Topic 10 Integrations and Applications students

IFYF019 IFP Mathematics
IFP Mathematics
IFYF019
Syllabus
Topic 10. Integration and Applications
 Definition of an indefinite integral as an anti-derivative.
 Use formulae to determine indefinite integrals.
 Evaluate definite integrals.
 Definition of a definite integral as an area under the curve and by summation.
 Use trigonometric identities, e.g. cos2x dx, sin2x dx.
 Integration by substitution including trigonometric substitutions and identities.
 Integration by parts.
 Use partial fractions (linear factors, repeated linear factors, improper fractions) to
integrate rational functions.
 Evaluate the area between a curve and the x-axis and between two curves,
including areas partly above and partly below the x-axis.
Recommended Reading
Understanding Pure Mathematics (Sadler & Thorning)
Lecturer
Page 1 of 24
Contents
Definition of an indefinite integral as an anti-derivative .......................................................... 3
Use formulae to determine indefinite integrals....................................................................... 3
Evaluate definite integrals ..................................................................................................... 7
The area under a curve ......................................................................................................... 8
Use trigonometric identities ................................................................................................. 11
Methods of Integration ........................................................................................................ 14
Change of variable .......................................................................................................... 14
Integration by parts .......................................................................................................... 18
Integration with partial fractions ........................................................................................... 21
Area between two curves .................................................................................................... 23
Page 2 of 24
Definition of an indefinite integral as an anti-derivative

square
x x2
square root
Likewise, integration is the inverse operation to differentiation.
DIFFERENTIATION
x3 3x2
INTEGRATION
The rule for integration
x n1
 x dx  C
n
n 1
RULE in words: ‘increase the power by one and divide by the new power’
The ‘c’ in the rule above is called the constant of integration. It is present because by
differentiating:
𝑥 3 + 4 → 3𝑥 2
𝑥 3 + 1 → 3𝑥 2
𝑥 3 + 123 → 3𝑥 2
𝑥 3 − 11 → 3𝑥 2
When we integrate 3𝑥 2 , we get 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
We do not know the value of c unless we are given further information.
Use formulae to determine indefinite integrals

Example 1
𝑑𝑦
Find an expression for 𝑦 if 𝑑𝑥 is given by
(a) 3𝑥 2
(b) (4 − 3𝑥)2
(c) 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2
6
(d) 𝑥3
S&T 294
Page 3 of 24
Example 2
(2𝑥−1)2
Find f(x) given that f’(x) =
𝑥5
Page 4 of 24
Example 3
A curve passes through the point (1,7) and the gradient of the curve at the point (x,y) is
given by (5 – 2x). Find the equation of the curve.
Example 4
𝑑2 𝑦
Given that 𝑑𝑥 2
= 15𝑥 − 2 and that, when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 20. Find 𝑦 in terms
of 𝑥.
Page 5 of 24
Shown below is a table of Integrals for standard functions:
Exercise Questions
S&T Exercise 12A Q1(a-m), Q3(a-e), Q4-8, Q13
Page 6 of 24
Evaluate definite integrals

So far we have been looking at indefinite integration. When we calculate an indefinite
integral, we write a constant of integration.
In definite integration, we are given LIMITS.
These are 2 values of x between which we calculate the value of the integral.
Suppose we have a function 𝑓(𝑥) when we are going to integrate and suppose the
integration must take place between 2 values x=a and x=b (b>a)
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏 𝑎
𝑎
𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
Example 1
Evaluate
1
(a) ∫−1(2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
1
1
(b) ∫12 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4
S&T 299
Exercise Questions
S&T Exercise 12B Q1(a-h)
Page 7 of 24
The area under a curve

Integration has a very useful and important meaning when it comes to finding the area
enclosed under a curve:
𝑏
Shaded area = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
i.e. Integrating a function between 2 x-values will give the area between the function, the
x-axis and the 2 x-values.
‘Negative’ area
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 will be a negative in this case.
The negative sign simply indicates that the area is below the x-axis.
Page 8 of 24
Example 1
Find the area enclosed by y  2 x  3 and the x-axis and ordinates x=1 and x=4
Bird 265
Example 2
 
The velocity of v of a body t seconds after a certain instant is 2t 2  5 m/s. Find by
integration how far it moves in the interval from t=0 to t=4 s.
Page 9 of 24
Sketch the graph of y  x  2 x  5 x  6 between x=-3 and x=2 and determine the area
3 2
enclosed by the curve and the x-axis.

Bird 265
Page 10 of 24
Use trigonometric identities

It follows from the differentiation of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 that
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 and ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
And since if 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 and if 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
It follows that
1 1
∫ sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 and ∫ cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
sin 𝑎𝑥 +𝑐
In some cases, trigonometric functions can be integrated directly as the reverse of

differentiation, as we can see what function would differentiate to give the integrand.
Example 1
Find the following indefinite integrals
(a) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(b) ∫ 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(c) ∫ sec 2 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
S&T 371
Page 11 of 24
Example 2
Find the following indefinite integrals
(a) ∫ 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(b) ∫ sin4 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 3
(a) ∫ cot 5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(b) ∫ sec 4 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The following examples shows the method to use for integrations when n is odd and when n
is even.
Page 12 of 24
Example 5
Find ∫ cos 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 6
Find ∫ sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Exercise Questions
S&T Exercise 15G (Q1-6, 31-34, 42-43), Exercise 15I (Q11 & 15b)
Page 13 of 24
Methods of Integration
Change of variable
Suppose we want to integrate 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 + 3)5 with respect to x. We could expand the bracket
(2𝑥 3 + 3)5 , multiply by 𝑥 2 and then integrate each term. It is better to notice that x2 is a
scalar multiple of
d
dx
 2x3  3 and then it follows that:
 x  2x  3 dx   2 x 3  3  c
2 3
5 1 6
36
If we fail to notice this ‘function of a function’, an alternative method is to change the variable
x to some other suitably chosen variable. This method depends on the following theory:
dx
Thus to integrate f  x  with respect to x , dx is replaced by du and the integrand is then
du
expressed in terms of the new variable u .
Page 14 of 24
Example 1
Find ∫ 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 + 3)5 𝑑𝑥
Example 2
Find ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 + 2)5 𝑑𝑥
Page 15 of 24
Example 3
Find 5
x

0 x4
dx
Special Cases of Integration by Change of Variable

1
Substitute 𝑥 =
𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛

𝑢 into a
2
 b2 x2
dx, b  1
𝑏
1
𝑎  a  c2 x2
2
dx, c  1
Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 into
Example 4
1
Use a suitable substitution to find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
25+16𝑥 2
Page 16 of 24
Example 5
𝟏
Use a suitable substitution to find ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝟐−𝟗𝒙𝟐
Exercise Questions
S&T Exercise 20A Q1-12, Q19-20
Page 17 of 24
Integration by parts
𝑑𝑢
Sometimes it is not always possible to express a product in the form 𝑓(𝑢) so another
𝑑𝑥
approach is required. If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are two functions of x, we have already established the
Product Rule for differentiation:
d du dv
uv   v  u
dx dx dx
Integrate this w.r.t. x gives
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ (𝑢𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Therefore 𝑢𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Rearranging we get the rule for integrating by parts
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 1
Find ∫ 𝑥(3𝑥 − 2)4 𝑑𝑥
S&T 502
Page 18 of 24
Example 2
Find ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
S&T 502
Example 3
Find ∫ 𝑥 4 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
B&C 358
Page 19 of 24
Example 4
Find ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
S&T 502
Exercise Questions
S&T Exercise 20B Q1-16
Page 20 of 24
Integration with partial fractions
1 2 3𝑥+5
We know that 𝑥+3
+ 𝑥−1 = (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)
However, if we are given the RHS (right hand side) how do we get back to the LHS. This
reverse process is called expressing in partial fractions. The method used is to assume that
3𝑥+5 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)
≡ 𝑥+3 + 𝑥−1
Where A and B are constants that have to be found. The  sign means that the
equality holds for all values of x. The RHS is expressed as a single fraction i.e.
𝐴 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 + 3)
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
This fraction and the LHS of the identity now have the same denominators (bottom line) so
now their) numerators (top line) must be the same.
3𝑥 + 5 ≡ 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 + 3)
One or both of the following techniques are used to find A and B

(i) Substitute suitable values for x in both sides of the identity,
(ii) Equate the coefficients of particular powers of x.
Note that these are proper fractions (the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of
the denominator).
5𝑥 2 +13𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
If you are given (𝑥+5)(𝑥 2 −2)
then assume the partial fractions to be 𝑥+5
+ 𝑥 2 −2
The denominators of the fractions will be of three basic types:

5 𝐴 𝐵
1. Has linear factors (𝑥−2)(𝑥+3) ≡ 𝑥−2 + 𝑥+3
2𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
2. Has a quadratic factor which does not factorise (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +4)
≡ 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 2 +4
5𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
3. Has a repeated factor (𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)2
≡ 𝑥−2
+ 𝑥+3 + (𝑥+3)2
Example 1
11  3x

Express x
2
 2x  3
dx
as partial fractions
Bird 227
Page 21 of 24
Example 2
2 x 2  9 x  35
  x  1 x  2  x  3dx
Express as partial fractions
Bird 228
Exercise Questions
S&T Exercise 18A Q1-9
Page 22 of 24
Area between two curves

Suppose we have two functions y=f(x) and g(x)
To find the shaded area,
Find the difference between the two functions.
e.g.
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
f(x) is the ‘upper’ function
g(x) is the ‘lower’ function
Example
Find the area enclosed between the curves y  x  1 and y  7  x

2
Bird 270
Page 23 of 24
Page 24 of 24

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IFYF019 IFP Mathematics

Use formulae to determine indefinite integrals....................................................................... 3

Evaluate definite integrals ..................................................................................................... 7

The area under a curve ......................................................................................................... 8

Use trigonometric identities ................................................................................................. 11

Methods of Integration ........................................................................................................ 14

Change of variable .......................................................................................................... 14

Integration by parts .......................................................................................................... 18

Integration with partial fractions ........................................................................................... 21

Area between two curves .................................................................................................... 23

Definition of an indefinite integral as an anti-derivative

Use formulae to determine indefinite integrals

Shown below is a table of Integrals for standard functions:

Evaluate definite integrals

The area under a curve

integration how far it moves in the interval from t=0 to t=4 s.

enclosed by the curve and the x-axis.

Use trigonometric identities

In some cases, trigonometric functions can be integrated directly as the reverse of

Special Cases of Integration by Change of Variable

Integrate this w.r.t. x gives

Rearranging we get the rule for integrating by parts

Integration with partial fractions

One or both of the following techniques are used to find A and B

The denominators of the fractions will be of three basic types:

Area between two curves

To find the shaded area,

Find the difference between the two functions.

f(x) is the ‘upper’ function

g(x) is the ‘lower’ function

Find the area enclosed between the curves y  x  1 and y  7  x

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