Chapter 1 - Introduction to AI
Chapter 1 - Introduction to AI
Chapter 1 - Introduction to AI
Instructor: Melaku M.
Target Group: G4 Computer Science
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Chapter 1
Melaku M.
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Target Group: G4 Computer Science
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Why the interest in AI?
Medicine/
Diagnosis
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Why the interest in AI?
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially computer programs that are capable of simulating human
intelligent behavior.
➢Researchers have pursued several different versions of AI. Some have defined
intelligence in terms of fidelity to human performance, while others prefer an
abstract, formal definition of intelligence called rationality—loosely speaking,
doing the “right thing.” The subject matter itself also varies: some consider
intelligence to be a property of internal thought processes and reasoning, while
others focus on intelligent behavior, an external characterization.
➢From these two dimensions—human vs. rational and thought vs. behavior—
there are four possible combinations, and there have been adherents and research
programs for all four.
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Approaches to AI:- Views of AI fall into four categories
Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
Alan Turing(1950) published "Computing
machinery and intelligence":
"Can machines think?" → "Can machines
behave intelligently?“
He has proposed an operational test called:
Imitation game. Answers
❖To say that a program thinks like a human, we must know “how humans
think”. Requires the knowledge of brain functions(internal activities of the
brain)
❖For example, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, who developed AI program
GPS, the “General Problem Solver” were not content merely to have their
program solve wide ranges of problems correctly. They were more
concerned with comparing the sequence and timing of its reasoning steps to
those of human subjects solving the same problems.
►The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the
available information.
►In the “laws of thought” approach to AI, the emphasis was on correct inferences.
Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent, because one
way to act rationally is to deduce that a given action is best and then to act on that
conclusion.
►On the other hand, there are ways of acting rationally that cannot be said to
involve inference/thinking—e.g., blinking, recoiling from a hot stove reflex
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actions.
Rational Agent
❖AI has focused on the study and construction of agents that do the
right thing.
❖For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or
class of agents) with the best performance.
❖A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or,
when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
❖Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality
unachievable.
→ design best program for given machine resources 15
Goals of AI
Intelligent Problem-Solving and Decision-Making: At its core, AI aims to
simulate human intelligence in machines, empowering them to carry out complex
tasks and decision-making processes autonomously.
To Create Expert Systems −an intelligent computer program that solves the
problems in a specialized domain that normally requires human expertise.
To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous and
complex tasks from human.
• Control theory
• How can artifacts operate under their own control?
• Design systems that maximize an objective function over time
Disciplines that contributed ideas, viewpoints and techniques to AI:
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State of the Art
Intelligent Systems in Your
Everyday Life:
✓Self Driving Cars
✓Drones
✓Chatbots
✓Creating art (such as poetry)
✓Virtual assistants: Alexa, Siri,
Google assistant etc.
✓Navigation and Travel:
suggesting the hotels, flights, and
best routes to the customers.
State of the Art
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i) Narrow AI
►Narrow AI, also called as Weak AI, focuses on one narrow task and cannot
perform beyond its limitations.
►The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of AI
►Narrow AL, includes an AI system that can perform narrowly defined specific
tasks just like a humans or outperform humans.
►Virtual assistants such as Alexa, Siri, Google Assistant are an example of a
Narrow AI that operates with a limited pre-defined range of functions. They
often have problems with tasks outside its breadth of abilities.
►Some examples of Narrow AI are Google translate, playing chess, self-driving
cars, speech recognition, spam filtering and image recognition.
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ii) General AI
►The idea behind the general AI is to make such a system which could be
smarter and think like a human by its own.
►Currently, there is no such AI system exist which can perform any task as
perfect as a human.
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