Python pandas

SANJEEV SHARMA
Informatics Practices(New)
CLASS XII Code No. 065 -2019-20
Unit 1: Data Handling (DH-2)
What is pandas?
Pandas is an open source, BSD-licensed library providing high-
performance, easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools for
the Python programming language.
Python with pandas is in use in a wide variety of academic and
commercial domains, including Finance, Neuroscience, Economics,
Statistics, Advertising, Web Analytics, and more.
What problem does pandas solve?

It enables us to carry out our entire data analysis workflow in Python.
Combined with the excellent IPython toolkit and other libraries, the
environment for doing data analysis in Python excels in performance,
productivity, and the ability to collaborate.
Some of the Highlights of Python pandas

1. A fast and efficient DataFrame object for data manipulation with
integrated indexing.
2. Tools for reading and writing data between in-memory data
structures and different formats: CSV and text files, Microsoft Excel,
SQL databases etc.
3. Flexible reshaping and pivoting of data sets
Installing pandas
The simplest way to install not only pandas, but Python and the most
popular packages that is with Anaconda, a cross-platform (Linux, Mac
OS X, Windows) Python distribution for data analytics and scientific
computing. After running the installer, the user will have access to
pandas and the rest of the stack without needing to install anything else,
and without needing to wait for any software to be compiled.
Installation instructions for Anaconda can be found here.
Another advantage to installing Anaconda is that you don’t need admin
rights to install it. Anaconda can install in the user’s home directory,
which makes it trivial to delete Anaconda if you decide (just delete that
folder).
Note: Each time we need to use pandas in our python program we need
to write a line of code at the top of the program:
import pandas as <identifier_name>
Above statement will import the pandas library to our program.
We will use two different pandas libraries in in our programs
1. Series
2. DataFrames
pandas Series
Series is a one-dimensional labeled array capable of holding any data
type (integers, strings, floating point numbers, Python objects, etc.). The
axis labels are collectively referred to as the index. The basic method to
create a Series is to call:
import pandas as <identifier name>
<Series_name> = <identifier name>.Series(data, index=index)
Data can be many different things:
 a Python dict
 a Python list
 a Python tuple
The passed index is a list of axis labels.
Step by Step method to create a pandas Series
Step 1
Suppose we have a list of games created with following python codes:
games_list = ['Cricket', 'Volleyball', 'Judo', 'Hockey']
Step 2
Now we create a pandas Series with above list
# Python script to generate a Series object from List
import pandas as ps
s= ps.Series(games_list)
print(s)
OUTPUT
0 Cricket
1 Volleyball
2 Judo
3 Hockey
dtype: object
In the above output 0,1,2,3 are the indexes of list values. We can also
create our own index for each value. Let us create another series with the
same values with our own index values:
# Python script to generate a Series object from List using custom Index
import pandas as pd
s= pd.Series(games_list, index =['G1','G2','G3','G4'])
print(s)
OUTPUT
G1 CRICKET
G2 VOLLEYBALL
G3 JUDO
G4 HOCKEY
dtype: object
In the above output Game_1, Game_2, Game_3, Game_4 are our own
created indexes of list values.
In the similar manner we can create pandas Series with different data
(tuple, dictionary, Object) etc.
Now we will create a Series with a Dictionary
Suppose we have a dictionary of games created with the following Python
codes:
d = {'Cricket': 1, 'Volleyball': 2, 'Judo': 3 , ‘Hockey’:4}

Now we create a pandas Series with above dictionary
# Python script to generate a Dictionary Object
import pandas as pd
games_dict = {'Cricket': 1, 'Volleyball': 2, 'Judo': 3 , 'Hockey':4}
s= pd.Series(games_dict)
print(s)
OUTPUT
Cricket 1
Volleyball 2
Judo 3
Hockey 4
Dtype : int64
The Python Pandas DataFrame

DataFrame is a Two-dimensional size-mutable, potentially
heterogeneous tabular data structure. Tabular data structure has rows
and columns. DataFrame is a way to represent and work with tabular
data.
Pandas DataFrame is similar to excel sheet and looks like this
How to create a Pandas DataFrame?
In the real world, a Panda DataFrame will be created by loading the
datasets from the permanent storage, including but not limited to excel,
csv and MySQL database.
First we will use Python Data Structures (Dictionary and list) to create
DataFrame.
Using Python Dictionary to create a DataFrame object
name_dict = { 'name' : ["Anita", "Sajal", "Ayaan", "Abhey"],
'age' : [14,32, 3, 6] }
If we print this dictionary using print(name_dict) command, it will show
us the output like this:
{'name': ['Anita', 'Sajal', 'Ayaan', 'Abhey'], 'age': [14, 32, 3, 6]}
We can create a Pandas DataFrame out of this dictionary

# Python script to generate a Dictionary Object and print using variable
import pandas as pd
name_dict = {
'Name' : ["Anita", "Sajal", "Ayaan", "Abhey"],
'Age' : [14,32, 4, 6]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(name_dict)
print(df)
Output
Name Age
0 Anita 14
1 Sajal 15
2 Ayaan 4
3 Abhey 6
As you can see the output generated for the DataFrame object is look
similar to what we have seen in the excel sheet as. Only difference is that
the default index value for the first row is 0 in DataFrame whereas in
excel sheet this value is 1. We can also customize this index value as per
our need.
Note: A side effect of dictionary is that when accessing the same
dictionary at two separate times, the order in which the information is
returned by the does not remained constant.
One more example of DataFrame with customize index value
# Python script to generate a Dictionary Object with custom index
import pandas as pd
name_dict = {
'Name' : ["Anita", "Sajal", "Ayaan", "Abhey"],
'Age' : [14,32, 4, 6] }
df = pd.DataFrame(name_dict , index=[1,2,3,4])
print(df)
Output
Name Age
1 Anita 14
2 Sajal 15
3 Ayaan 4
4 Abhey 6
In the preceding output the index values start from 1 instead of 0
Viewing the Data of a DataFrame
To selectively view the rows, we can use head(…) and tail(…) functions,
which by default give first or last five rows (if no input is provided),
otherwise shows specific number of rows from top or bottom
Here is how it displays the contents
df.head() # Displays first Five Rows
df.tails() # Displays last Five Rows
print(df.head(2)) # Displays first Two Rows
print(df.tail(1)) #Displays last One Row
print(df.head(-2)) #Displays all rows except last two rows
print(df.tail(-1)) #Displays all rows except first row
Advance operations on Data Frames:
Pivoting:
Sample Pivot chart created in Excel

A Pivot Table is an interactive way to quickly summarize large amounts
of data. We can use a Pivot Table to analyse numerical data in detail, and
answer unanticipated questions about our data. A PivotTable is
especially designed for:
1. Querying large amounts of data in many user-friendly ways.
2. Expanding and collapsing levels of data to focus your results.
3. Filtering, sorting, grouping, and conditionally formatting the most
useful and interesting subset of data enabling you to focus on just
the information you want.
Creating Pivoting Tables with pandas’ DataFrame
Pivot Tables in pandas
With pandas’ pivot tables we can create a spreadsheet-style pivot table
using DataFrame.
Steps to create a pandas’ pivot table
Step 1
Create a DataFrame using Dictionary or any other sequence
Step 2
Use previously created DataFrame to generate a Pivot Table
Step 3
Print the Pivot Table
Example 1:
# Pyhton script demonstrating the use of pivot_table() method
import pandas as pd
name_dict = {
'INVIGILATOR' : ["Rajesh", "Naveen","Anil","Naveen","Rajesh"],
'AMOUNT' : [550,550,550,550,550],
}
df = pd.DataFrame(name_dict )
print(df)
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['INVIGILATOR'],aggfunc=’sum’)
Output
INVIGILATOR AMOUNT
0 Rajesh 550
1 Naveen 550
2 Anil 550
3 Naveen 550
4 Rajesh 550
Output in pivot table form
INVIGILATOR AMOUNT
Anil 550
Naveen 1100
Rajesh 1100
Example 2:
# Pyhton script demonstrating the use of pivot_table() method
import pandas as pd
sale_dict = {
'ITEM_NAME' : ["NOTEBOOK", "PEN","INKPEN","NOTEBOOK","PEN"],
'AMOUNT' : [100,50,30,100,50],
'QUANTITY' :[2,5,3,3,5]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(sale_dict )
print(df)
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['ITEM_NAME','AMOUNT','QUANTITY'],
aggfunc='sum')
Output :
ITEM_NAME AMOUNT QUANTITY
0 NOTEBOOK 100 2
1 PEN 50 5
2 INKPEN 30 3
3 NOTEBOOK 100 3
4 PEN 50 5
Output in pivot table form
ITEM_NAME AMOUNT QUANTITY
INKPEN 30 3
NOTEBOOK 100 2
3
PEN 50 5
Descriptive Statistics
After data collection, we generally use different ways to summarise the
data. Python pandas provide different methods to generate descriptive
statistics. Some of the common methods are:
min, max, mode, mean, count, sum, median
Example 1:
#Total sales per employee
import pandas as pd
monthlysale = { 'Salesman' : ["Akshit", "Jaswant","Karan","Akshit",
"Jaswant","Karan","Akshit", "Jaswant","Karan","Akshit",
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50],
'Quarter' :[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4],
'District':
['Kangra','Hamirpur','Kangra','Mandi','Hamirpur','Kangra','Kangra','Hami
rpur','Mandi','Hamirpur','Hamirpur','Kangra']
}
df = pd.DataFrame(monthlysale )
# Employee wise total sale:
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['Salesman'], values = ['Sales'],aggfunc='sum')

Output:
Salesman Sales
Akshit 4000
Jaswant 2600
Karan 1210
Example 2:
#Total sales Per District
import pandas as pd
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50],
'Quarter' :[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4],
'District':
}
# District wise total sale:
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['District'], values = ['Sales'],aggfunc='sum')

Output:
District Sales
Hamirpur 3600
Kangra 2910
Mandi 1300
Example 3:
#Total sales per employee and per district
import pandas as pd
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50],
'Quarter' :[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4],
'District':
}
# Employee and district wise total sale:
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['Salesman','District'], values =

['Sales'],aggfunc='sum')
Output:
Salesman District Sales
Akshit Hamirpur 1000
Kangra 2000
Mandi 1000
Jaswant Hamirpur 2600
Karan Kangra 910
Mandi 300
Example 4:
Maximum sales District wise
import pandas as pd
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1200,900,1300,1000,900,50],
'Quarter' :[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4],
'District':
}
# Maximum sale:
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['District'], values = ['Sales'],aggfunc='max')
Output:
District Sales
Hamirpur 1000
Kangra 1200
Mandi 1300
Example 5:
# Minimum sale District Wise
import pandas as pd
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50],
'Quarter' :[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4],
'District':
}
# Minimum Sale District wise:
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['District'], values = ['Sales'],aggfunc='min')
Output:
District Sales
Hamirpur 300
Kangra 50
Mandi 300
Example 6:
# Median of sales Distirct wise
import pandas as pd
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50],
'Quarter' :[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4],
'District':
}
# Median of sales Distirct wise
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['District'], values = ['Sales'],aggfunc='median')
Output:
District Sales
Hamirpur 900
Kangra 800
Mandi 650
Complete Example:
# Maximum , Minimum , Mean, Mode , Median and Count of sales
Salesman wise
import pandas as pd
print("\n")
print ( "Dataframe of Values\n")
print("\n")
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50],
'Quarter' :[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4],
'District':
}
# Use of mode() method of DataFrame
print("\n")
print ( "Use of mode() method of DataFrame")
print("\n")
print(df.mode())
print("\n")
print ( "Use of max,min,mean,median and count\n")
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['Salesman'], values = ['Sales'],aggfunc=
['max','min','mean','median','count])
Output:
Use of mode() method of DataFrame
Salesman Sales Quarter District
0 Akshit 1000.0 1 Hamirpur
1 Jaswant NaN 2 Kangra
2 Karan NaN 3 NaN
3 NaN NaN 4 NaN
Use of max, min, mean, median and count

max min mean median count
Sales Sales Sales Sales Sales
Salesman
Akshit 1000 1000 1000.0 1000 4
Jaswant 900 300 650.0 700 4
Karan 800 50 302.5 180 4
Aggregation of DataFrame or Sequences

It is the process of turning the values of a dataset into one single value.
The most common method to perform aggregation are max, min, sum,
count. We have already covered all of these function in earlier examples.
Histogram using Python pandas :
Histogram is a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is
proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to
the class interval.
# Use of Histogram and hist() method

import pandas as pd
print("\n")
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50],
'Quarter' :[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4],
'District':
}
print(df)
print("\n")
print ( "Use of Histogram hist() method\n")
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['Salesman'], values = ['Sales']).hist()
Output:
# Use of Histogram and plot() method
import pandas as pd
print("\n")
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50],
'Quarter' :[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4],
'District':
}
print(df)
print("\n")
print ( "Use of Histogram plot() method\n")
pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['Salesman'], values = ['Sales']).plot()
Output:
Quantile
Variance Function in Python pandas

var() – Variance Function in python pandas is used to calculate variance
of a given set of numbers, Variance of a Series , DataFrame etc.
# Use of Quantile and Variance Method using Series Object

import pandas as pd
# Create a List of Values
marks = [ 34,76,45,90,32,56,93,56,24,12,54,10]
# Soritng of Listy
marks.sort()
print ( "Create a Series from the List values\n")
marks_series=pd.Series(marks)
print(marks_series)
print("\n")
print ( "Q1 , Q2 , Q3 and 100th Quantiles \n")
print("Q2 quantile of marks_series : ",marks_series.quantile(.50))
print("100th quantile of marks_series : ",marks_series.quantile(.1))
# Calculate the variance of Series\n")

print("\nVariance of marks_series : ",marks_series.var())
Output:
Create a Series from the List values
0 10
1 12
2 24
3 32
4 34
5 45
6 54
7 56
8 56
9 76
10 90
11 93
dtype: int64
Q1 , Q2 , Q3 and 100th Quantiles
Q2 quantile of marks_series : 49.5
100th quantile of marks_series : 13.200000000000001
Variance of marks_series : 773.7272727272727
Sorting of DataFrame:
# Use of Sorting method with DataFrame

import pandas as pd
print("\n")
"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50]
}
print(df)
print("\n")
print ( "Sorting of DataFrame using Sales column in Descending
order\n")
sr=df.sort_index(ascending=False)
print(sr)
Output:
Dataframe of Values
Salesman Sales
0 Akshit 1000
1 Jaswant 300
2 Karan 800
3 Akshit 1000
4 Jaswant 500
5 Karan 60
6 Akshit 1000
7 Jaswant 900
8 Karan 300
9 Akshit 1000
10 Jaswant 900
11 Karan 50
Sorting of DataFrame using Sales column in Descending order
Salesman Sales
11 Karan 50
10 Jaswant 900
9 Akshit 1000
8 Karan 300
7 Jaswant 900
6 Akshit 1000
5 Karan 60
4 Jaswant 500
3 Akshit 1000
2 Karan 800
1 Jaswant 300
0 Akshit 1000
Function application:
If we want to apply user defined function or we want to use some other
library’s function Pyhton pandas provide mainly three important
functions namely pipe() , Apply() , Applymap. In coming section we will
see the use and working of all three functions one by one.
pipe() :
This function performs the custom operation for the entire dataframe.
In below example we will using pipe() function to add value 2 to the
entire dataframe.
# Use of pipe() function with DataFrame
import pandas as pd
import math
# User Defined Functioin
def new_value(dataframe):
return dataframe.Sales * 2
print("\n")
print ( "Creating a Dataframe of Values with Dictionary \n")
monthlysale = { 'Salesman' : ["Akshit", "Jaswant","Karan"],

'Sales' : [1000,300,800]
}
df=pd.DataFrame(monthlysale)
print("The original Dataframe is \n")
print(df)
print("After applying the pipe() function to multiply the sales values with
2 \n")
df.pipe(new_value)
Creating a Dataframe of Values with Dictionary

The original Dataframe is
Salesman Sales
0 Akshit 1000
1 Jaswant 300
2 Karan 800
After applying the pipe() function to multiply the sales values with 2
Output:
0 2000
1 600
2 1600
apply():
This function performs the custom operation for either row wise or
column wise.
# Use of apply() function with DataFrame
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
print("\n")
'Sales' : [1000,300,800]
}
print("The original DataFrame is \n")
print(df)
print("After applying the apply function to find the Maximum value in
DataFrame \n")
print(df.apply(np.max))
print("After applying the apply function to find the Minimum value in
DataFrame \n")
print(df.apply(np.max)
Output:
Creating a DataFrame of Values with Dictionary
The original DataFrame is
Salesman Sales
0 Akshit 1000
1 Jaswant 300
2 Karan 800
After applying the apply function to find the Maximum value in
DataFrame
Salesman Karan
Sales 1000
After applying the apply function to find the Minimum value in
DataFrame
Salesman Karan
Sales 1000
applymap():
applymap() Function performs the specified operation for all the
elements the dataframe:
# Use of applymap() function with DataFrame
import pandas as pd
print("\n")
'Sales_March' : [1000,300,800],'Sales_April' : [1500,400,1200]
}
print(df)
print("After applying the applymap() function to multiply both Sales by
2 \n")
print(df.applymap(lambda x:x*2))
Output:
Salesman Sales_March Sales_April
0 Akshit 1000 1500
1 Jaswant 300 400
2 Karan 800 1200
After applying the applymap() function to multiply both sales by 2
Salesman Sales_March Sales_April
0 AkshitAkshit 2000 3000
1 JaswantJaswant 600 800
2 KaranKaran 1600 2400
Re-indexing:
The reindex() method in Pandas can be used to change the index of
rows and columns of a Series or DataFrame.
# Use of reindex() function with DataFrame
import pandas as pd
print("\n")
df=pd.Series([1500,400,1200], index = [1,2,3])
print("The original Series is \n")
print(df)
print("After applying the reindex() function to change the order of index

of the Series \n")
df_newindex=df.reindex(index = [3,1,2])
print(df_newindex)
Output:
The original Series is
1 1500
2 400
3 1200
After applying the reindex() function to change the order of index of the
Series
3 1200
1 1500
2 400
rename():
Pandas rename() method is used to rename any index, column or row.
# Use of rename() function with DataFrame
import pandas as pd
print("\n")

'Sales_March' : [1000,300,800] }
print(df)
print("After applying the rename() function to change the name of one

column \n")
df.rename(columns={'Salesman': 'New_Salesman'},inplace=True) #
inplace=True mean to make changes in original Dataframe
print(df)
print("No change in the Original Series if we omint inplace
parameter\n")# Without using inplace parameter
df.rename(columns={'Sales_March': 'March_Sale'})
print(df)
Output:
Salesman Sales_March
0 Akshit 1000
1 Jaswant 300
2 Karan 800
After applying the rename() function to change the name of one column
New_Salesman Sales_March
0 Akshit 1000
1 Jaswant 300
2 Karan 800
No change in the Original Series if we omint inplace parameter
New_Salesman Sales_March
0 Akshit 1000
1 Jaswant 300
2 Karan 800
Group by Function:
By “group by” we are referring to a process involving one or more of the
following steps:
 Splitting the data into groups based on some criteria.
 Applying a function to each group independently.
# Use of groupby() function with DataFrame

import pandas as pd
print("\n")

"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50]
}
print(df)
print ( "Grouping of DataFrame Salesman columns with sum()
function\n")
df1=df.groupby('Salesman').sum()
print(df1)
print ( "\nGrouping of DataFrame Salesman columns with count()

function\n")
df2=df.groupby('Salesman').count()
print(df2)
Output:
Dataframe of Values
Salesman Sales
0 Akshit 1000
1 Jaswant 300
2 Karan 800
3 Akshit 1000
4 Jaswant 500
5 Karan 60
6 Akshit 1000
7 Jaswant 900
8 Karan 300
9 Akshit 1000
10 Jaswant 900
11 Karan 50
Grouping of DataFrame Salesman columns with sum() function
Salesman Sales
Akshit 4000
Jaswant 2600
Karan 1210
Grouping of DataFrame Salesman columns with count() function
Salesman Sales
Akshit 4
Jaswant 4
Karan 4
transform() Function:
This function is used to modify values of a Dataframe.
# Use of transform() function with DataFrame
import pandas as pd
print("\n")

"Jaswant","Karan"],
'Sales' : [1000,300,800,1000,500,60,1000,900,300,1000,900,50]
}
print(df)
print ( "\nUse of Transform function\n")

df2=df.transform(func = lambda x : x + 10)
print(df2)
print("DataFrame.transform() function has successfully added 10 to
each element of the given Dataframe.")
Output:
Dataframe of Values
Salesman Sales
0 Akshit 1000
1 Jaswant 300
2 Karan 800
3 Akshit 1000
4 Jaswant 500
5 Karan 60
6 Akshit 1000
7 Jaswant 900
8 Karan 300
9 Akshit 1000
10 Jaswant 900
11 Karan 50
Use of transform function

Sales
0 1010
1 310
2 810
3 1010
4 510
5 70
6 1010
7 910
8 310
9 1010
10 910
11 60
DataFrame.transform() function has successfully added 10 to each
element of the given Dataframe.
To Be Continue ………………

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SANJEEV SHARMA

What problem does pandas solve?

Some of the Highlights of Python pandas

d = {'Cricket': 1, 'Volleyball': 2, 'Judo': 3 , ‘Hockey’:4}

The Python Pandas DataFrame

We can create a Pandas DataFrame out of this dictionary

Sample Pivot chart created in Excel

pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['Salesman'], values = ['Sales'],aggfunc='sum')

pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['District'], values = ['Sales'],aggfunc='sum')

pd.pivot_table(df, index = ['Salesman','District'], values =

Use of max, min, mean, median and count

Aggregation of DataFrame or Sequences

# Use of Histogram and hist() method

Variance Function in Python pandas

# Use of Quantile and Variance Method using Series Object

# Calculate the variance of Series\n")

# Use of Sorting method with DataFrame

monthlysale = { 'Salesman' : ["Akshit", "Jaswant","Karan"],

Creating a Dataframe of Values with Dictionary

print("After applying the reindex() function to change the order of index

monthlysale = { 'Salesman' : ["Akshit", "Jaswant","Karan"],

print("After applying the rename() function to change the name of one

# Use of groupby() function with DataFrame

monthlysale = { 'Salesman' : ["Akshit", "Jaswant","Karan","Akshit",

print ( "\nGrouping of DataFrame Salesman columns with count()

monthlysale = { 'Salesman' : ["Akshit", "Jaswant","Karan","Akshit",

print ( "\nUse of Transform function\n")

Use of transform function

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