Here’s the explanation in separate lines, matching your request:

1. import numpy as np
This imports the numpy library and assigns it the alias np. The library is used for numerical
computations such as working with arrays, performing mathematical operations, and
conducting linear algebra.

2. import pandas as pd
This imports the pandas library and assigns it the alias pd. It is widely used for data
manipulation and analysis, particularly with structured data formats like CSV, Excel, or SQL
tables.

4o

You said:

import pandas as pd import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import plotly.express as px from wordcloud

import WordCloud import nltk import re import string from nltk.corpus import stopwords
nltk.download('punkt') nltk.download('stopwords') from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize from
nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer stop_words = stopwords.words()

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Here's an explanation of each line of the code you provided:

1. import pandas as pd

o This imports the pandas library and assigns it the alias pd. It is used for data
manipulation and analysis, especially with structured data like CSV, Excel, or SQL
tables.

2. import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

o This imports the matplotlib.pyplot module and assigns it the alias plt. It is a plotting
library used for creating visualizations like line plots, bar charts, and histograms.

3. import plotly.express as px

o This imports the plotly.express module with the alias px. It is used for creating
interactive visualizations such as scatter plots, line charts, and maps.

4. from wordcloud import WordCloud

o This imports the WordCloud class from the wordcloud library, which is used to
generate word cloud visualizations from text data.

5. import nltk

o This imports the nltk (Natural Language Toolkit) library, which provides tools for
processing and analyzing natural language data.

6. import re

o This imports the re module, which is used for working with regular expressions to
search, match, and manipulate strings.
 7. import string

o This imports the string module, which provides a set of constants and methods for
string manipulation, such as accessing punctuation characters.

8. from nltk.corpus import stopwords

o This imports the stopwords corpus from nltk, which is a list of common words (e.g.,
"and," "the") that are often removed in text preprocessing.

9. nltk.download('punkt')

o This downloads the punkt tokenizer model from the nltk library, which is necessary
for splitting text into sentences or words.

10. nltk.download('stopwords')

 This downloads the stopwords corpus from nltk, which is used to filter out common words
during text preprocessing.

11. from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize

 This imports the word_tokenize function from nltk, which splits text into individual words.

12. from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer

 This imports the WordNetLemmatizer class from nltk, which reduces words to their base or
root form (lemmatization).

13. stop_words = stopwords.words()

 This creates a list of stopwords in the variable stop_words, which can be used to filter out
common words in text data.

4o

You said:

df=pd.read_csv('IMDB Dataset.csv') df.head()

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Here’s the explanation for each line of the code:

1. df = pd.read_csv('IMDB Dataset.csv')

o This line reads a CSV file named 'IMDB Dataset.csv' into a pandas DataFrame.

o pd.read_csv() is a function from the pandas library that loads the content of a CSV
file into a structured table, making it easier to analyze and manipulate the data.

o The resulting DataFrame is stored in the variable df.

2. df.head()

o This displays the first 5 rows of the DataFrame df by default.

 o The head() method is useful for quickly inspecting the structure of the dataset,
including column names and the first few rows of data.

o If you want to view a specific number of rows, you can pass a number as an
argument, like df.head(10) for the first 10 rows.

4o

You said:

df.info()

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

df.info()

 Purpose: This method provides a concise summary of the DataFrame, df.

 Details Included in the Output:

1. Index Range: Shows the total number of entries (rows) in the DataFrame.

2. Column Names and Data Types: Lists all column names and their respective data
types (int, float, object, etc.).

3. Non-Null Count: Displays the number of non-null (non-missing) values in each

column, indicating if there are any missing values.

4. Memory Usage: Indicates how much memory the DataFrame consumes.

Example Output for df.info():

vbnet

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<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>

RangeIndex: 50000 entries, 0 to 49999

Data columns (total 2 columns):

# Column Non-Null Count Dtype

--- ------ -------------- -----

0 review 50000 non-null object

1 sentiment 50000 non-null object

dtypes: object(2)

memory usage: 781.4+ KB

When to Use:

 To understand the structure of the DataFrame.

  To check for missing values or columns with inappropriate data types.

 To estimate the memory consumption of your dataset.

4o

You said:

df.describe().T

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

df.describe().T

 Purpose: This line provides a transposed statistical summary of the numerical columns in the
DataFrame. The describe() method generates a summary of descriptive statistics, while .T
transposes the result for better readability when working with many columns.

Breakdown of df.describe():

The describe() method computes the following statistics for numerical columns in the DataFrame:

1. Count: Number of non-null values.

2. Mean: Average value.

3. Std: Standard deviation (measure of spread).

4. Min: Minimum value.

5. 25%: First quartile (25th percentile).

6. 50%: Median (50th percentile).

7. 75%: Third quartile (75th percentile).

8. Max: Maximum value.

For object (categorical) columns, it provides:

1. Count: Number of non-null values.

2. Unique: Number of unique values.

3. Top: Most frequently occurring value.

4. Freq: Frequency of the top value.

Why .T?

 The .T transposes the result, swapping rows and columns.

 Makes it easier to read when there are many columns, as each column's stats become rows.
Example Output for df.describe().T:

If df contains numerical columns like age and salary, the output might look like this:

count mean std min 25% 50% 75% max

age 1000.0 35.4 12.3 18.0 25.0 34.0 45.0 60.0

salary 1000.0 50000.0 15000.0 20000.0 40000.0 50000.0 60000.0 90000.0

For categorical columns:

count unique top freq

gender 1000.0 2 Male 600

city 1000.0 5 New York 300

When to Use:

 To summarize the statistical properties of numerical data.

 To quickly inspect data distributions and identify outliers or anomalies.

 To check the most common values in categorical columns.

4o

You said:

#sentiment count: df['sentiment'].value_counts()

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. df['sentiment']

o Accesses the sentiment column from the DataFrame df.

o This column is assumed to contain labels like "positive" or "negative" for movie
reviews (based on the context of an IMDB dataset).

2. .value_counts()

o Counts the number of occurrences of each unique value in the sentiment column.

o Returns a pandas Series where:

 The index is the unique values from the column (e.g., "positive", "negative").

 The values are the count of occurrences of each unique value.

Example Output:
If df['sentiment'] contains "positive" and "negative" labels, the output might look like this:

yaml

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positive 25000

negative 25000

Name: sentiment, dtype: int64

Use Case:

 To analyze the distribution of sentiments in the dataset.

 Useful for checking class balance in a classification problem (e.g., ensuring equal numbers of
positive and negative reviews).

Interpretation:

 In the example output, there are 25,000 positive reviews and 25,000 negative reviews,
indicating the dataset is balanced.

4o

You said:

df['review'].str.len().hist()

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. df['review']

o This accesses the review column in the DataFrame df.

o The review column is assumed to contain the text of customer reviews, likely in
string format.

2. .str.len()

o This applies the .str accessor to the review column to work with string methods.

o .len() calculates the length (number of characters) of each string in the review
column.

o This returns a Series of integers, where each integer is the length of the
corresponding review.

3. .hist()

o This creates a histogram of the review lengths.

 o A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data, showing how
often different ranges of review lengths occur.

o The x-axis represents the review length (number of characters), and the y-axis
represents the frequency (count of reviews within each length range).

Example Output:

If the review column contains reviews of varying lengths, the histogram might show:

 A peak at shorter review lengths (e.g., short, one-liner reviews).

 A tail of longer reviews.

Use Case:

 To analyze the distribution of review lengths in the dataset.

 Useful for identifying outliers, such as very short or extremely long reviews that might need
special handling or further analysis.

Interpretation:

 A typical histogram might show:

o A majority of reviews being of moderate length.

o Some reviews being very short (e.g., a rating without explanation).

o Some reviews being long and detailed.

4o mini

You said:

fig,(ax1,ax2)=plt.subplots(1,2,figsize=(12,8)) ax1.hist(df[df['sentiment']=='positive']['review'].str.len())
ax1.set_title( 'Positive Reviews') ax2.hist(df[df['sentiment']=='negative']['review'].str.len())
ax2.set_title( 'Negative Reviews')

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 8))

o This creates a figure with two subplots (ax1 and ax2) arranged in one row and two
columns.

o figsize=(12, 8) sets the figure size to 12 inches wide by 8 inches tall.

o This is useful for comparing two visualizations side by side.

2. ax1.hist(df[df['sentiment']=='positive']['review'].str.len())

o This creates a histogram on the first subplot (ax1).

 o df[df['sentiment']=='positive'] filters the DataFrame to include only positive reviews.

o ['review'].str.len() calculates the length of each positive review in characters.

o The hist() function creates the histogram to visualize the distribution of review
lengths for positive reviews.

3. ax1.set_title('Positive Reviews')

o This sets the title of the first subplot to 'Positive Reviews', labeling the histogram.

4. ax2.hist(df[df['sentiment']=='negative']['review'].str.len())

o This creates a histogram on the second subplot (ax2).

o Similarly, df[df['sentiment']=='negative'] filters the DataFrame to include only

negative reviews, and .str.len() calculates the length of each negative review.

o The hist() function visualizes the distribution of review lengths for negative reviews.

5. ax2.set_title('Negative Reviews')

o This sets the title of the second subplot to 'Negative Reviews', labeling the
histogram.

Example Output:

 You will see two histograms side by side:

o The first histogram (ax1) shows the distribution of review lengths for positive
reviews.

o The second histogram (ax2) shows the distribution of review lengths for negative
reviews.

 This allows you to compare the lengths of positive and negative reviews at a glance.

Use Case:

 To visually compare the review lengths for positive and negative sentiment.

 Useful for understanding if one type of review tends to be longer or shorter than the other.

Interpretation:

 You might notice:

o If positive reviews tend to be shorter or longer than negative ones.

o Whether the distribution of review lengths is similar or if there are any noticeable
differences between the two types of sentiment.

4o mini

You said:
text = " ".join(i for i in df[df['sentiment']=='positive']['review']) wordcloud =
WordCloud( background_color="white").generate(text) plt.figure( figsize=(15,10))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear') plt.axis("off") plt.title('wordcloud for positive
review') plt.show()

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. text = " ".join(i for i in df[df['sentiment']=='positive']['review'])

o This creates a single string (text) by concatenating all the reviews that have a
"positive" sentiment.

o df[df['sentiment']=='positive'] filters the DataFrame to include only positive reviews.

o ['review'] accesses the review column, and the join() method concatenates all
reviews with a space " " between them.

o The result is a long string containing all the positive reviews.

2. wordcloud = WordCloud(background_color="white").generate(text)

o This generates a word cloud from the text (the concatenated string of positive
reviews).

o The WordCloud() function creates a word cloud object. The

background_color="white" argument sets the background color of the word cloud to
white.

o The generate(text) method processes the text to create the word cloud based on
word frequency.

3. plt.figure(figsize=(15, 10))

o This sets the figure size for the plot to 15 inches wide by 10 inches tall, making the
word cloud visually larger and easier to read.

4. plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')

o This displays the generated word cloud image (wordcloud) using imshow().

o The interpolation='bilinear' argument smooths the image, making the word cloud
appear less pixelated.

5. plt.axis("off")

o This turns off the axis, removing the axis lines and labels from the plot to make the
word cloud cleaner and more visually appealing.

6. plt.title('wordcloud for positive review')

o This sets the title of the plot to 'wordcloud for positive review', indicating that the
word cloud represents positive reviews.
 7. plt.show()

o This displays the word cloud on the screen.

Example Output:

 You will see a word cloud image displaying the most frequent words from the positive
reviews, with larger words representing higher frequency.

 Common words like "good," "great," or "love" (depending on the content of the reviews) will
appear larger, while less frequent words will appear smaller.

Use Case:

 To visually analyze the most common words used in positive reviews.

 A word cloud is a powerful tool for quickly identifying key themes and sentiments from large
text data, especially for sentiment analysis.

Interpretation:

 You can interpret which words are most frequently mentioned in positive reviews. If specific
keywords appear larger, they indicate their prominence in the dataset.

4o mini

You said:

text = " ".join(i for i in df[df['sentiment']=='negative']['review']) #stopwords = set(STOPWORDS)

wordcloud = WordCloud( background_color="white").generate(text) #wordcloud =
WordCloud(stopwords=stopwords, background_color="white").generate(text)
plt.figure( figsize=(15,10)) plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear') plt.axis("off")
plt.title('wordcloud for negative review') plt.show()

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. text = " ".join(i for i in df[df['sentiment']=='negative']['review'])

o This concatenates all the negative reviews into a single string (text).

o df[df['sentiment']=='negative'] filters the DataFrame to include only negative

reviews.

o ['review'] accesses the review column, and the join() method concatenates all the
negative reviews, with a space " " between each.

2. wordcloud = WordCloud(background_color="white").generate(text)

o This generates a word cloud from the concatenated string (text).

o WordCloud() creates the word cloud object, and background_color="white" sets the
background color to white.
 o generate(text) creates the word cloud based on the frequency of words in the text.

3. (Commented Out) #stopwords = set(STOPWORDS)

o This line is commented out but indicates that you can specify custom stopwords
(words that should be ignored in the word cloud, like "the," "and," etc.).

o STOPWORDS is a built-in set in the wordcloud library containing common stopwords,

but this line is not active in the code.

4. (Commented Out) #wordcloud = WordCloud(stopwords=stopwords,

background_color="white").generate(text)

o This line, if uncommented, would generate a word cloud while ignoring stopwords
specified in the stopwords set.

o Custom stopwords would remove common but non-informative words from the
word cloud, allowing for more meaningful results.

5. plt.figure(figsize=(15, 10))

o This sets the figure size of the plot to 15 inches wide by 10 inches tall, making the
word cloud large and readable.

6. plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')

o Displays the generated word cloud (wordcloud) using imshow().

o The interpolation='bilinear' argument smooths the image, making it appear less

pixelated.

7. plt.axis("off")

o Removes the axis labels and ticks from the plot, making the word cloud cleaner.

8. plt.title('wordcloud for negative review')

o Sets the title of the plot to 'wordcloud for negative review', indicating that the word
cloud represents negative reviews.

9. plt.show()

o Displays the word cloud on the screen.

Example Output:

 You will see a word cloud displaying the most frequent words from the negative reviews,
with larger words representing higher frequency.

 Words such as "bad," "poor," "waste," and others associated with negative sentiment will
appear larger.

Use Case:

 To visualize the most common words used in negative reviews.

  The word cloud is an effective way to identify key issues or concerns frequently mentioned in
negative feedback.

Interpretation:

 Words that appear larger indicate they were mentioned more often in negative reviews. By
analyzing these prominent words, you can gain insights into the specific issues customers
had with the product or service.

4o mini

You said:

df.rename(columns={'review':'text'}, inplace = True) df

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. df.rename(columns={'review': 'text'}, inplace=True)

o This renames the review column to text in the df DataFrame.

o The columns={'review': 'text'} part specifies that the column name 'review' should be
changed to 'text'.

o The inplace=True argument modifies the DataFrame in place, meaning it directly

changes df without needing to assign the result to a new variable.

Use Case:

 Renaming columns can help clarify the data, especially when the original column name is too
vague or doesn't accurately represent the data. In this case, renaming review to text may
make it more clear that this column contains textual data.

Interpretation:

 After executing the code, the column that was previously named 'review' will now be named
'text'. You can confirm the change by inspecting the DataFrame with df or df.head().

4o mini

You said:

def cleaning(text): # converting to lowercase, removing URL links, special characters, punctuations...
text = text.lower() # converting to lowercase text = re.sub('https?://\S+|www\.\S+', '', text) #
removing URL links text = re.sub(r"\b\d+\b", "", text) # removing number text = re.sub('<.*?>+', '',
text) # removing special characters, text = re.sub('[%s]' % re.escape(string.punctuation), '', text) #
punctuations text = re.sub('\n', '', text) text = re.sub('[’“”…]', '', text) #removing emoji: emoji_pattern
= re.compile("[" u"\U0001F600-\U0001F64F" # emoticons u"\U0001F300-\U0001F5FF" # symbols &
pictographs u"\U0001F680-\U0001F6FF" # transport & map symbols u"\U0001F1E0-\U0001F1FF" #
flags (iOS) u"\U00002702-\U000027B0" u"\U000024C2-\U0001F251" "]+", flags=re.UNICODE) text =
emoji_pattern.sub(r'', text) # removing short form: text=re.sub("isn't",'is not',text)
text=re.sub("he's",'he is',text) text=re.sub("wasn't",'was not',text) text=re.sub("there's",'there
is',text) text=re.sub("couldn't",'could not',text) text=re.sub("won't",'will not',text)
text=re.sub("they're",'they are',text) text=re.sub("she's",'she is',text) text=re.sub("There's",'there
is',text) text=re.sub("wouldn't",'would not',text) text=re.sub("haven't",'have not',text)
text=re.sub("That's",'That is',text) text=re.sub("you've",'you have',text) text=re.sub("He's",'He
is',text) text=re.sub("what's",'what is',text) text=re.sub("weren't",'were not',text)
text=re.sub("we're",'we are',text) text=re.sub("hasn't",'has not',text) text=re.sub("you'd",'you
would',text) text=re.sub("shouldn't",'should not',text) text=re.sub("let's",'let us',text)
text=re.sub("they've",'they have',text) text=re.sub("You'll",'You will',text) text=re.sub("i'm",'i
am',text) text=re.sub("we've",'we have',text) text=re.sub("it's",'it is',text) text=re.sub("don't",'do
not',text) text=re.sub("that´s",'that is',text) text=re.sub("I´m",'I am',text) text=re.sub("it’s",'it is',text)
text=re.sub("she´s",'she is',text) text=re.sub("he’s'",'he is',text) text=re.sub('I’m','I am',text)
text=re.sub('I’d','I did',text) text=re.sub("he’s'",'he is',text) text=re.sub('there’s','there is',text) return
text dt = df['text'].apply(cleaning)

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. def cleaning(text):

o This defines a function called cleaning that takes a single input argument, text (a
string). The function will apply multiple text cleaning operations to this input.

2. text = text.lower()

o Converts the entire text to lowercase to ensure uniformity and avoid mismatches
due to case sensitivity.

3. text = re.sub('https?://\S+|www\.\S+', '', text)

o Removes any URLs starting with http or https or www using regular expressions. This
eliminates any external links from the text.

4. text = re.sub(r"\b\d+\b", "", text)

o Removes numbers from the text using regular expressions. It matches and removes
any digits or numerical values in the text.

5. text = re.sub('<.*?>+', '', text)

o Removes any HTML tags or special characters between < and > symbols (e.g., <div>
or <p>). This is often used to clean HTML content.

6. text = re.sub('[%s]' % re.escape(string.punctuation), '', text)

o Removes punctuation characters using the string.punctuation list (e.g., ., ,, !, etc.).

The re.escape() method ensures that the punctuation symbols are treated as literal
characters in the regular expression.

7. text = re.sub('\n', '', text)

o Removes any newline characters from the text.

 8. text = re.sub('[’“”…]', '', text)

o Removes special characters like curly apostrophes (’), quotation marks (“, ”), and
ellipses (…).

9. Removing emojis:

o The emoji_pattern regex pattern is used to remove a range of Unicode characters

representing emojis and symbols. The pattern captures various emoji categories
(e.g., emoticons, symbols, flags) and removes them from the text.

o text = emoji_pattern.sub(r'', text) applies the regex pattern to remove emojis from
the text.

10. Removing short forms (contractions):

o Multiple re.sub() statements replace common contractions with their expanded

forms (e.g., "isn't" becomes "is not", "he's" becomes "he is"). This is useful for
standardizing the text for further processing, such as natural language processing
(NLP).

o The pattern is applied for several contraction forms (like "can't", "don't", "they're",
etc.).

11. dt = df['text'].apply(cleaning)

 This applies the cleaning function to the text column of the df DataFrame. Each review in the
text column is passed to the cleaning function, and the cleaned version is stored in dt.

Use Case:

 The cleaning function is useful for preprocessing text data before performing further analysis
(e.g., sentiment analysis, text classification).

 It removes noise such as URLs, numbers, punctuation, emojis, and short forms, standardizing
the text for NLP tasks.

Interpretation:

 After executing this code, the dt variable will contain the cleaned version of the reviews from
the text column. This cleaned text will be free from irrelevant content and standardized for
further analysis.

4o mini

You said:

df['sentiment']

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

df['sentiment']

 This retrieves the sentiment column from the df DataFrame.

 The code accesses the column with the name 'sentiment' and returns its content (a Series)
which likely contains the sentiment labels (e.g., 'positive' or 'negative') of the reviews in the
dataset.

Use Case:

 The sentiment column typically represents the sentiment classification of each review in the
dataset, such as whether a review is classified as 'positive' or 'negative'. This column can be
used for analyzing the distribution of sentiments or for further processing, like sentiment
analysis.

Interpretation:

 The output of this code will be a Pandas Series containing the sentiment labels for each
review in the DataFrame. If you want to see the distribution of sentiments or count them,
you can use df['sentiment'].value_counts().

4o mini

You said:

dt = pd.DataFrame(dt) dt['sentiment']=df['sentiment'] dt

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. dt = pd.DataFrame(dt)

o This converts the dt (which is a Pandas Series from the previous cleaning operation)
into a new DataFrame.

o The new DataFrame will have a single column (containing the cleaned text), and its
name will be inferred automatically (e.g., 0 for a single column).

2. dt['sentiment'] = df['sentiment']

o This adds a new column called 'sentiment' to the dt DataFrame.

o The values in the 'sentiment' column come from the original df DataFrame's
'sentiment' column, ensuring that the cleaned text in dt corresponds to the same
sentiment labels as in df.

Use Case:
  After cleaning the text in df['text'], you want to store both the cleaned text and its sentiment
in a new DataFrame (dt). This is useful when preparing data for further analysis or machine
learning tasks, where both the cleaned text and sentiment labels are needed together.

Interpretation:

 After executing the code, dt will be a DataFrame with two columns:

o '0': The cleaned text of the reviews.

o 'sentiment': The sentiment labels (such as 'positive' or 'negative') corresponding to

each cleaned review.

4o mini

You said:

# remove stop word: dt['no_sw'] = dt['text'].apply(lambda x: ' '.join([word for word in x.split() if word
not in (stop_words)]))

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. dt['no_sw'] = dt['text'].apply(lambda x: ' '.join([word for word in x.split() if word not in

(stop_words)]))

o This code applies a stopword removal process to the text column in the dt
DataFrame and creates a new column no_sw to store the cleaned text without
stopwords.

2. dt['text'].apply(lambda x: ...)

o The apply() method is used to apply a function to each element in the text column.

o The function provided to apply() is a lambda function that processes each review (x
is a review text).

3. ' '.join([word for word in x.split() if word not in (stop_words)])

o x.split() splits the review text into individual words.

o The list comprehension [word for word in x.split() if word not in (stop_words)]
iterates over the words in the review and includes only those words that are not
present in the stop_words list.

o stop_words is typically a predefined list of common, non-informative words (like

"the", "and", "is", etc.) that are usually removed in text preprocessing.

o ' '.join(...) joins the filtered words back into a single string, with each word separated
by a space.

4. dt['no_sw']
 o This creates a new column in the dt DataFrame called 'no_sw', where each entry
contains the review text with stopwords removed.

Use Case:

 Stopword removal is a common text preprocessing step in natural language processing (NLP)
to reduce noise in the text and retain only the meaningful words.

 This helps in improving the performance of models, such as sentiment analysis or text
classification, by removing common words that don't contribute much to the meaning.

Interpretation:

 After executing this code, the dt DataFrame will have a new column no_sw, which contains
the same reviews as in the text column but with stopwords removed.

4o mini

You said:

#Working with the most Frequent Words: from collections import Counter cnt = Counter() for text in
dt["no_sw"].values: for word in text.split(): cnt[word] += 1 cnt.most_common(10) temp =
pd.DataFrame(cnt.most_common(10)) temp.columns=['word', 'count'] temp

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. from collections import Counter

o This imports the Counter class from the collections module, which is used for
counting the frequency of elements in an iterable (like a list or a string).

2. cnt = Counter()

o Initializes a Counter object named cnt. This object will be used to store the
frequency of each word found in the text data.

3. for text in dt["no_sw"].values:

o This loop iterates through each value (review text) in the no_sw column of the dt
DataFrame. The .values attribute returns the values as a NumPy array.

4. for word in text.split():

o For each review text (text), the code splits the text into individual words using the
split() method (splitting by whitespace).

5. cnt[word] += 1

o This line updates the cnt Counter, incrementing the count for each word found in the
review text. If the word is already in the Counter, its count is increased by 1.
Otherwise, the word is added to the Counter with an initial count of 1.
 6. cnt.most_common(10)

o The most_common() method returns the 10 most frequent words along with their
counts. The result is a list of tuples where each tuple contains a word and its
corresponding count.

7. temp = pd.DataFrame(cnt.most_common(10))

o This creates a DataFrame temp from the list of the 10 most frequent words and their
counts. Each element in cnt.most_common(10) is converted into a row in the
DataFrame.

8. temp.columns = ['word', 'count']

o This renames the columns of the temp DataFrame to 'word' and 'count' for better
readability.

Use Case:

 This code helps in identifying the most common words in the reviews after stopwords have
been removed.

 It is useful for understanding the main topics, features, or themes discussed in the reviews.

Interpretation:

 After running this code, the temp DataFrame will contain the 10 most frequent words and
their respective counts. This DataFrame can be used to get a sense of the most common
terms used in the dataset, which can inform further analysis or visualization.

4o mini

You said:

px.bar(temp, x="count", y="word", title='Commmon Words in Text', orientation='h', width=700,

height=700)

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. px.bar(temp, x="count", y="word", title='Common Words in Text', orientation='h',

width=700, height=700)

o This line uses Plotly Express (px) to create a horizontal bar chart that visualizes the
frequency of the most common words in the temp DataFrame.

2. temp

o The temp DataFrame is passed as the data source. This DataFrame contains two
columns: word and count, where word is the word itself and count is the number of
occurrences of that word in the reviews.
 3. x="count", y="word"

o This specifies that the x axis will represent the count of each word (count), and the y
axis will represent the words themselves (word).

4. title='Common Words in Text'

o This sets the title of the plot to "Common Words in Text".

5. orientation='h'

o This makes the bars horizontal instead of vertical. It means the words will appear on
the y-axis, and the bar length will represent their frequency on the x-axis.

6. width=700, height=700

o These parameters set the dimensions of the plot to 700 pixels by 700 pixels.

Use Case:

 The horizontal bar chart created by this code visually represents the most frequent words in
the reviews, helping to identify which words appear most often after stopword removal.

 This type of visualization is useful for understanding the key themes in the text data and can
aid in text analysis or preprocessing for further tasks like classification or sentiment analysis.

Interpretation:

 After running this code, you will see a horizontal bar chart displaying the 10 most common
words and their corresponding counts, providing an intuitive way to explore the frequency
distribution of words in the cleaned dataset.

4o mini

You said:

# Remove the most frequent words: FREQWORDS = set([w for (w, wc) in cnt.most_common(10)]) def
remove_freqwords(text): """custom function to remove the frequent words""" return " ".join([word
for word in str(text).split() if word not in FREQWORDS]) dt["wo_stopfreq"] =
dt["no_sw"].apply(lambda text: remove_freqwords(text)) dt.head()

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. FREQWORDS = set([w for (w, wc) in cnt.most_common(10)])

o This line creates a set called FREQWORDS containing the most frequent words (10
most common words) extracted from the cnt Counter. These are the words that
occur most frequently across all reviews and will be removed.

2. def remove_freqwords(text):
 o A custom function named remove_freqwords is defined to remove the most
frequent words (FREQWORDS) from the given text.

3. return " ".join([word for word in str(text).split() if word not in FREQWORDS])

o Within the remove_freqwords function:

 The input text is split into words using split().

 A list comprehension removes words that are present in the FREQWORDS

set.

 The remaining words are joined back into a single string with spaces.

4. dt["wo_stopfreq"] = dt["no_sw"].apply(lambda text: remove_freqwords(text))

o This line applies the remove_freqwords function to the no_sw column of the dt
DataFrame.

o The result is a new column named wo_stopfreq that contains the reviews with the
most frequent words removed.

5. dt.head()

o Displays the first few rows of the updated dt DataFrame, showing the wo_stopfreq
column alongside the other columns.

Use Case:

 The purpose of this code is to remove the most frequent words (which likely carry less
meaningful information) from the text data to refine and clean the data further for text
analysis or modeling tasks.

Interpretation:

 After running this code, the dt DataFrame will have an additional column wo_stopfreq, which
contains reviews with the most frequent words removed, leaving a cleaner set of words for
analysis.

1/2

4o mini

You said:

dt['no_sw'].loc[5]

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

The code dt['no_sw'].loc[5] retrieves the value in the no_sw column of the dt DataFrame at index 5.

 dt['no_sw'] accesses the no_sw column of the dt DataFrame, which contains text with
stopwords removed.
  .loc[5] refers to the row at index 5 in this column (note that .loc[] is label-based indexing, so
it accesses the data at the specified index directly).

Use Case:

 This line of code is useful for inspecting a specific review (the one at index 5) from the no_sw
column in the DataFrame after stopwords have been removed. You can check the content of
the review at that specific index for further processing or validation.

Interpretation:

 After running this code, the output will be the text of the review at index 5 from the no_sw
column, showing the content with stopwords removed.

4o mini

You said:

dt['wo_stopfreq'].loc[5]

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

The code dt['wo_stopfreq'].loc[5] retrieves the value in the wo_stopfreq column of the dt
DataFrame at index 5.

 dt['wo_stopfreq'] accesses the wo_stopfreq column of the dt DataFrame, which contains

text with both stopwords and the most frequent words removed.

 .loc[5] refers to the row at index 5 in this column (using label-based indexing).

Use Case:

 This line of code is useful for inspecting a specific review (the one at index 5) from the
wo_stopfreq column in the DataFrame after both stopwords and the most frequent words
have been removed.

Interpretation:

 After running this code, the output will be the text of the review at index 5 from the
wo_stopfreq column, showing the content with both stopwords and the most frequent
words removed. This helps in analyzing the cleaned-up text for further processing or
validation.

4o mini

You said:

# Lemmatization: Lemmatization is converting the word to its base form or lemma by removing
affixes from the inflected words. # It helps to create better features for machine learning and NLP
models hence it is an important preprocessing step. wordnet_lem = WordNetLemmatizer()
dt['wo_stopfreq_lem'] = dt['wo_stopfreq'].apply(wordnet_lem.lemmatize) dt

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT
Explanation of the Code:

1. wordnet_lem = WordNetLemmatizer()

o This line creates an instance of the WordNetLemmatizer class from the NLTK library.
The WordNetLemmatizer is used to perform lemmatization, which reduces words to
their base or root form (lemma). For example, "running" would be lemmatized to
"run".

2. dt['wo_stopfreq_lem'] = dt['wo_stopfreq'].apply(wordnet_lem.lemmatize)

o This line applies the lemmatization process to the wo_stopfreq column of the dt
DataFrame:

 dt['wo_stopfreq'] refers to the column containing the reviews with

stopwords and frequent words removed.

 apply(wordnet_lem.lemmatize) applies the lemmatization function to each

review (each text) in the wo_stopfreq column. This will convert each word in
the reviews to its base form.

 The result is stored in a new column wo_stopfreq_lem, which will contain

the lemmatized text.

3. dt

o This line outputs the entire dt DataFrame, which now includes the new column
wo_stopfreq_lem with the lemmatized text.

Use Case:

 Lemmatization is a common preprocessing step in natural language processing (NLP) tasks

because it reduces words to their base forms, making it easier for models to understand the
underlying meaning of the words.

 This operation is especially helpful when working with machine learning models that deal
with text data, as it helps to reduce the number of unique terms, improving the model’s
performance and reducing complexity.

Interpretation:

 After running this code, the dt DataFrame will include a new column wo_stopfreq_lem,
which will contain the lemmatized versions of the reviews from the wo_stopfreq column.

 For example, if the review contained "running", it would now be represented as "run".

4o mini

You said:

# create the cleaned data for the train-test split: nb=dt.drop(columns=['text','no_sw', 'wo_stopfreq'])
nb.columns=['sentiment','review'] nb.sentiment = [0 if each == "negative" else 1 for each in
nb.sentiment] nb

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. nb = dt.drop(columns=['text', 'no_sw', 'wo_stopfreq'])

o This line drops the columns text, no_sw, and wo_stopfreq from the dt DataFrame, as
these columns are no longer needed after preprocessing.

o The result is stored in a new DataFrame nb, which will contain only the necessary
columns (sentiment and wo_stopfreq_lem).

2. nb.columns = ['sentiment', 'review']

o The columns of the nb DataFrame are renamed to sentiment and review. This is done
for clarity, so the sentiment column contains labels, and the review column contains
the lemmatized review text.

3. nb.sentiment = [0 if each == "negative" else 1 for each in nb.sentiment]

o This line converts the sentiment labels into binary values:

 If the sentiment is "negative", it is mapped to 0.

 Otherwise, it is mapped to 1 (for "positive").

o This is typically done for machine learning models, which require numerical labels.

4. nb

o The final DataFrame nb is displayed, containing two columns: sentiment (binary 0/1
values) and review (the lemmatized review text).

Use Case:

 The goal of this code is to create a cleaned DataFrame (nb) ready for the next steps in text
classification, such as splitting the data into training and testing sets.

 The sentiment column is converted to binary labels, which is a common practice when
preparing data for classification tasks.

Interpretation:

 After running this code, the nb DataFrame will have two columns:

o sentiment: Contains binary labels (0 for negative, 1 for positive).

o review: Contains the cleaned, lemmatized text of the reviews.

 This format is ready for further machine learning processes like train-test splitting and model
training.

4o mini

You said:

tokenized_review=nb['review'].apply(lambda x: x.split()) tokenized_review.head(5)

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. tokenized_review = nb['review'].apply(lambda x: x.split())

o This line performs tokenization on the review column of the nb DataFrame.

Tokenization is the process of splitting text into individual words or tokens.

o lambda x: x.split() is an anonymous function that takes each review (in the form of a
string) and splits it into a list of words using the split() method. By default, split()
splits on whitespace (spaces, newlines, etc.).

o The result is stored in the tokenized_review variable, which will contain a list of
words for each review.

2. tokenized_review.head(5)

o This line displays the first 5 entries from the tokenized_review object, allowing you
to view how the text has been tokenized into individual words for the first 5 reviews.

Use Case:

 Tokenization is an essential step in NLP and is used to break down text into manageable
chunks (words or tokens). This is necessary for many downstream NLP tasks, such as feature
extraction and model training.

 By splitting the review text into words, the model can later analyze the frequency and
importance of each word.

Interpretation:

 After running this code, you will get the first 5 tokenized reviews (each review will be a list of
words). This format is often used as input for machine learning models that require
tokenized text for training.

 For example:

o If the review was: "I love this product", after tokenization, it will become: ['I', 'love',
'this', 'product'].

4o mini

You said:

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer from nltk.tokenize import

RegexpTokenizer token = RegexpTokenizer(r'[a-zA-Z0-9]+') cv =
CountVectorizer(stop_words='english',ngram_range = (1,1),tokenizer = token.tokenize) text_counts =
cv.fit_transform(nb['review'])

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT
Explanation of the Code:

1. from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

o This line imports the CountVectorizer class from the scikit-learn library. The
CountVectorizer is used to convert a collection of text documents into a matrix of
token counts, which is commonly known as the "bag-of-words" model.

2. from nltk.tokenize import RegexpTokenizer

o This line imports the RegexpTokenizer class from the NLTK library. The
RegexpTokenizer allows for tokenization based on a regular expression, which is
useful for defining custom tokenization patterns.

3. token = RegexpTokenizer(r'[a-zA-Z0-9]+')

o This creates an instance of the RegexpTokenizer class with the regular expression
pattern [a-zA-Z0-9]+, which matches any alphanumeric word (letters and numbers)
and ignores punctuation. This custom tokenizer will be used to tokenize the text
data.

4. cv = CountVectorizer(stop_words='english', ngram_range=(1,1), tokenizer=token.tokenize)

o This line creates an instance of the CountVectorizer:

 stop_words='english': This parameter removes common English stopwords

(like "the", "and", "is") during tokenization.

 ngram_range=(1, 1): This specifies that only unigrams (single words) should
be considered for feature extraction. If you wanted to consider bigrams (two
consecutive words), you would set this to (2, 2).

 tokenizer=token.tokenize: This defines the custom tokenizer (created using

RegexpTokenizer) that will be used for splitting the text into tokens.

5. text_counts = cv.fit_transform(nb['review'])

o This line applies the CountVectorizer to the review column of the nb DataFrame:

 fit_transform() fits the model to the text data and then transforms the text
data into a sparse matrix of token counts. Each row corresponds to a review,
and each column corresponds to a unique word (token). The values in the
matrix represent the frequency of each word in the respective review.

 The result is stored in the text_counts variable.

Use Case:

 CountVectorizer is used to convert text into numerical features (tokens and their
frequencies), which can then be used for machine learning tasks like text classification.

 Tokenization and stopword removal are essential preprocessing steps in NLP, and by
specifying an ngram_range, you can customize how much context (i.e., word combinations)
is captured.
  This transformation is a key step before applying machine learning algorithms, as most
algorithms work with numerical data.

Interpretation:

 After running this code:

o text_counts will be a sparse matrix where each row represents a review and each
column corresponds to a word from the entire dataset. The values indicate the
frequency of each word in a review.

o The shape of text_counts will be (n_samples, n_features) where:

 n_samples is the number of reviews.

 n_features is the number of unique words (tokens) after processing.

 This matrix can now be used as input for machine learning models, such as classifiers for
sentiment analysis.

4o mini

You said:

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split X=text_counts y=nb['sentiment'] X_train,

X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.20,random_state=30)

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

o This line imports the train_test_split function from the scikit-learn library. This
function is used to split data into training and testing sets, which is a crucial step in
evaluating machine learning models.

2. X = text_counts

o This line assigns the text_counts matrix (the feature matrix of token counts) to the
variable X. X will represent the input features for the machine learning model, i.e.,
the data that the model will learn from.

3. y = nb['sentiment']

o This line assigns the sentiment column from the nb DataFrame to the variable y. y
represents the target labels (the sentiment of each review, where 0 is negative and 1
is positive).

4. X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.20, random_state=30)

o train_test_split() splits the data into training and testing sets:

 X: The feature matrix (token counts).

 y: The target labels (sentiment).

  test_size=0.20: This parameter specifies that 20% of the data will be
reserved for testing, and the remaining 80% will be used for training the
model.

 random_state=30: This is a seed value for the random number generator,

which ensures that the data is split in the same way each time the code is
run. This is useful for reproducibility.

Use Case:

 Splitting the data into training and testing sets is essential for evaluating the performance of
a machine learning model. The model is trained on the training set (X_train, y_train) and
then tested on the testing set (X_test, y_test) to evaluate how well it generalizes to unseen
data.

Interpretation:

 After running this code:

o X_train will be the training data (80% of the total dataset).

o X_test will be the testing data (20% of the total dataset).

o y_train will be the corresponding labels for the training data.

o y_test will be the corresponding labels for the testing data.

This split is critical because it allows you to train the model on a subset of the data and then assess
how well it performs on unseen data, preventing overfitting and providing a realistic estimate of the
model's performance.

4o mini

You said:

from sklearn.naive_bayes import ComplementNB from sklearn.metrics import classification_report,

confusion_matrix CNB = ComplementNB() CNB.fit(X_train, y_train) from sklearn import metrics
predicted = CNB.predict(X_test) accuracy_score = metrics.accuracy_score(predicted, y_test)
print('ComplementNB model accuracy is',str('{:04.2f}'.format(accuracy_score*100))+'%')
print('------------------------------------------------') print('Confusion Matrix:')
print(pd.DataFrame(confusion_matrix(y_test, predicted)))
print('------------------------------------------------') print('Classification Report:')
print(classification_report(y_test, predicted))

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Explanation of the Code:

1. from sklearn.naive_bayes import ComplementNB

 o This imports the Complement Naive Bayes classifier from the sklearn.naive_bayes
module. ComplementNB is a variant of Naive Bayes designed to work better on
imbalanced datasets.

2. from sklearn.metrics import classification_report, confusion_matrix

o This imports two important functions for evaluating the model:

 classification_report: Provides precision, recall, f1-score, and support for

each class.

 confusion_matrix: Generates a confusion matrix to show the counts of

actual vs predicted classifications.

3. CNB = ComplementNB()

o This initializes the Complement Naive Bayes model as an object CNB.

4. CNB.fit(X_train, y_train)

o This line fits the Complement Naive Bayes model on the training data (X_train and
y_train). The model learns patterns from the training data.

5. predicted = CNB.predict(X_test)

o This makes predictions on the test set (X_test). The model uses the features from the
test data to predict the sentiment (either 'positive' or 'negative').

6. accuracy_score = metrics.accuracy_score(predicted, y_test)

o This calculates the accuracy of the model by comparing the predicted labels
(predicted) with the actual labels (y_test). The accuracy score is a measure of how
many predictions were correct.

7. print('ComplementNB model accuracy is', str('{:04.2f}'.format(accuracy_score*100)) + '%')

o This line prints the accuracy of the Complement Naive Bayes model, formatted to
two decimal places.

8. print('------------------------------------------------')

o This line simply prints a separator for better readability in the output.

9. print('Confusion Matrix:')

o This line prints the label 'Confusion Matrix:' to introduce the confusion matrix.

10. print(pd.DataFrame(confusion_matrix(y_test, predicted)))

o This generates the confusion matrix for the predicted and actual labels using the
confusion_matrix function and displays it as a DataFrame for better readability.

11. print('------------------------------------------------')

o This line prints another separator for neatness.

12. print('Classification Report:')

 o This line prints the label 'Classification Report:' to introduce the classification report.

13. print(classification_report(y_test, predicted))

o This generates and prints the classification report, which includes precision, recall,
f1-score, and support for each class (positive/negative).

Use Case:

 Evaluating the Model: After training the Complement Naive Bayes classifier, this code
evaluates the performance of the model on the test set by calculating the accuracy and
generating both the confusion matrix and the classification report. These metrics are
essential to understand the model's effectiveness, especially in terms of false positives, false
negatives, and the overall classification performance.

Interpretation:

 Accuracy: This gives the percentage of correct predictions made by the model.

 Confusion Matrix: This matrix shows how many times the model predicted each sentiment
correctly or incorrectly. It contains:

o True Positive (TP): Correctly predicted positive sentiment.

o True Negative (TN): Correctly predicted negative sentiment.

o False Positive (FP): Incorrectly predicted positive sentiment.

o False Negative (FN): Incorrectly predicted negative sentiment.

 Classification Report: This report shows the following metrics:

o Precision: The percentage of correct positive predictions out of all positive

predictions.

o Recall: The percentage of actual positive labels that were correctly predicted.

o F1-Score: The harmonic mean of precision and recall, useful for measuring
performance when the data is imbalanced.

o Support: The number of actual occurrences of each class in the dataset.

Output Example:

markdown

Copy code

ComplementNB model accuracy is 85.23%

------------------------------------------------

Confusion Matrix:

0 1
0 150 10

1 30 120

------------------------------------------------

Classification Report:

precision recall f1-score support

0 0.83 0.94 0.88 160

1 0.92 0.80 0.86 150

accuracy 0.85 310

macro avg 0.87 0.87 0.87 310

weighted avg 0.87 0.85 0.86 310

In this example:

 Accuracy is 85.23%.

 The confusion matrix shows that 150 negative reviews were correctly classified, while 10
positive reviews were misclassified as negative, and vice versa.

 The classification report provides detailed metrics, such as precision and recall for both the
negative and positive sentiments.

4o mini

You said:

from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB MNB = MultinomialNB() MNB.fit(X_train, y_train)

predicted = MNB.predict(X_test) accuracy_score = metrics.accuracy_score(predicted, y_test)
print('MultinominalNB model accuracy is',str('{:04.2f}'.format(accuracy_score*100))+'%')
print('------------------------------------------------') print('Confusion Matrix:')
print(pd.DataFrame(confusion_matrix(y_test, predicted)))
print('------------------------------------------------') print('Classification Report:')
print(classification_report(y_test, predicted))

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

The code you've provided trains and evaluates the Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB) classifier on the
preprocessed text data. Here’s what each part of the code does:

1. from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB

This imports the Multinomial Naive Bayes classifier from sklearn.naive_bayes. This model is
commonly used for text classification tasks, especially for discrete counts of features (e.g.,
word frequencies).
 2. MNB = MultinomialNB()
Initializes the Multinomial Naive Bayes model.

3. MNB.fit(X_train, y_train)
Trains the Multinomial Naive Bayes model on the training data (X_train for features and
y_train for labels).

4. predicted = MNB.predict(X_test)
Makes predictions using the trained model on the test set (X_test).

5. accuracy_score = metrics.accuracy_score(predicted, y_test)

Calculates the accuracy of the model by comparing the predicted labels (predicted) with the
actual labels (y_test).

6. print('MultinomialNB model accuracy is', str('{:04.2f}'.format(accuracy_score*100)) + '%')

Prints the accuracy of the Multinomial Naive Bayes model, formatted to two decimal places.

7. print('------------------------------------------------')
Prints a separator line for better readability.

8. print('Confusion Matrix:')
Prints a label indicating that the confusion matrix is about to be shown.

9. print(pd.DataFrame(confusion_matrix(y_test, predicted)))
Prints the confusion matrix for the predicted and actual sentiment labels as a DataFrame for
easier interpretation.

10. print('------------------------------------------------')
Prints another separator line.

11. print('Classification Report:')

Prints a label indicating that the classification report is about to be shown.

12. print(classification_report(y_test, predicted))

Prints the classification report, which includes precision, recall, F1-score, and support for
each sentiment class (positive/negative).

Expected Output Example:

markdown

Copy code

MultinomialNB model accuracy is 83.45%

------------------------------------------------

Confusion Matrix:

0 1

0 145 15

1 25 125
------------------------------------------------

Classification Report:

precision recall f1-score support

0 0.85 0.91 0.88 160

1 0.89 0.83 0.86 150

accuracy 0.83 310

macro avg 0.87 0.87 0.87 310

weighted avg 0.87 0.83 0.85 310

Interpretation of the Output:

 Accuracy: The accuracy is 83.45%, meaning 83.45% of the predictions were correct.

 Confusion Matrix: This matrix shows the following:

o True Negatives (TN): 145 negative reviews were correctly classified as negative.

o False Positives (FP): 15 negative reviews were incorrectly classified as positive.

o False Negatives (FN): 25 positive reviews were incorrectly classified as negative.

o True Positives (TP): 125 positive reviews were correctly classified as positive.

 Classification Report:

o Precision: The model has a precision of 0.85 for negative reviews and 0.89 for
positive reviews. This means that out of all the reviews predicted as negative, 85%
were actually negative, and out of all reviews predicted as positive, 89% were
actually positive.

o Recall: The model has a recall of 0.91 for negative reviews and 0.83 for positive
reviews. This means that the model correctly identified 91% of the actual negative
reviews, and 83% of the actual positive reviews.

o F1-score: The F1-score is a harmonic mean of precision and recall. The F1-score is
0.88 for negative reviews and 0.86 for positive reviews, which suggests a good
balance between precision and recall.

o Support: Support indicates the number of actual occurrences of each class in the
test set (160 for negative and 150 for positive).

Conclusion:

The Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB) model provides a good performance with an accuracy of
83.45%. The confusion matrix and classification report show that the model is fairly balanced in
predicting both positive and negative reviews, with relatively high precision and recall for both
classes.

4o mini

You said:

from sklearn.naive_bayes import BernoulliNB BNB = BernoulliNB() BNB.fit(X_train, y_train) predicted

= BNB.predict(X_test) accuracy_score_bnb = metrics.accuracy_score(predicted,y_test)
print('BernoulliNB model accuracy = ' + str('{:4.2f}'.format(accuracy_score_bnb*100))+'%')
print('------------------------------------------------') print('Confusion Matrix:')
print(pd.DataFrame(confusion_matrix(y_test, predicted)))
print('------------------------------------------------') print('Classification Report:')
print(classification_report(y_test, predicted))

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

It looks like you're now training and evaluating a Bernoulli Naive Bayes (BNB) model for the
sentiment analysis task. The steps are similar to the ones you performed for the Multinomial Naive
Bayes (MNB) model, but with a different variant of the Naive Bayes model that is better suited for
binary/boolean features (e.g., indicating presence or absence of a word).

Here's a breakdown of your code:

1. from sklearn.naive_bayes import BernoulliNB

This imports the Bernoulli Naive Bayes classifier.

2. BNB = BernoulliNB()
Initializes the Bernoulli Naive Bayes model.

3. BNB.fit(X_train, y_train)
Trains the Bernoulli Naive Bayes model using the training data (X_train for features and
y_train for labels).

4. predicted = BNB.predict(X_test)
Uses the trained model to make predictions on the test data (X_test).

5. accuracy_score_bnb = metrics.accuracy_score(predicted, y_test)

Calculates the accuracy of the Bernoulli Naive Bayes model by comparing the predicted
labels (predicted) with the actual labels (y_test).

6. print('BernoulliNB model accuracy = ' + str('{:4.2f}'.format(accuracy_score_bnb*100)) + '%')

Prints the accuracy of the Bernoulli Naive Bayes model, formatted to two decimal places.

7. print('------------------------------------------------')
Prints a separator line.

8. print('Confusion Matrix:')
Prints a label indicating that the confusion matrix will be displayed.

9. print(pd.DataFrame(confusion_matrix(y_test, predicted)))
Prints the confusion matrix, showing the counts of true positives, false positives, false
negatives, and true negatives.
 10. print('------------------------------------------------')
Prints another separator line.

11. print('Classification Report:')

Prints a label indicating that the classification report will follow.

12. print(classification_report(y_test, predicted))

Prints the classification report, which includes precision, recall, F1-score, and support for
both the positive and negative classes.

Expected Output Example:

markdown

Copy code

BernoulliNB model accuracy = 80.64%

------------------------------------------------

Confusion Matrix:

0 1

0 140 20

1 35 115

------------------------------------------------

Classification Report:

precision recall f1-score support

0 0.80 0.88 0.84 160

1 0.85 0.77 0.81 150

accuracy 0.81 310

macro avg 0.82 0.82 0.82 310

weighted avg 0.82 0.81 0.81 310

Interpretation of the Output:

 Accuracy: The accuracy of the Bernoulli Naive Bayes model is 80.64%, meaning the model
correctly classified about 80.64% of the test data.

 Confusion Matrix:

o True Negatives (TN): 140 negative reviews correctly classified as negative.

o False Positives (FP): 20 negative reviews incorrectly classified as positive.

 o False Negatives (FN): 35 positive reviews incorrectly classified as negative.

o True Positives (TP): 115 positive reviews correctly classified as positive.

 Classification Report:

o Precision: The model has a precision of 0.80 for negative reviews and 0.85 for
positive reviews. This means that for every review predicted as negative, 80% were
actually negative, and for every review predicted as positive, 85% were actually
positive.

o Recall: The model has a recall of 0.88 for negative reviews and 0.77 for positive
reviews. This means that the model correctly identified 88% of actual negative
reviews, and 77% of actual positive reviews.

o F1-score: The F1-score is 0.84 for negative reviews and 0.81 for positive reviews,
suggesting a good balance between precision and recall.

o Support: Support indicates the actual occurrences of each class in the test set (160
for negative and 150 for positive).

Conclusion:

The Bernoulli Naive Bayes (BNB) model shows a slightly lower accuracy (80.64%) than the
Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB) model, but still provides reasonable performance. The confusion
matrix and classification report reveal that the model has a good balance between precision and
recall, especially for negative reviews.

4o mini

You said:

from sklearn.metrics import plot_confusion_matrix import warnings

warnings.filterwarnings("ignore") k= [CNB, MNB, BNB] for i in k: plot_confusion_matrix(i, X_test,
y_test) plt.title(i) plt.show()

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

It seems like you're trying to plot the confusion matrix for the three Naive Bayes models
(ComplementNB, MultinomialNB, BernoulliNB) using plot_confusion_matrix from sklearn.metrics.

The Code:

 k = [CNB, MNB, BNB]: You're creating a list of models that you've trained (ComplementNB,
MultinomialNB, BernoulliNB).

 for i in k:: This loop iterates through each of the models.

 plot_confusion_matrix(i, X_test, y_test): This function generates and plots the confusion
matrix for each model (i) using the test data (X_test and y_test).

 plt.title(i): Sets the title of the plot to the model being evaluated.
  plt.show(): Displays the plot.

What to Expect:

This code will display three separate confusion matrix plots for each model (ComplementNB,
MultinomialNB, BernoulliNB), allowing you to visually compare their performance.

Each confusion matrix will have:

 True Negatives (TN): Correctly classified negative reviews.

 False Positives (FP): Incorrectly classified negative reviews as positive.

 False Negatives (FN): Incorrectly classified positive reviews as negative.

 True Positives (TP): Correctly classified positive reviews.

If you have issues with plotting or need further help, feel free to ask!

4o mini

You said:

from sklearn.metrics import roc_curve # predict probabilities for CNB, MNB, BNB models: CNB_prob
= CNB.predict_proba(X_test) MNB_prob = MNB.predict_proba(X_test) BNB_prob =
BNB.predict_proba(X_test) # roc curve for models fpr1, tpr1, thresh1 = roc_curve(y_test,
CNB_prob[:,1], pos_label=1) fpr2, tpr2, thresh2 = roc_curve(y_test, MNB_prob[:,1], pos_label=1)
fpr3, tpr3, thresh3 = roc_curve(y_test, BNB_prob[:,1], pos_label=1) # roc curve for tpr = fpr
random_probs = [0 for i in range(len(y_test))] p_fpr, p_tpr, _ = roc_curve(y_test, random_probs,
pos_label=1) # auc scores from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score auc_CNB =
roc_auc_score(y_test, CNB_prob[:,1]) auc_MNB = roc_auc_score(y_test, MNB_prob[:,1]) auc_BNB =
roc_auc_score(y_test, BNB_prob[:,1]) print(auc_CNB, auc_MNB,auc_BNB) # plot roc curves
plt.plot(fpr1, tpr1, linestyle='--',color='red', label='CNB Model') plt.plot(fpr2, tpr2,
linestyle='--',color='green', label='MNB Model') plt.plot(fpr3, tpr3, linestyle='--',color='blue',
label='BNB Model') plt.plot(p_fpr, p_tpr, linestyle='--', color='pink') # title plt.title('ROC curve') # x
label plt.xlabel('False Positive Rate') # y label plt.ylabel('True Positive rate') plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.savefig('ROC',dpi=300) plt.show();

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

The code you've shared is generating Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and calculating
the Area Under the Curve (AUC) for three Naive Bayes models (ComplementNB, MultinomialNB,
BernoulliNB).

Key Steps:

1. Predictions with probabilities:

o CNB_prob = CNB.predict_proba(X_test): This gives the probability predictions for the

test set from the ComplementNB model.

o Similarly for MNB and BNB.

2. Calculating ROC Curve:

 o The roc_curve() function is used to calculate the False Positive Rate (FPR) and True
Positive Rate (TPR).

o fpr1, tpr1, thresh1 = roc_curve(y_test, CNB_prob[:,1], pos_label=1): For

ComplementNB, the ROC curve is calculated with the positive class labeled as 1.

3. Random probability curve:

o random_probs creates an array of zeros, representing the random classifier curve

(i.e., no predictive power).

4. Calculating AUC:

o AUC is computed using the roc_auc_score function.

o This score tells you the model's ability to distinguish between the classes, where a
higher value indicates better performance.

5. Plotting ROC Curves:

o plt.plot(fpr1, tpr1, linestyle='--',color='red', label='CNB Model'): Plotting the ROC

curve for ComplementNB.

o Similarly for MNB and BNB.

o plt.plot(p_fpr, p_tpr, linestyle='--', color='pink'): Plotting the random classifier curve.

6. Customization:

o The plot includes labels for the False Positive Rate and True Positive Rate, and a title
("ROC curve").

o The legend differentiates between the three models and the random classifier.

o The plot is saved as a .png file with the name 'ROC' at 300 dpi using plt.savefig().

Expected Output:

 A plot with the ROC curves for ComplementNB, MultinomialNB, and BernoulliNB models,
along with a random classifier curve.

 AUC values printed for each model, helping you compare their performance.

If you have any further questions or need clarifications, feel free to ask!

4o mini

You said:

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer from nltk.tokenize import

RegexpTokenizer token = RegexpTokenizer(r'[a-zA-Z0-9]+') cv_twograms =
CountVectorizer(stop_words='english',ngram_range = (2,2),tokenizer = token.tokenize)
text_counts_twograms = cv_twograms.fit_transform(nb['review']) X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test =
train_test_split(text_counts_twograms, nb['sentiment'], test_size=0.20,random_state=30) MNB =
MultinomialNB() MNB.fit(X_train, y_train) predicted = MNB.predict(X_test) accuracy_score =
metrics.accuracy_score(predicted, y_test) print('model accuracy
is',str('{:04.2f}'.format(accuracy_score*100))+'%')
ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

In the code you've shared, you are working with bi-grams (two consecutive words) for feature
extraction using the CountVectorizer.

Key Steps:

1. CountVectorizer with Bi-grams:

o ngram_range = (2,2) specifies that the CountVectorizer will only consider bi-grams
(two consecutive words).

o tokenizer = token.tokenize ensures that only alphanumeric tokens are considered.

2. Train-Test Split:

o The data is split into training and test sets using train_test_split().

3. Model Training:

o The Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB) model is trained using the training data
(X_train, y_train).

o Then, the model is used to make predictions on the test data (X_test).

4. Model Evaluation:

o The accuracy score is calculated using metrics.accuracy_score(), comparing the

predicted labels with the actual labels in the test data (y_test).

Expected Output:

 The accuracy score of the Multinomial Naive Bayes model after training with bi-grams.

If you want further assistance with any part of the process, feel free to ask!

4o mini

You said:

token = RegexpTokenizer(r'[a-zA-Z0-9]+') cv_threegrams =

CountVectorizer(stop_words='english',ngram_range = (3,3),tokenizer = token.tokenize)
text_counts_threegrams = cv_threegrams.fit_transform(nb['review']) X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test
= train_test_split(text_counts_threegrams, nb['sentiment'], test_size=0.20,random_state=30) MNB =
MultinomialNB() MNB.fit(X_train, y_train) predicted = MNB.predict(X_test) accuracy_score =
metrics.accuracy_score(predicted, y_test) print('model accuracy
is',str('{:04.2f}'.format(accuracy_score*100))+'%')

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

In the updated code, you're now working with three-grams (three consecutive words) for feature
extraction. This method captures more context in the text compared to bi-grams.

Key Changes:
 1. CountVectorizer with Tri-grams:

o ngram_range = (3,3) specifies that only three consecutive words (tri-grams) will be
considered for feature extraction.

o tokenizer = token.tokenize ensures that only alphanumeric tokens are considered.

2. Train-Test Split:

o The data is split into training and test sets using train_test_split().

3. Model Training:

o The Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB) model is trained using the training data
(X_train, y_train).

o Then, the model makes predictions on the test data (X_test).

4. Model Evaluation:

o The accuracy score is calculated using metrics.accuracy_score(), comparing the

predicted labels with the actual labels in the test data (y_test).

Expected Output:

 The accuracy score of the Multinomial Naive Bayes model after training with three-grams.

If you need any further explanation or help, feel free to ask!

4o mini

You said:

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer tfidf = TfidfVectorizer() text_count_2 =

tfidf.fit_transform(nb['review'])

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

The code you provided uses the TfidfVectorizer from scikit-learn to convert the text data into TF-IDF
(Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) features.

Steps involved:

1. TfidfVectorizer:

o The TfidfVectorizer transforms the text data into numerical vectors that represent
the importance of each term in the corpus.

o TF-IDF is a statistical measure used to evaluate the importance of a word in a

document relative to all the documents in the corpus.

o The formula is: TF-IDF(t,d)=TF(t,d)×IDF(t)\text{TF-IDF}(t,d) = \text{TF}(t,d) \times \

text{IDF}(t)TF-IDF(t,d)=TF(t,d)×IDF(t) where:

 TF is the term frequency of the word in the document.

  IDF is the inverse document frequency, indicating how unique or rare a word
is in the corpus.

2. fit_transform():

o The fit_transform() function is applied to the 'review' column of your DataFrame

(nb['review']), which fits the model to the data and returns a sparse matrix of TF-IDF
features.

After running this code:

 text_count_2 will contain the TF-IDF matrix, where rows correspond to documents and
columns correspond to unique terms.

 You can use this matrix as input for machine learning models like Naive Bayes, Logistic
Regression, etc.

If you want to inspect the feature names (terms) or explore the text_count_2 matrix further, let me
know!

4o mini

You said:

x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(text_count_2,

nb['sentiment'],test_size=0.20,random_state=30)

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

The code you provided splits your TF-IDF matrix (text_count_2) and the sentiment labels
(nb['sentiment']) into training and testing sets.

Explanation:

 train_test_split() is a function from scikit-learn that splits arrays or matrices into random
training and testing subsets.

 text_count_2: The TF-IDF features (input data) will be split into training and testing sets.

 nb['sentiment']: The target variable (sentiment labels, which are 0 for negative and 1 for
positive) is also split into training and testing sets.

 Test size: test_size=0.20 means 20% of the data will be used for testing, and 80% will be used
for training.

 Random state: random_state=30 ensures that the split is reproducible. If you set it to any
fixed number, you will get the same split every time you run the code.

After executing this line of code:

 x_train: Training set features (80% of the TF-IDF data).

 x_test: Testing set features (20% of the TF-IDF data).

 y_train: Training set labels (sentiments for 80% of the data).

  y_test: Testing set labels (sentiments for 20% of the data).

Now, you can proceed to train your machine learning model (such as Naive Bayes, Logistic
Regression, etc.) on x_train and y_train, and evaluate the model using x_test and y_test. Let me
know if you need further assistance with this!

4o mini

You said:

#fitting the model with MNB MNB.fit(x_train, y_train) accuracy_score_mnb =

metrics.accuracy_score(MNB.predict(x_test), y_test) print('accuracy_score_mnb =
'+str('{:4.2f}'.format(accuracy_score_mnb*100))+'%')

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Your code snippet is fitting a Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB) model using the training data (x_train,
y_train), and then evaluating its accuracy on the test set (x_test, y_test).

Breakdown:

1. MNB.fit(x_train, y_train): This fits the MNB model on the training data.

2. metrics.accuracy_score(MNB.predict(x_test), y_test): This calculates the accuracy of the

model by comparing the predicted values (MNB.predict(x_test)) with the actual values
(y_test).

3. The accuracy score is printed with two decimal places using

str('{:4.2f}'.format(accuracy_score_mnb*100)).

This should output the accuracy of your Multinomial Naive Bayes model on the test data.

Once you run this, you will get the model's performance score (accuracy). Let me know if you'd like
further help with interpreting the result or working on model improvements!

4o mini

You said:

#fitting the model with BNB BNB.fit(x_train, y_train) accuracy_score_bnb =

metrics.accuracy_score(BNB.predict(x_test), y_test) print('accuracy_score_bnb =
'+str('{:4.2f}'.format(accuracy_score_bnb*100))+'%')

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

This code snippet fits the Bernoulli Naive Bayes (BNB) model using the training data (x_train,
y_train) and evaluates its accuracy on the test data (x_test, y_test).

Breakdown:

1. BNB.fit(x_train, y_train): Fits the Bernoulli Naive Bayes model to the training data.

2. metrics.accuracy_score(BNB.predict(x_test), y_test): Calculates the accuracy of the BNB

model by comparing its predictions (BNB.predict(x_test)) with the actual labels (y_test).
 3. The accuracy score is printed with two decimal places, using
str('{:4.2f}'.format(accuracy_score_bnb*100)).

Once you execute this, you will get the accuracy of the Bernoulli Naive Bayes (BNB) model on your
test set. Let me know if you need further clarification or assistance!

4o mini

You said:

# fitting the model with CNB CNB.fit(x_train, y_train) accuracy_score_cnb =

metrics.accuracy_score(CNB.predict(x_test), y_test) print('accuracy_score_cnb =
'+str('{:4.2f}'.format(accuracy_score_cnb*100))+'%')

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

This code snippet fits the Complement Naive Bayes (CNB) model using the training data (x_train,
y_train) and evaluates its accuracy on the test data (x_test, y_test).

Breakdown:

1. CNB.fit(x_train, y_train): Fits the Complement Naive Bayes model to the training data.

2. metrics.accuracy_score(CNB.predict(x_test), y_test): Calculates the accuracy of the CNB

model by comparing its predictions (CNB.predict(x_test)) with the actual labels (y_test).

3. The accuracy score is printed with two decimal places using

str('{:4.2f}'.format(accuracy_score_cnb*100)).

Once executed, you will get the accuracy of the Complement Naive Bayes (CNB) model on the test
set. Let me know if you need help with anything else!

4o mini