
Doyle identified five themes of Masculinity in
◾Cultures are organized through social
the U.S. which include:
institutions that ensure that the basic needs of
society are met in established, predictable 1. Don’t Be Female- most boys learn they must
ways. Although it is the social institution of the not think, act, or feel girls/women.
family that sets the standards for the ◾Peer groups pressure males to be tough and
emergence of gender roles in children, the aggressive.
family itself is shaped by overall cultural values ◾When a young boy wants to hurt another boy,
regarding gender. he is likely to call him by a name associated with
femininity directly (girlie) or indirectly (sissy)
◾Intersectionality- It is important to
understand that gender intersect with race and 2. Be Successful- boys are required to be
social class. successful in sport and other activities.
◾There are different agents of socialization that
shape our gender identity. ◾“Many men today, like Aaron, say that being a
good provider —an internalized requirement
◾Agents of Socialization- these are the people, that appears to cut across lines of race and
groups, and social institutions that provide the economic class (Eagly, 1996; Ranson, 2001 as
critical information needed for children to cited in Wood, 2007).
become fully functioning members of society.
3. Be Aggressive- “The masculine code tells
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION men to fight, defeat others, endure pain
stoically themselves,andwin,win, win. Dr.
1. FAMILY- the most significant among
Michael Miller (2003 as cited in Wood, 2007)
institutions particularly in the child’s primary
says that many men don’t seek help when they
socialization.
are depressed because their gender identity is
-Our gender is learned first in the family and “tied up with strength, independence,
reinforced by other institutions. efficiency, and self-control” (p. 71).”
2. Peers- With family gender role models as a
4. Be Sexual- “Men should be interested in sex 1. Appearance still counts- To be desirable,
—all the time, any time. They are expected to women are urged to be pretty, slim, and well
have a number of sexual partners; the more dressed.
partners a man has, the more of a stud he is
(Jhally & Katz, 2001 as cited in Wood, 2007). 2. Be Sensitive and Caring-” They feel pressure
to be nice, deferential, and helpful in general,
5. Be Self-Reliant- Autonomy is central to social whereas men are not held to the same
views of manliness. requirements (Simmons, 2002 as cited in Wood,
2007)

THE CONSTRUCTION OF ‘PAGKALALAKI’ 3. Negative Treatment by others-In the United

States, sons are preferred, although the
• Traits we commonly attribute to males: preference is less strong than in former eras
(Starling-Lyons, 2003).
1. Macho (manly)
~In some cultures the preference for males is so
2. Lalaking –lalaki
strong that female fetuses are often aborted,
3. May katawang pangromansa (hunk) and female infants are sometimes killed after
birth (Hegde, 1999a, 1999b; Parrot &
4. Binyagan (had a sexual experience) Cummings, 2006; Pollitt, 2000).

5. Hindi pundido (potent) 4. Be Superwoman- “It’s not enough to be just

a homemaker and mother or to just have a
6. Dominante (domineering) career—young women seem to feel they are
expected to do it all.”(Wood, 2007)
◾De Castro (n.d.) differentiates notions of
‘PAGIGING LALAKI’ and ‘PAGKALALAKI’ saying 5. There is no single meaning of feminine
that the former refers to the biological/physical anymore- definitions of femininity are diverse,
sex and the process of becoming a man while sometimes confusing and conflicting.
the latter is a sociological and a personal
concept.

◾In the Philippines, some study (Santiago, THE CONSTRUCTION OF ‘PAGKABABAE’

1975; Aguiling-Dalisay, et.al., 1995b) would
differentiate ‘TUNAY NA LALAKI’ from ‘GANAP •In a lot of literatures, pagkababae (femininity)
NA LALAKI.’ is usually defined in relation to masculinity.

 TUNAY NA LALAKI (real man) are ‘ma- •The descriptions are most often than not
prinsipyo’ (principled) while GANAP NA stereotypical.
LALAKI (actualized man) refers to a
•Even as early as the Spanish period, tied with
concept of being a ‘family man.’
‘pagkababae’ are concepts such as ‘being
 Lalaking-lalaki (very manly) describes
delicate, fragile, emotional, reserved, chaste,
the kind of comportment that men
etc.’
should have.
•The burden of the woman is that she serves as
the gatekeeper of sexuality (e.g. ‘tukso’ sa
FIVE THEMES IN CURRENT VIEWS OF
lalaki)
FEMININITY:
  Society, through the different agents of 4.Researchers who study brain organization
socialization organized the individual’s
life and continuously construct gender.
 How we see ourselves is part and parcel SOCIOBIOLOGY: DARWIN WITH A TWIST
a product of our socialization.
❖influenced by Darwin’s Law of Natural
Selection (On the Origin of Species, 1859)

❖Sociobiology is the brainchild of entomologist

Edward Wilson (1975); It emerged as a
PPT 3:
discipline in the 1970s.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES: ❖Wilson (1975 as cited in Nielsen 1990) defines
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION Sociobiology as ‘a systematic study of the
biological basis of social behavior and social
organization in all kinds of organisms, including
humans.’
ESSENTIALISM VS. CONSTRUCTIONISM
❖Wilson’s view is that evolution also favors
certain genetically based psychological traits
❖What explains gender differences? NATURE and tendencies (e.g. male aggression) if they
or NURTURE? ENHANCE the odds of an individual passing
along his or her genes.
❖Essentialism- The mode of thinking that
assumes that all manifestations of gender ❖Basic principles:
difference are innate and transcultural and
historical. 1.INCLUSIVE FITNESS- ‘behaviors that
contribute to the survival and reproduction of
❖Social Constructionism- Sexuality, sexual organisms with genes similar to one’s own.
meanings, sexual identities and gender relations
are socially defined and controlled. ◾ Reproductive success or ‘fitness’-the
differences in the reproductive efficiency of
Sexual behaviour and sexual meanings are sexes explains the double standard in sexual
subject to the forces of culture. infidelity.

◾Male can copulate with number of different

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES females at the same time while the female gets
pregnant in 9 months.
❖4 Subgroups of Biological Theorists:
◾The female needs to maintain sexual fidelity
1.Sociobiologists, sometimes called as so as the male will stay and will be reassured
Darwinian Psychologists (unit of analysis- genes) that he is the father of the offspring.

2.Endocrinologists, physiologists, physiological ◾This explains why women are ‘choosy’ in

psychologists, etc. (focus on pre-natal choosing a partner and in why male adultery
hormones) seems more ‘natural’ than females.
◾Male and female have different strategies in
3.Medical and Social Scientists (sex hormones maximizing their reproductive fitness. (The
after the period of puberty) female ‘invest’ more.)

2. PARENTAL INVESTMENT- ‘the behavior

toward one’s offspring that increases the
chances of survival at the cost of a parent’s ❖Sociobiologists are guilty of
ability to invest in other offspring.’ ANTHROPOMORPHIZING (ascribing human
attributes to animals) birds and other species.
◾The female have greater investment in (Remember that Wilson is an entomologist. His
producing eggs and gestating embryos than by study focused on insects.)
males in producing sperms. (Biologist Ruth
Huggard mentioned that this is difficult to
verify.)

3. SEXUAL OR MATE SELECTION- virtually all PPT 4:

members of the sex has greater parental
investment.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
◾The Male reproductive success depends on:
History of Women’s Movement and Feminism
1.) Their possession of traits that female finds
attractive. (Parental Investment Potential) SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT FEMINISM

2.) Their success in male-male competition.- ❑Are all feminist man-haters?

Because men have competed with men for ❑Are all feminists lesbians?
sexual access to women, men have evolved to
favor VIOLENCE & COMPETITION. ❑ Are all feminists ‘women’?
❖Wilson’s Explanation of POLYGYNY: ❑ Do I need to join a Women’s group to
become A feminist?
◾-The male’s relatively lesser investment in
sperm production means that they will be
polygynous and invest less in parenthood
(assuming all factors are constant). The “F” Word

◾IF the physical environment is extremely ▪ Feminism was derived From the French word
harsh it will lead to a monogamous ‘feminisme’ in the 19th Century.
arrangement instead of a polygynous pattern.
Female sexuality is restricted in this scenario ▪ It use to denote two things:
because the male needs to ensure that he is 1) a Medical term that describe the
caring for his own offspring. Feminisation of the male body,

2) Women with masculine traits.

❖Weaknesses/Critic of this perspective:
▪ Today feminism is Defined as, ‘a political
◾Stephen Jay Gould (1980) pointed out that Stance of someone Committed to Changing the
‘whatever influence genes do have on human social Position of women.
behavior is bound to be exceedingly
complicated.’ ( thus, inconclusive to say that ▪ Though the coinage of the term is Fairly
biological basis could explain social behavior) recent, there are significant Number of people
considered as ‘feminists’ in the 18th century.
❖REDUCTIONISM. Sociobiology explains Feminism as theory and Movement
complex social phenomena using basic
biological processes (e.g. Embryo reproduction). ▪ ‘Theorizing is seen as a more Open-minded
activity, using…lenses by Which we can more
fully comprehend Reality in its multiple organized Conference in the U.S. on
Dimensions’(Pineda-Ofreneo, Narciso-Apuan & women’s rights.
Estrada-Claudio, 1997, p. 30).  July 19-20, 1848- The Seneca Falls
conference happened in New York,
▪ Feminism is a movement that aims to where 300 women Participated.
Transform society.
•SECOND WAVE OF FEMINIST MOVEMENT

 1963- Betty Friedan in ‘Feminine

Mystique’ argued that Women were
not happy inside The home.
 1964- The Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Dismissed issue of sexual equality and
did Not include the word ‘sex’ in the
title VII Of the Civil Rights Act .
 1966- As a reaction to what transpired
in
 1964, the National Organization of
Women was formed.
Various Stands of Feminism
•Liberal Feminism ( Philippines)
• Liberal Feminism
▪ The first 2 formal Women’s Organization in
• Marxist Feminism The country were formed in the 1900s:

• Radical Feminism 1. Asosacion Feminista Filipina

2. Asosacion Feminista Ilonga (1906)
• Socialist Feminism
▪ In 1909, a feminist magazine entitled, ‘Filipina’
• Third World Feminism was founded with Constancia Poblete as editor.

• Ecofeminism ▪ May 14, 1937- Filipina women were allowed

To vote.

Basic Ideas:
◾Liberal Feminism
1. All men and women Are created equal.
•Significant events: 2. Women’s reasoning Capacity is similar
to Men.
 1780s- Mary Wollstonecraft and Judith 3. There should be fair MERITOCRACY.
Sargent Murray pushed for The equal 4. Women just as well as men have the
rights to education. right To vote, access to education, jobs,
 1840- Women delegates were etc.
prohibited From speaking publicly and
were Separated from men during the Source of inequality:
First International Anti-Slavery
Conference in London. As a reaction,  Sexist Socialization
Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton  Social Discrimination

Strategies :
 ❑ Equal opportunities for men and  There is a tendency to reduce gender
women. Oppression to class oppression.

❑ Legal reforms.

❑ Education as a means of social ◾Radical Feminism

change.
▪ 1967- radical feminists launched The women’s
Weakness of this strand: liberation movement Which relied on ‘rap’ or
Consciousness-raising groups.
 Oblivious to issues Of racial, class and
national oppression ▪One of the known protest of the Radical
feminists in the U.S. are The protests against
Miss America pageants in 1968 &1969.
◾Marxist Feminism (Philippines) Basic Ideas:

▪ Marxist feminism in the Philippines could be 1. Women and men are Fundamentally
Traced as part of the National Democratic different.
Front. 2. ‘The personal is political.’ For Women
to be free, they need to Control their
own bodies.
3. All hierarchies Must be Eliminated and
Society must be Completely Altered.

Source of Oppression:

 Patriarchy,
 Sexism
Basic ideas:  Heterosexism
1. Capitalism benefits From women’s Strategies :
Subordination
2. Women are the second class workers ❑Development of Counterinstitution
And as the RESERVED labor force in A (e.g. crisis Center) and Consciousness-
capitalist system. raising groups)
3. The private-public Dichotomy is
Beneficial for Capitalist because Men ❑Separatism
were free from Domestic
❑Women’s culture/spaces
Responsibilities.
Weakness of this strand:
Source of Oppression:
 Patriarchy is Biologically- based;
 CAPITALISM
 Women have different Sexual
Strategies : orientations

❑ Eradicate Capitalism

❑ Shift to Socialism ◾Socialist Feminism (Phils.)

Weakness of this strand: Different Socialist Feminist groups in the Phils:

▪ PILIPINA (1981) 3. Women are Commodified in Tourism,
Entertainment and Even marriage.
▪ KALAYAAN (1983)- formed by women with 4. Increased violence against women due
Roots in the National Democratic movement. to militarization in society and sexism in
the workplace.
▪ DSWP (1987)- associated with the Partido
Demokratiko- Sosyalista ng Pilipinas (PDSP) Source of Oppression:
▪ SARILAYA (1994)- stands for ‘Kasarian-  National Oppression,
Kalayaan’ or Gender Liberation.  Colonialism,
 Imperialism
Basic Ideas:
Strategies :
1. Socialist feminism is also known as
Gendered Marxism; It combined the ❑ Gender-fair development
Arguments of Marxist and Radical
Feminism. ❑ Women’s participation in nationalist
2. Women’s work is Devalued because It is Liberation.
separated From the Production of
Surplus value. Weakness of this strand:
3. Women’s oppression is caused by Their
 Culture-specific
economic dependence.

Source of Oppression:

 Patriarchy ◾Ecofeminism
 Capitalism
▪ Ecofeminism was launched In 1974 in
Strategies : Francoise D’Euabonne’s La Feminisme Ou la
Mort (Feminism or Death).
 Transform gender Relations in both the
productive and Reproductive sphere ▪ The book provided the Foundation of
(public/private) ecofeminism.

Weakness of this strand: Basic Ideas:

 Insufficient Materialism 1. It tends to unite Feminist thoughts And

ecological Concerns.
2. As long as oppression is Culturally
valued, it will Continuously be imposed
◾Third World Feminism to Anyone who does not resist.
3. It tries to bring new Consciousness of
Basic Ideas:
Humans’ Interdependence With all
1. Third World Feminism is also Known as other life Forms.
TWO-THIRDS WORLD FEMINISM.
Source of inequality:
2. It focuses on the Development
Paradigms (Rich Nations- poor Nations  Violence of men;
divide) that Put women at a Greater  Patriarchy;
Disadvantages.  Culture-Nature divide
Strategies :

❑ Voluntary simplicity and consumer

liberation

❑ Sustainable livelihood

❑ Environmental preservation and

conservation

Weakness of this strand:

 Too specific;
 it further Divides men (culture) and
women (nature).

▪The ‘women’s movement’ is a Collage of many

movements That span more than 150 years.

▪Different strands have different Issues and

different strategies to Transform gender
relations in Society.