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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Southern Luzon State University Name: MODULE

College of Engineering Course/Section: No. 2
Civil Engineering Department Schedule: FINAL
Instructor:
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVES

There are various applications of derivatives not only in maths and

real life but also in other fields like science, engineering, physics,
etc. In previous classes, you must have learned to find the derivative of different functions,
like, trigonometric functions, implicit functions, logarithm functions, etc.

ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS:

1. Find two numbers whose sum is 16, if the product of one by the cube of the other is to be
a maximum.
Solution: let: x - first no.
y - second no.
Sum ----- x  y  16
dP
0
Product -------  y  16  x dx
P  xy 3  x(16  x) 3 0  (16  x) 2 (16  4 x)
dP 16
 x(3(16  x) 2 (1)  (16  x) 3 x 4
dx 4
dP  x  y  16
 3 x(16  x) 2  (16  x) 3
dx 4  y  16
dP y  12
 (16  x) 2 (3 x  16  x)
dx
dP
 (16  x) 2 (16  4 x)
dx
Therefore, the two nos. are 4 & 12

2. What should be the shape of a rectangular field with an area of 100 sq. m., if it is to
be enclosed by the least amount of fencing?
Solution:
Let: x = length Therefore, 100 = xy
y = width 100 = (10)y
Area = A = xy = 100 y = 10m.
100 = xy x = y (it is a square)
Perimeter = P = 2 (x + y)

A 100 dP
y  0
x x dx
 100   100 
P  2( x  y)  2 x  0  21  2 
  x 
 x 
100
dP   100 1
 21  2  x2
dx  x 
x 2  100
x  10m.
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

3. A man is viewing a large oil painting which is on display at the Art Gallery. In order to
have the best view of the painting, the painting is placed with its bottom and top edges 3
meters and 9 meters above the floor, respectively. Assume that the best view of the painting
is obtained when the angle subtended is maximum and that the man’s eyes are 2 meters above
the floor. How far from the wall should the man stand?

Solution: Let: x = distance from the wall

7
tan( 1   2 ) 
x 7 1 d 1
0
7 d 1 x 2
x2 dx
1   2  tan 1  
x dx 7
2
1
2
7 1
1    1    0 2  2
7  x  x x  49 x  1
1   2  Arc tan
x 7 1 7 1
 2
7 d 1 2
2
x  49 x  1
1  Arc tan   2  x  x2
x dx 49 1 7 x 2  7  x 2  49  0
1 1 2 1 2
but . tan  2  x x 7 x 2  42  0
x 7 1
x2  6
1 d  2 2
 2  Arc tan 1
 2x  2x x  2.65m
x dx x  49 x  1
7 x2 x2
  1  Arc tan   2
x d 1 7 1
7 1  2  2
1  Arc tan  Arc tan dx x  49 x  1
x x
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
4. An air traffic controller is sighting a helicopter on a control station directly ahed. The
helicopter is flying 2 km. above the sighting instrument at the rate of 230 kph. How fast must
the sighting instrument be turning when the angle between the path of the helicopter and the
line of sight is 350?

Solution: 1
2
dx dx
 cos 2  d
 230kph
dt dt sin 2  dt
2 cos 2 
tan  
x dx  2 d

2 dt sin 2  dt
x
tan   2 d
230 
Differentiating x and Ө sin 2 35 0 dt
with respect to t d
  37.83 deg rees / hr
dx  2 sec 2   d  dt
  .
dt tan 2   dt 

Practice Problems:
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

Instead of a function y(x) being defined explicitly in terms of the independent variable x,
it is sometimes useful to define both x and y in terms of a third variable, t say, known as
a parameter. In this unit we explain how such functions can be differentiated using a process
known as parametric differentiation.

In the example below we shall show how the x and y coordinates of points on a curve can be
defined in terms of a third variable, t, the parameter.
dx
  sin t
Example: Consider the parametric equations x = cost and y = sin t dt
(for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π). Note how both x and y are given in terms of the dy
 cos t
dy dt
third variable t. Find . dy dy dt
dx  .
We differentiate both x and y with respect to the parameter, t: dx dt dx
dy  1 
 cos t  
dx   sin t 
dy
dy dy dt   cot t
 . dx
dx dt dx - Finding the first derivative
2
d y dy dt
2
d . - Finding the second derivative
dx dx dx

1. Find the y’ and y” from x = t2 - 3t + 4 and y = t2 + 4t + 4

Solution:
dx dy 2t  4 d2y  14  1 
 2t  3  .  . 
dt dx 2t  3 dx 2
2t  32  2t  3 
dy
 2t  4 d 2 y (2t  3)2  (2t  4)2 dt d2y  14
dt  .  .
dx 2 2t  32 dx dx 2
2t  33
dy dy dt
 . d 2 y 4t  6  4t  8 dt
dx dt dx  ..
dy  1  dx 2 2t  32 dx
 (2t  4.) 
dx  2t  3  d2y  14 dt
 .
dy 2t  4 dx 2
2t  32 dx
 .
dx 2t  3
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

2. Find the y’ and y” from x = t3 - 1 + 4 and y = t2 + t

Solution:

dx dy 2t  1
 3t 2  . d2y  6t (t  1) dt
dt dx 3t 2  .
dx 2 9t 4 dx
dy d 2 y (3t 2 )2  (2t  1)6t dt
 2t  1  . d2y  6t (t  1) 1
dt  .( 2 )
dy dy dt
dx 2  
3t 2
2
dx dx 2 9t 4 3t
 . d y 6t  12t 2  6t dt
2 2
d2y  6t (t  1)
dx dt dx  ..  .
dx 2 9t 4 dx dx 2 27t 6
dy  1 
 (2t  1) 2  2 2
d y  6t  6t dt d2y  2(t  1)
dx  3t   . 
dx 2 9t 4 dx dx 2 9t 5
dy 2t  1
 .
dx 3t 2

Practice Exercises:
Find the first and second derivative of the following parametric equations without eliminating
the parameter:
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
Partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect
to one of those variables, with the others held constant (as opposed to the total derivative,
in which all variables are allowed to vary)

Remember:
 To find the partial derivative of function with respect to x considered y as constant and
derivative of d(x)=1.
 To find the partial derivative of function with respect to y considered x as constant and
derivative of d(y)=1.
 Apply the necessary formulas of differentiation.

Example 1.
Solution:

f ( x, y )  5 x 3 y 2  4 x 2 y  3 x  2 y  1
f
 y  constant
x
just copy the constant
f
 15 x 2 y 2  8 xy  3
x
f
 x  constant
y
just copy the constant
f
 5 x 3 (2 y )  4 x 2 (1)  3 x  2
y
f Solution: 2.
 10 x 3 y  4 x 2  3 x  2
y
2 3
f ( x, y )  x 2 sin( y 3 )
f ( x, y )  x sin( y )
f
f  x  constant
 y  constant y
x
just copy the constant
just copy the constant
f
f  x 2 cos( y 3 )(3 y 2 )
 (2 x) sin( y 3 ) y
x
f
 3 x 2 y 2 cos( y 3 )
y
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Solution 3.
2
2 y
f ( x, y )  e x 2
2 y
f ( x, y )  e x
f
 y  constant f
x  x  constant
just copy the constant y
f 2
just copy the constant
 e x  2 y (2 x) f
x 2
 e x  2 y ( 2)
f 2 y
 2 xe x  2 y
x f 2
 2e x  2 y
y

Solution 4.

f ( x, y )  ln(2 x 2 y ) f ( x, y )  ln(2 x 2 y )
f f
 y  constant  x  constant
x y
just copy the constant just copy the constant
f (4 x) y f 2 x 2 (1)
 
x 2 x 2 y y 2x 2 y
f 4 xy f 2x 2
 2  2
x 2 x y x 2 x y
f 2 f 1
 
x x x y

Assignment: Write your solution on long bond paper with 1 cm. margin on each side.