Digital System Degn (THEORY COMPONENT)

Sntovecuucien

m a wiole
wicle mge
Diqtal uiut ae foumd
iko lelvvieon,
michouwe Apace
Oven,
elecbvenue kyrtim4
Cmmmumutatieni, iatfu cerlrel tylim, advomced induanal
uritt
COnbiel ctc hese hae humlted
im digital rylom

meu unien un los Apace twreby umpevimg yem

reliabity and inereased peed
on numbhs haprvumt
that nehrnunt
Digilal yrlimd operate
fmeton. Hnu derigmn utabusu
aitlmilue
Beme
Aeme logital he task
uumbehA and
belween he
sulaliensi p
he

beimg tenfenmed
and digitallies
he cihfoune
bduween aroloq
meihod oencodim the ntesmatien
win the mmtitis e Jephtml
Digital elcbroniet ws olitwde
r ita
w n
electenid
t edonu deaka
deals
wlule omalog
wnfmalen mcludi
malog vaiables
Cena u e u ignalk. bcamples of
cdlocde with h a n d ,
sne wme rueltages
upltages
empealkine, wariables
e t . Thu som
Jomu
a galwanemelin
in odicaid en n dvohete
dinvete
inmtiad
unntiad
n
digstally
om alro be ehrerutid

mamite,
 Digital Syplem Deaign

1: Puncihlu of
Cembimaluwnal koge
Kog
MMocule

D1ntiem of
Combmatwal kogee
thu ticdmaqud
uwitth
Cembimational loge deali sivuuk
that ferfem
hat ferfeam
qatuinlo
te basio decodr
mmg
Addin, Sukbraeton,
dnindfunelien
.

eas oven,
some dnvmdi, odafay
mulliplie,
multilvcn,
e c e ols,
kubvevd emcw cder uolbacl
hou
embmatiwnal henib
ch nia o o moi

em euthut lo inht. olo

net
met
eniaun e m y
cwveuuti
C o m b m a t i e r v a l

ahe Seguemtial h a u t )
(fupplops)
that cen aun memery
Ihere

Sequusnce
eneal KDguc dingm
wwitng Suwriteung
uting Suriteburg
Jruttrtalle
Pcblem t a t e m e n t COwabmeluon Equuatiem
Eg4ualiom

Dhawin Suirtplsty
Egmausmd
Buuildarg ge oliaghamd
|Rogic wrauit

Atatimemt to
hut
huhu talle:
table
Atatimnt
Phoblem
tobla
Huw to nve combrratierval
doqio Anuta
a a
Stotumend: Diigm whun
w hun
Phoblern
iu genvhatud anduealin
Andiealin4

Ao h a t
m utput
inpu ue
maiuly of fow
5

Son No.o f n f d t huprestnt

he mput.
umput.
Let I, I,, 13 $ I4
No-of outpuls 0
Lel O be tue output
 rutn talde:
I I I, Conidn o u for wlued
utput 1

Boolean Suitcbmy Equalm;

O, I I, I, t

0 O
Aald
Nore eoeu tim M

Phoduuct bm. Abvve equaluen

has 5phodut bmd

Defimtent
1 Litnal a Boolean vaiabe or u omplenmeni

E TT, Ia, , , T
2) Phodluel t i m a koqiual AND Cphodut) of Ailirak
i a ital
) Sum i m JA ogical OR (Sum) of likerals ei i
uitened Ea (T * T,) I,+I,t I,), I, ,
I,
74)
SoP (Sum of Peduott) dogieal oR of ultiple
prvodevet tonn. Eq: I, T, + I I4 Is t I,+ I
)POS (Praduet of Swm) i t ogical AND Ofmutiple
Sum ivms. ég: CI,+ T+ I,)(I3)(TatI4)
) Mintir t i a Apccicl tase Produet teimn oich ceteun
all he nprat vaiaset (each litival ocewhing only emce) of fhe
Boo leam eocp huen
tentom a
Mantem: t ia a Apeial tase
Smm m wieh
the npmt vniables af te Booleam expaesien
3) Comenuwal FemA
felewmga farhiulan Rule
omwmcal

Maneial Fem of a kwtehumg eqma m miomM that

centaunu a l l he avalabu
Eock Jemd n flu eguaien
nput vau als.
twr camerical fom.
Martm
) Stum of Mutmu 2 Pvoduui of
npla
Hinfiams Maxtihrs
ab atbr
abT mo Catbtc) Mo
e m, Mo
bc Catb+)> M,
0 ab
um M
m Ca+b+ c) Ma mMa
0 bc m3
Ca+b+c) Ma
a bc m4 ( a+bt c) M4
abc mS Cat b t ) > Ms
abc m6 Cat+ Mo
I abc 7 Ca+b+a) M7 M4
obaenved thal
Tt (om loe m, M;
)Commual Sum of Phoduuds OR Stam dond SOP OR

Aumtivm tanerical fim

At mintim tthat
Camemcal Sop f m is a toylti of
dutmes, whun an Buthut TaMae a lagical 1 .

in whuclu eacth phoduet twm edound

SOP fem
ull tue i t r a l
g: O , T, T, 7 + ,,TI, +14I, + I,144
Y ABC + ABC+ ABC.
0)
vComeecal Paoduet of am CPOS) fem OR
Stondad Pos fesm OR Mavtum lameeal fm.
Comemcal Pos m a POs m m wuch sach Sm Juhm
Cetaun all hu litvnalu
E:y (At 8+T) C BtT) CA+ Btc)
 tomemaal Pos m n a templuti at oMurtem
that duhnes, h m an ontfhuutid a Aogical 0

Eq 0, I,+ I,t T+ I) (44t3 +I) (I,+ t+tI)

De Mengam's JheeumA:

a+b a b
a.b atb

Note: omenmcal m s he opokili af Sunhlified fem

uthen a
2 Each boz Am a Kamangh -Map Jeprmu
Muntim Mooitim

Rules of Boolean AMgebra:

A A O
At0 A AtA A(At8) A
A 0 00
A+i
AtAB AtB
A+AA A A
+AB
A+AB AC1+ LA+Ae A (B+)
A A A ABt AB+ AB
A (
ABtAB+ AB + AB

ALB+B)+ B(At A)
A+AB = A+B.

Diubrulwe daos lheld 9o0d

amd
Cernmlatwe, Akocative
At (0t)-(At8)tc A(B+C) ABt AC
AtB B+A

AB BA (A B)C
=
A(BC)
 Boolean Equation (Suwritelunq Equation)
2mg
Keotuctien of
Booleon Mgebra

J= abc + abo
ac CB+) brb 1
ac

2 P ab +abc + ab + abc to 2rd tem

ab u common

a bCE+c)+ abTt abc in emmen to

Also, ab
=
ab + ab Ctc) nd3"d tom

abt ab

C ta) b
[ata .
P b

3 y a Cbtc) (bc)
Mogom
|bc b + T by De
a(Ete)(E+a) Hhesrem

DeMangans
a(B. a) (E+7) btC .T by
theenemn

= a (b ) C6+E)

aba (b+5)
abT b ab T

abc
a (o) +

aba

G a bc +bc + ab + abe
Ca t a)be + b CctT)
G bc + ab
5 P x( y+ Z) ( y)
-B De Mi4am's nesrns

y + z + 0+ xyz

yt z (I+)
y+ z
Plytz)
(b+ t) ( ab)
By DeMengomia Theorem

(a bc)Ca+6)
a bca + abcb

abc + abc
G abc

S xyt y t *y +y
=
(xt )y +
(xt ) y

S1
 T « k l

i e Aamenncal Fasm
SOP phukien
I ewertion f
C mimmg
-b mtný
a mitmg
ab+ a + be
P-f (a, b, c) =

olm: f(a, b, c) ab (ct) + a (bt b) + (at )bc

Solm: Lmemcal
SOP
abc abT + ab + ab + abc + bc
f +

2 f(w,
G , y,z) = wxt yz

)yz
Soln
w x (yrg)a+z) + (wto)(xt
xg)(z +2)
t (wt )(*yz t yz)
( xyt
) Camenical

yz + wz + y ~ +*yz
yZS0P pm
+-t+
twxuz
tw wx yz t
+ x
Repeated
3. T- fla, b,c) = a(b +o) [ epond]
ab+ac
ab (c+) + alb+ b)c

abc+abc +abc + abc Reep amly 1tom

Camenital SOPf m
abc + ab + abc
 POS ephuien mle Lanenical m
I Cevesrten af

T - f (a, b, c) - Catb) Cb+ ). cC a =0

.'.Fumetien 4 dmafctid
(atb+ c)Caa + b+ c) ey unletien

(atbt)(a +b+ 7)
Catbre)Cat b +))
anmeal
(a+b+e) Ca+6+ )
(a + bt *)
f

2. J f (A,8, C, D) -
(A+e+ c)CA'+D)
CAt 6+ Ct DD) (A+ BB'+ cc'+ D)
+D)( At Btc+ D')
(A'+ B + CC+D)
CAt e+C

(A+B+ co'+D)
CA+BttD)
(At e+ C+D )CAt 6+ctD)
8+ C'+ D)
CA+Btc'+D) C A'+ e+c+D)CA't
Camemcal Pos fem
3P-Cw,,y,z) (wta) yt ).
t + 4 + zz) (ww
+xi +yt 2).
( + +y tz~) Cot*t y+z~) (ww +* +9t )
Cww ++y+Z)
( + + y + z)(wtx+yt ~z)(wt + + 2)( +x t y t z)

uo tz
ty t2) (3*atyt~)(» r +ytz)(+ i+yTZ)
Caneni cal

POS fm

4 U 7 +S(ttr) +3t
3t
=7t st +SY t
Y+TS + (S+S)E.

A+AB= AtB
t S +t
+St+t
 tavaaual Rm Tahe

TL umlim and Malivm Wotaueny: Decimal Notatuo,)

pns fhe vem Boolean erpheriem nairg Maretinm Wotaliom.
X = ( a + b) ( b + c ) .
nom-camenmcal fam
iven pherion ud
Convet to POS Canermeal rm

(a +b + ca) (a +b+ )
atb Cat b + C).(a +bt T)(at b+ a)
M M. M. Ms
Mantevm metaluen
X M(1,2, 3, 5)

Eprun uing Mntim Wotatien

abc + bc
WCa,b, ) bc + SOP L a r e i c a l fsm
-

Cenvet to

a b c + ab + Ca+a) bc
ibc
abe +abo+ abc
m3

Hunttm notatuen

w Em (l, 3, 4, 7)
othe canmeal fom
en m it
wit the berteom phursi
3
mg deumal metlien.

Mmom Notalon
) fla,b,c) £m (0,2, 5)
mo +m +
m both kioltu.
Cemplement

mtTm,tms
thevem
m By Demegomk
m
f M, M . Ms [: m, - M;
mp lenmemk agam
on both ides
not pres ent
Pick terms
ff M Mg. M Mg . Mz in

TMC,3,4, 6,7)| Marteon Notañirm

 b)fCa,b,c)= nm(2,5) Matem Notation
f M, M5

Lemplemeling, f M, Ms

f M+Ms By De Mo'goris thueum

m,+m5 Mm;
Semplemmling Pick te'm mot Preent
mtm,t mt M4+mg tm7
in
Minterm Notation
- Emo, 1, 3,+, 6,7)

Antwn Cannical fom

A For the uuttn talle qiven, wite he
nbmq m-nototen Molihm comencal fem rmg Mnotaien
amd

mintems marteknns
b
mo Mo
Mi
M2
m3 M
m M
0
M5
0 m6 Mc
M
wtimg fhe mintims
we con wite
ceumn,
Leokng at The logio i
entu im the
m
m-nofatien

the mmtum
comemcal fom
=
mo+m, + m g t m s + Ms
(a,b,c
m-motatien
m(0, y 3, 5, 6)

wria
can
elbnes wm the f celumn, we

kookung at the logic 0. Mnotatuen au,

cammeal fem m
Mantem

f M, M M
5 - TTM(2,4,7) M-nolatiov
 tRa a a t Tima Tuhle

Martemm Notauen.
5. Sxphun h e v Booleen ephe1en

fCL,M,N) E =
4,5, 6, 7

en both i c u
Jakng Cerplement
m4+m5 tm6 tM7
heorun
m m By De Mengon'a
m
f M4 Mg M M7
Jokng Cemplemenb agaum tema mot phesmt
Picking h e

f -f Mo M, Ma Ma in
Notation
M (0,, 2, 3
Mactem
TY Desigm of systems mng Comenatuemal
Logio
DignaAytom ohich Accepta fownfuuh a, b, c amd d

Omd ethuk a 1' wunwn the mumbeh of is m the inpiut

ceeds 2, auming denble Jaul logu

A variablea 4 Th
Ccmplemeni ane avaulake

uuth table Booleam pheien

b b Cdd bcd bcd +

Y(a,b,c, d)= +a

abcd t abcd +

O abcd
oR 2m(7, 1,
0 13,14
0 5)
O
doqrc dagram amuminq denbiu-ral

Jogic:
a bb cEd d
O

D-

wnd mpulä a,b,

anufuc f d amd
4
Digm bs kem a

en fhu
whenwen he least sigmifiant mput
wtpua
mwt hmahicont mput gou hig, anuming denbHe had ogte
 Jhuthtale! -

MSB LSB
d ObAnve hal, the Boolean

epeen unOP fem unll

have 2mintum ohene

exphunicn
An
POS Form will

0 have enly ot tem

0

hwrfere we ahall umplememt

tue POS fem

y (a +b+Ct d) Catb + +d)

Ca+b +ctd). Cat bt td).

3.
Dekim a circuit to
squae 2bit 'mumbti Awmng
dende nail logiu.
Let the unput bit be
ab.
Mandmum valuue of ducimal no.
with 2 bn
Sqmanu of 3 1. wtid uguines 4 t= 3 C11)
bita C100 )
', t hmm
utput itu be , ,y, 7 Multiple Outpu
Deimal 9npuli Otpur Decimal
a
oab
ab
2 4
3 o o z ab+ ab =(ata)b
 D-
b

aiutt to gtnenale the wen parity

bt fe a
Deign
d aMumung double sail loge
yim with fowr mput a,b, c

No olovdd Jbe kuco thot the/he

b d Output
with
ahewld Even No c f s
be
fogeftan fe
np wb Cutputi put
O

rutn taulte
e a c n e w in the

v mplemeut
W
SOP form
fhe lomc

y a bed + a bcd + abTd +

L
abcd + abid + ab od +

ab cd t abc d

D
a
 etpat s to be bme Johen the alue f pA
mputs

eccoeds 3. Jhe weighting fes ead input variablo in ao followt.

* 3, y*2, z-1 Ormplemeat uiny gal
Output Valuue
output = wyz

twyZ
+wryZ+ wxyz
2-i =
twxy wzjz
O 3-i 2
O O
6uput
32-)
O
3T2-1

(L)

Opu 2m (6, 7, 10,'1, 12, 13, 14,15)

Ofp ux + *y+wy

-
Oup
 - Tt Thla

enly NAND gaiu

Reatize the given kwitthm eguuend nmq.

- A B+ CD

Realy nmg mple galu

.

Step

A
AB

cD
he
m a patl doed n e t chmge
Step2 Addmg ior mvehtöu
tincuit path 1

A
D
Path 2
D

NOT qat wth

Step 3: Replate
NCT

-y
C

D
D NAND

NAND ie - Bubbled OR
Sep4 Replace the Altmati Symbol fen
with wual NAND Sumbol D

B
C

D
2)y-y + g z
Realize uimg imple gatu
Step 1

Step 2 Addling 2 bubbles n patt 1

- Altomatu symbol f e NAND

-Y
Adding 2 bubbles in potu 2

Step3 uwith D
Replace > Stmbel

- (A+ B c) CA* B+ )
Sep A

D
Slep 2 A-
B

C
D
Sep3
A

Shep
A

D-
 3) Snfity wing Guine- Me dluskey metbued amd nealge
u fnctien ming bane gatu
f(a,b, , d Sml7,9,12, 13,14, 15) + 2de (4/1).

Goup Mntmi a a b
b[d
1 1's 4*
(4, 12)
(9, i )
(4, 13)
7
(i2,13)
(2,14)
bed
3 j's
13 (7, 15)
|4 (u*, 15)
4 's 15 (13,15)
(9,15)

Mimtem d
Paine fmplianit :
ad bad, bcd, ad, ab
(41,13,15)
(12, 13, 4,15)
P.Is. 7 4 |3 15
P. I tale
X
bad X
bcd
Esenti al PIs : ad
X

X
ab
bcd, ad, ab
bcd tove 7 15 tovehd by the 3 EPIs
all 1 Cells ae
4,13, 15
ad
12,13, t%, I5 bcdt adt ab
ab !. 4la, b, , d) =