Biology

Biology

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA
Replication
12-2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA and Chromosomes
DNA Replication

DNA and Chromosomes

In prokaryotic cells, DNA is located in the
cytoplasm.
Most prokaryotes have a single DNA molecule
containing nearly all of the cell’s genetic
information.

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA and Chromosomes
DNA Replication

Chromosome

E. Coli Bacterium

Bases on the
Chromosomes
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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA and Chromosomes
DNA Replication

Many eukaryotes have 1000 times the amount of

DNA as prokaryotes.
Eukaryotic DNA is located in the cell nucleus
inside chromosomes.
The number of chromosomes varies widely from
one species to the next.

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA and Chromosomes
DNA Replication

Chromosome Structure
Eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA and protein,
tightly packed together to form chromatin.
Chromatin consists of DNA tightly coiled around
proteins called histones.
DNA and histone molecules form nucleosomes.
Nucleosomes pack together, forming a thick fiber.

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA and Chromosomes
DNA Replication

Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Nucleosome

DNA
double
helix

Coils
Supercoils

Histones
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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
DNA Replication

DNA Replication
Each strand of the DNA double helix has all the
information needed to reconstruct the other half by
the mechanism of base pairing.
In most prokaryotes, DNA replication begins at a
single point and continues in two directions.

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
DNA Replication

In eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA replication

occurs at hundreds of places. Replication
proceeds in both directions until each
chromosome is completely copied.
The sites where separation and replication occur
are called replication forks.

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
DNA Replication

Duplicating DNA
Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a
process called replication.
Replication ensures that each resulting cell will
have a complete set of DNA.

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
DNA Replication

During DNA replication, the DNA

molecule separates into two strands,
then produces two new complementary
strands following the rules of base
pairing. Each strand of the double helix
of DNA serves as a template for the new
strand.

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
DNA Replication

New Strand Original strand

Nitrogen Bases

Growth
Growth

Replication Fork Replication Fork

DNA Polymerase Slide

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
DNA Replication

How Replication Occurs

DNA replication is carried out by enzymes that
“unzip” a molecule of DNA.
Hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken
and the two strands of DNA unwind.

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 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
DNA Replication

The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication

is DNA polymerase.
DNA polymerase joins individual nucleotides to
produce a DNA molecule and then “proofreads”
each new DNA strand.

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