Compiled by Chance Msukwa (0984172623/0996898928)

CONTENTS
UNIT 1…FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
UNIT 2…MARKETING FUNCTIONS

UNIT 3…WATER CYCLE

UNIT 4…WATER POLUTION

UNIT 5…WATER CONSERVATION

UNIT 6…SOIL FERTILITY

UNIT 7…SOIL STRUCTURE

UNIT 8…SOIL PROFILE

UNIT 9…SOIL EROSION AND SOIL CONSERVATION

UNIT 10…FARM MACHINERY AND THEIR USES

UNIT 11…SAFETY MEASURES WHEN USING FARM MACHINERY

UNIT 12…MAINTENANCE OF FARM MACHINERY

UNIT 13…TYPES AND IMPORTANCE OF FLOWERS

UNIT 14…FLOWER NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT 15…SITE SELECTION AND LAND PREPARATION FOR FLOWER

PRODUCTION
UNIT 16… TRANSPLANTING FLOWERS

UNIT 17…MANURE AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN FLOWERS

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UNIT 18…WEED CONTROL IN FLOWERS

UNIT 19…TENDING FLOWERS

UNIT 20…PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL IN FLOWERS

UNIT 21…HARVESTING FLOWERS

UNIT 22…TYPES AND IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES

UNIT 23…NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT FOR LEAFE

VEGETABLES
UNIT 24…SITE SELECTION AND LAND PREPARATION FOR GROWING
LEAF VEGETBLES
UNIT 25…TRANSPLANTING LEAF VEGETABLES

UNIT 26…FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR LEAF VEGETABLES

UNIT 27…IMPORTANCE OF RABBITS

UNIT 28…HOUSING AND FEEDING RABBITS

UNIT 29…DISEASE AND PARASITE CONTROL IN RABBITS

UNIT 30…IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEMS OF AGROFORESTRY

UNIT 1: FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

1. Meaning of the term “factors of production”
• These are resources that are used to produce crops and livestock.

2. The major factors of production

• land
• labour
• capital
• management

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 a) LAND
• This is where most of the farming activities take place.

i) The characteristics of land that affect agricultural production

• Size
• Fertility
• Slope

ii) How do the following factors affect agricultural production

❖ Size:
• A big area of land yields more than a small area of land .

❖ Fertility:
• A fertile land has enough nutrients, air and moisture for crop growth.

❖ Slope:
• Land with a gentle slope maintains its top soil because it is not easily
eroded.

b) LABOUR
- This is the effort of people in doing farm operations or work done by people.

c) CAPITAL
- This refers to materials available on the farm for production.

d) Examples of capital items

• Cash
• Farm inputs
• Equipments
• Tools
• Buildings
• Livestock
e) MANAGEMENT
- This refers to the farmer's knowledge and skills in performing farm operations .

3. Examples of farm management activities

• planning the farm work
• controlling the use of land, labour and capital
• supervising the work
• making farming decisions
• budgeting for farm activities
• organizing the land, labour and capital

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 EXERCISE 1
1. Describe the term factors of
production___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

2. Explain how the following factors of production affect agricultural production

i. Land ______________________________________________________________________

ii. Labour ____________________________________________________________________

iii. Capital _____________________________________________________________________

3. State three characteristics of land that affect agricultural production

i. _______________________________________ ii.
_______________________________________ iii.
_______________________________________

4. Mention three examples of capital items in agricultural production

i. ________________________________________________ ii.
________________________________________________ iii.
________________________________________________

5. Figure 1 is a diagram shows some factors of production. Use it to answer question 5

V
Y X

W Z
a. Name the factor labeled V,W,X,Y and Z
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. Describe how each of the factor may affect agricultural production

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT 2 MARKETING FUNCTIONS
1. Meaning of the term marketing function
These are activities conducted by producers or buyers to make profit and satisfy the needs of customers.

2. The examples of marketing functions

• buying
• selling
• processing
• grading
• packaging
• advertising
• storage
• transporting
• market research

3. how does each marketing functions above affect agricultural production

a. BUYING
• This is the paying for goods to own them.

ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN BUYING

• determining needed goods
• identifying where to obtain the goods
• choosing desired goods
• bargaining
• paying for goods
• collecting the goods for use

IMPORTANCE OF BUYING
• it helps the buyer to become the owner of the goods in order to use them when needed.

b. SELLING

ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN SELLING

• deciding where to sell
• displaying products to attract customers
• pricing products
• issuing the produce to the customer
• collecting payment

IMPORTANCE OF SELLING
• It helps farmers to obtain income to buy farm inputs .

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C. PROCESSING
• It is the changing the raw materials into finished products.

ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN PROCESSING

• grinding
• pounding (milling)
• cleaning
• shelling
• boiling
• sieving
• winnowing
• drying
• slicing
• salting

EXAMPLES OF PROCESSED PRODUCTS FROM THE FOLLOWING RAW MATERIALS

a. Hides
• Shoes
b. Trees
• Books
c. Cotton
• Dress
d. Sugarcanes
• Sugar

d. TRANSPORTING
• This is the carrying of agricultural produce to the market.

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTING GOODS TO THE MARKET

• It helps to make goods readily available to customers.
• It helps farmers can to sell the produce at a better price

THE ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN TRANSPORTING

• assembling
• identifying mode of transport

e. PACKAGING
• This involves placing the produce into appropriate containers

ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN PACKAGING

• wrapping
• sealing
• labelling
• weighing
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 IMPORTANCE OF PACKAGING
• it makes pricing the produce easy
• it helps customers to choose produce in quantities suitable for their needs
• it helps customers to carry produce in quantities suitable for their needs

f. ADVERTISING
• This involves telling customers about a product to know why it may be best for them to
buy it.

ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN ADVERTISING

• displaying
• attractive wrapping
• labeling

IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISING
• it helps in increasing sales

g. STORAGE
• This involves keeping the produce in a safe place

ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN STORAGE

• application of chemicals
• cleaning storage facility
• stocking

IMPORTANCE OF STORAGE
• it preserves the quality of the produce
• it makes the product available when customers need it most
• it helps the farmer to sell at a better price to increase profit

h. GRADING
• This involves sorting out produce to ensure uniformity in quality

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN GRADING THE PRODUCTS

• size
• shape
• colour
• tenderness
• taste
• age
• weight
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 ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN GRADING
• sorting
• weighing

IMPORTANCE OF GRADING
• it helps in pricing the produce
• it enables the farmer to get more money for produce of high grade
• it encourages the farmer to aim at producing quality products.

i. MARKET RESEARCH
• This involves finding out prices of various products in different markets.

IMPORTANCE OF MARKET RESEARCH

• Market research helps the farmer in deciding what to produce and where to sell it.

ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN MARKET RESEARCH

• interviewing people
• recording responses
• interpreting information

EXERCISE 2

1. what is the meaning of the term “marketing function”

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. give two activities that are involved in each of the following marketing functions a.
buying
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. selling
………………………………………………………………………………………

c. packaging
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. explain the why the following marketing functions are importance in farm business
a. transportation
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. processing
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. advertising
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. how does the following marketing functions help the to make more profit
a. grading
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. storage
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. why should marketing research be the first marketing functions to be done in any business
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

6. Figure 1 is a diagram shows some marketing functions. Use it to answer question 6

A B C D
a. Name the marketing function labeled A, B, C and D
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. Give two importance of the marketing function labeled A and D

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Name the another way of solving marketing function D

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

UNIT 3: WATER CYCLE

1. MEANING OF THE TERM „WATER CYCLE‟
• It is the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth in different forms.

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2. THE PROCESS AND STAGES OF WATER CYCLE
• Evaporation
• Transpiration
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Surface run-off
• Infiltration
• Percolation

3. THE DIAGRAM OF SHOWING THE PROCESSES OF A WATER CYCLE

4. THE MEANING OF EACH PROCESS ON THE DIAGRAM

a. Evaporation
• It is the loss of water from soil and water bodies into the atmosphere in form of vapour.

b. Transpiration
• It is the loss of water from plant leaves into the atmosphere through plant openings in
form of vapour.

c. Evapotranspiration
• It is the loss of water from the soil, oceans, lakes, rivers and plants into the atmosphere as
vapour.

d. Condensation
• It is the process by which water vapour in the atmosphere is changed into droplets.
e. Precipitation
• it is the falling of water from the atmosphere to the earth in form of rain and hail.
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 f. Surface run-off
• It is the water that flows on the soil surface following the slope of the land.

g. Infiltration
• It is the entry of water into the soil.

h. Percolation
• It is the moving deeper of water in the soil increasing the amount of ground water.

i. Groundwater
• It is the large amounts of water stored below the earth's land surface.

5. IMPORTANCE OF THE WATER CYCLE

• It helps in the formation of rains
• It support plant growth
• It preserve water sources

EXERCISE 3

1. Mention the processes of water cycle that takes place between condensation and infiltration.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Explain the difference between

a. Evaporation and transpiration

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. Ground water and water bodies

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 3. Figure 1 is a diagram shows a water cycle. Use it to answer question 3.

Condensation

Surface run-off Z
X
percolation

a. Name the process marked X,Y and Z

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. What would happen if the process marked X has been disturbed? Give two reasons. i
…………………………………………………………………….
Ii ……………………………………………………………………

c. Why is water cycle important? Give two reasons

i……………………………………………………………………….
ii………………………………………………………………………

UNIT 4: WATER POLLUTION

1. The meaning of the term “water pollution”
• It is the contamination of water sources due harmful and poisonous substances arising from
human activities.

2. Causes of water pollution

• disposal of human wastes
• constructing pit latrines close to water bodies
• disposal of domestic, industrial and hospital wastes into water bodies siltation of water bodies
• use of poisonous herbs and chemicals when catching fish
• application of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides to crops in the field which are then eroded together
with soil into nearest water bodies

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3. The effects of water pollution on agricultural production
• reduced work done by the farmer
• death of plants
• death of livestock
• blocking irrigation pipes
• shortage of water for irrigation

4. Figure 1 shows a future‟s wheels

5. Ways of controlling water pollution

• building proper and well located pit latrines
• using recommended chemicals in proper amounts for agricultural activities
• avoid urinating, defecating, bathing washing clothes and dishes in water which is used for
drinking, animal production and irrigation
• avoid damping kitchen, industrial and hospital wastes in water bodies
• protecting wells and boreholes by fencing them and cementing the floor provide ground cover to
prevent siltation

6. Ways of keeping water safe

• boiling
• adding chemicals such as chlorine and water guard
• filtering
• protecting boreholes and wells
• siting pit latrines away from water sources
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 EXERCISE 4

1. Mention any two agricultural activities which can cause water pollution
a. ………………………………………………………………………………….
b. ………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Explain how soil erosion pollutes water

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. State three ways of keeping water safe

a. ……………………………………………………………………….
b. ……………………………………………………………………….
c. ……………………………………………………………………….

4. Give any three effects of water pollution in agricultural production

a. ………………………………………………………………………………….
b. ………………………………………………………………………………….
c. ………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Figure 1 is a diagram shows water pollution. Use it to answer question 5

X Y
a. Name the water pollution marked X and Y
X ………………………………………….
Y ………………………………………….

b. How can the pollution activity marked Y be prevented

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Give two effects of the pollution marked X

a. …………………………………………………………………………
b. ………………………………………………………………………….

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UNIT 5: WATER CONSERVATION
1. Meaning of the term “water conservation”
• These are ways of reducing water loss from soil and water bodies for future use.

2. Ways of conserving water

• use of vegetative cover
• application of organic matter
• mulching
• use of contour ridges, bands and box ridges
• constructing dams
• removing silt and other material that accumulate in water bodies
• making ridges across the slope
• maintaining vegetative cover along river bank
• water harvesting

3. Diagrams showing water conservation technologies

Vegetative cover Mulching

Constructing dams Water harvesting

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 EXERCISE 5

1. Define the term “water conservation”

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Figure 1 shows water conservation technologies. Use it to answer Question 2

X Y

a. Name the water conservation X and Y

...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b. Describe two disadvantages of water conservation X

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… …………………………………………..

c. Mention any other two water conservation technologies apart from X and Y
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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UNIT 6: SOIL TEXTURE
1. The meaning of the term “soil texture”
It is the coarseness or fineness of the soil.

2. The classification of soils based on texture

• Sand soil
• Clay soil
• Loam soil

3. The characteristics of classes of soil

a. SAND SOIL
• large particles
• feels coarse
• large air spaces
• holds little water
• little amount of nutrients
• easiest to till and ridge

b. CLAY SOIL
• medium particle
• feels fine and soft
• medium air spaces
• holds moderate amount of water
• holds medium amount of nutrients
• easier to till and ridge

c. LOAM SOIL
• small particle size
• feels sticky when wet
• small air spaces
• holds a lot of water
• contains high amount of nutrients
• difficult to till

4. Examples of crops suitable for each soil class

a. SAND SOIL
• Cassava
• Groundnuts
• Irish potatoes
• sweet potatoes

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 b. CLAY SOIL
• Groundnuts
• Maize
• Beans
• Peas
• pigeon peas
• Tobacco
• Okra
• Irish potatoes soya beans

c. LOAM SOIL
• Rice
• Sugarcane
• Cotton
EXERCISE 6

1. What is soil texture?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..

2. Give three characteristics of clay soil

i.
………………………………………………………
ii. ………………………………………………………
iii. ………………………………………………………..

3. What soil particles are found in large amount in sand soil.

…………………………………………………………………………………

4. Describe a procedure that can be followed when determining whether the particles are course or fine.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… ……………………………………………………………..

5. State three crops suitable for loam soil

i. ……………………………………………
ii. ……………………………………
iii …………………………………………

6. What is the different between sand clay soil

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

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UNIT 7 : SOIL STRUCTURE
1. Meaning of the term “soil structure”
• It is how soil particles are held together.

2. Types of soil structures

a. Loose structure
b. Cramp structure
c. Compact structure

3. Characteristics of each type of soil structure

a. LOOSE SOIL STRUCTURE
• the individual soil particles are lightly held together
• it has large pore spaces between the particles
• it loss water quickly
• it is very easy to break

b. CRAMP SOIL STRUCTURE

• the individual soil particles are moderately held together
• it has medium pore spaces between the particles
• it breaks quickly
• it holds moderate amount of water

c. COMPACT SOIL STRUCTURE

• the individual soil particles are strongly held together
• it has very mall pore spaces between the particles
• it loss water quickly
• it is difficult to break
• it holds high amount of water

EXERCISE 7
1. What is soil structure?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… …………………………………………………….

2. Explain how does loose differ from compact structure

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… ……………………………………………………………….

3. Which soil structure would be suitable for the following crops:

a. Rice ……………………………………………..
b. Cassava…………………………………………..
c. Maize ……………………………………………

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UNIT 8 : SOIL PROFILE
1. Meaning of the term “soil profile”
• This is the vertical section through the soil showing horizontal layer.

2. The layers of soil profile

a. top soil
b. sub soil
c. weathered rock
d. parent rock.

3. Figure 1 is a diagram shows soil profile

Top soil

Sub soil

Weathered rock

Parent rock

4. Characteristics of each layer of soil profile

a. TOP SOIL
• This is the upper layer of soil profile.
• Most living organisms are found in this layer.
• it has a high organic matter content.
• It is dark brown or black colour
• It has better aeration It has high nutrient content.

b. SUB SOIL
• This layer lies below the top soil.
• There is less organic matter or humus.
• It has a lighter colour than top soil.
• The colour may be red or reddish brown.
• It contains some nutrients washed down from top soil

➢ Meaning of the term “leaching”

• It is the washing down of nutrients from top soil to the sub soil

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 c. Weathered rock
• This layer lies below the sub-soil.
• It contains gravel, broken rocks.
• The colour of this layer varies.
• This layer has mineral rock composition.

d. Parent rock
• This is rock does not form soil.
• It is also called a bed rock.

5. Why crops grow well in the top soil

• It supplying adequate amount of plant food for growth
• It supply air (oxygen) needed for seed germination and root respiration
• It supply adequate water for seed germination and plant growth
• It helps the soil to absorb heat (warmth) necessary for seed germination
• The humus improves soil aeration, water retention and nutrient content of the soil
EXERCISE 8

1. What is a soil profile?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… …………………………………………………….

2. Figure 1 shows a soil profile. Use it to answer question 2

a. Name the part labeled X,Y and Z

X. …………………………………
Y. …………………………………
Z. …………………………………

b. Why is the colour of the layer labeled W usually black?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
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 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Identify the two layers where roots are present.

i. ……………………………………………………….
ii. ……………………………………………………….

d. Which of the four layers W,X,Y and Z is the most suitable for crop production?
………………………………………………………………………………………

e. State any three reasons for your answer to d

i. ……………………………………………………………
ii. ……………………………………………………………
iii. ……………………………………………………………….

f. Why the soil layer labeled Z called by its name.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………

UNIT 9 SOIL EROSION AND CONSERVATION

1. Meaning of the term “soil erosion”
• It is the removal of top soil by the action of water and wind.

2. Causes of soil erosion

• careless cutting down of tree
• cultivating on steep slopes
• cultivating along river banks
• making ridges along the slope

3. The effects of soil erosion

• loss of fertile soil resulting into low yields
• reduced amount of ground water as a result of fast moving water which reduces infiltration
• it leads to siltation of rivers, streams, dams and lakes
• formation of gullies leading to reduction of land for cultivation exposure of plant roots causing
lodging of crops

4. Ways of conserving soil

• avoiding overstocking
• making terraces on steep land
• mulching
• correct spacing of crops

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 • strip cropping
• making ridges across the slope
• making box ridges
• making contour bands

5. Figure 1 are diagrams shows soil conservation technologies

a. TERRACES ON STEEP SLOPES

• This conserves soil by reducing the speed of running water.

b. STRIP CROPPING

• Strip cropping involves alternating strips of poor cover crops (maize) with good cover
crops (groundnuts) across the slope.
c. MULCHING

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• Mulching material reduces the speed of running water which can carry soil away.

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d. RIDGES ACROSS THE SLOPE

This reduces speed of run

-off

d. BOX RIDGES

• This reduces amount of run-off by holding water in the boxes.

e. CONTOUR BANDS

• This holds water and reduces amount of run-off thereby controlling erosion.
Page 23 of 35

EXERCISE 9

1. Define the term “soil erosion”

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

2. How do the following measures conserve soil”

a. Terracing on steep crops
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

b. Strip cropping
………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Construction of contour bands

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. State three agricultural technologies that would be used to conserve soil

i. ……………………………………………………. ii.
…………………………………………………….
iii. …………………………………………………….

4. Figure 1 is a diagram shows soil conservation. Use it to answer question 4

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a. Identify the soil conservation
……………………………………………………………………

b. Explain how does it conserve soil

………………………………………………………………………………………..

c. State three importance of the soil conservation mentioned in a to the crops

i. ……………………………………………………………………
ii. ………………………………………………………………….
iii. ……………………………………………………………………
UNIT 10 FARM MACHINERY AND THEIR USES
1. Examples of the farm machinery that farmers use
a. Ploughs
b. Ridgers
c. Sprayers
2. Figure 1 shows a plough. Use it to study objective 2
Handles

Beam
Hake
Hitch

Depth wheel
Share Mouldboard

a. Use of the plough

It is used for tilling the land

b. Parts of the plough

• Hitch
• Hake
• Beam
• Handles
• Depth wheel
• Share
• Mouldboard

c. Function of each part of the plough and a ridger

a. Hitch
• It attaches the plough or ridger to the chain or axle

b. Hake
• It sets the depth of ploughing

c. Beam
• It holds all parts of a plough or a ridger

d. Handles
• It enable the farmer to hold and guide plough and ridger

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 e. Depth wheel
• It helps to move the plough or ridger and maintains depth

f. Share
• It Cuts the soil into thin layer

g. Mouldboard
• It throws the soil cut loose by share to one side and turns it over (for plough)

h. wings (for ridger)

• it pushes the soil to each side so that on the return run a complete ridge is made during
ridging

3. Figure 2 shows a ridger. Use it to study objective 3

a. Use of the ridger

• It is used for making ridges

4. Figure 3 shows a sprayer. Use it to study objective 4

a. Use of the sprayer

• It is used for sprinkling herbicides in crops
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 b. Function of each part of the sprayer
i. Nozzle cup
• It holds nozzle disc in position

ii. Plastic container

• It holds the spray materials

iii. Plain pump barrel

• It creates pressure which forces the spray to come out through the lance

iv. Lance
• It delivers the spray

v. Control tap
• It helps to control the amount of spray that comes out

vi. Sieve
• It filter the spray to avoid blocking the nozzle

vii. Shoulder strap

• It is for holding the sprayer

viii. Nozzle
• It is a hole through which the spray comes out
EXERCISE 10

1. What are the uses of the following farm machinery

a. Ridgers
………………………………………………………………………..

b. Ploughs
………………………………………………………………………..

2. Figure 1 is a diagram shows farm machinery. Use it to answer question 2

X
Z
Y

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 a. Name the farm machinery
……………………………………………………….

b. Name the part labeled X,Y and Z

X ………………………………….
Y ………………………………….
Z …………………………………..

c. What is the function labeled Z

…………………………………………………………

d. Why is it important to use the machinery following the direction of the wind
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….

3. What are the uses of the following parts of a plough

a. Depth wheel……………………………………………………………………
b. Beam…………………………………………………………………………...
c. Handles……………………………………………………………………….

UNIT 11: SAFETY MEASURES WHEN USING FARM MACHINERY

1. safety measures when using ploughs and ridger
• Ensure that the machine is in good working order
• Soil must be fairly moist when either ploughing or ridging
• There must be no stumps or large stones in the field during ploughing or ridging
• The plough or ridger must be handled firmly and correctly
• The nuts and bolts must be tight
• Oxen used to pull the plough or ridger must be well trained The yoke must be tied to the plough
property

2. safety measures when using sprayer keep the control tap tight.
• avoid sucking or blowing through the nozzles to prevent chemical poisoning
• always wear protective clothes when spraying
• face away from the wind side when spraying so that chemicals are not blown into the face.
• do not eat, drink or smoke while spraying.
• the sprayer must be thoroughly cleaned after use
• wash your body with soup after spraying
• chemicals from the sprayer must be properly disposed of to avoid pollution of air, soil and water.

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 EXERCISE 11

1. Give any three safety measures when using a ridger

i. ………………………………………………
ii. ………………………………………………

iii………………………………………………..

2. What safety measures can you follow using a sprayer to avoid polluting water sources
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………..

3. Figure 3 shows un safety measure of using a sprayer. Use it to answer question 3

a. Identify the un safety measure a famer is practicing on the diagram

……………………………………………………………………………………..

b. What can the effect of the practice above

……………………………………………………………………………………..

c. Describe four ways how a farmer would use the machinery safely
i. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….
ii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………

UNIT 12: MAINTENANCE OF FARM MACHINERY

1. Ways of maintaining a plough and a ridger
• grease all movable parts to prevent friction between them
• tighten nuts and bolts to prevent spoiling the threads on the nuts and bolts
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 • replace warn out parts such as the share, mould boards, nozzle and handle
• transport a plough or a ridger properly in an ox-cart
• paint the machinery at the end of each growing season
• keep plough, ridger or sprayer in dry store room or shed for safety
• paint the machinery at the end of each growing season read the accompanying manual if available

2. Ways of maintaining a sprayer

• clean the machines and dry them immediately after use to prevent rusting
• use the machine for purposes it was made
• know the parts and how they work or function
• set the machine correctly for it to perform properly
• read the accompanying manual if available
EXERCISE 12

1. Explain how to maintain a sprayer

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Explain why is it important to tighten the bolts and nuts of a plough
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Describe the best way of transporting a ridger
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Figure 5 shows an activity done by a farmer. Use it to answer question 4

a. Name farm machine on the diagram

……………………………………………………………..
b. What is a farmer doing on the diagram
…………………………………………………………….
c. Describe the best way a farmer would do if the activity mentioned in b is not successful
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
UNIT 13: types and importance of flowers
1. Types of flowers based on how they grow
a. Creepers or climbers
b. Ground covers

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 c. Trees
d. Shrubs

2. Characteristics of each type of the flower

a. CREEPERS OR CLIMBERS
• They have stems which need support because the stems are weak and grow along the ground
• They look beautiful when supported by a wall, strings, trees and fences

➢ EXAMPLES OF CREEPERS OR CLIMBERS FLOWERS

• Money plant
• Bougainvillea

b. GROUND COVERS
• They have stems which do not grow tall
• Flowers produce many side branches and cover the ground

➢ EXAMPLES OF GROUND COVER FLOWERS

• Geranium
• Periwinkle
• Marigolds
• Zinnia
• Dahlia
• Ferns

c. TREES
• Flowers have stems that grow very big and tall
• The stems are also tough
• They produce beautiful shape, fruits, petals and leaves

➢ EXAMPLES OF TREE FLOWERS

• Jacaranda
• Acacia
• Conifers

d. SHRUBS
• They have stems which are thick and tough after first year of growth
• They produce many branches which can be trimmed to a variety of shapes

➢ EXAMPLES OF SHRUB FLOWERS

• Hibiscus
• Roses
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 • Fuchsia
• Poinselta

3. Importance of flowers
• They decorate the surrounding
• Source of income
• Source of medicine
• Source of raw material
• Provide protection
• Some flowers are grown to scare away harmful pests and other animals such as marigold and night
queen.

EXERCISE 13

1. Name any two examples of flowers that are

a. Ground cover
i. …………………………………………… ii.
……………………………………………

b. Shrubs
i. …………………………………………..
ii. …………………………………………..

2. Explain any three ways in which flowers are important

i. ……………………………………………………….
ii. ………………………………………………………
iii. ………………………………………………………

3. State two characteristics of tree flowers

i. ……………………………………………………………………
ii. ……………………………………………………………………

4. Why are creepers or climber flowers important? Give two reasons

i. ……………………………………………………………………
ii. …………………………………………………………………

UNIT 14: FLOWER NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT

1. Activities involved when establishing a flower nursery
• Site selection
• Land preparation
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 • Planting ( sowing )
• Weeding
• Pest and disease control
• Hardening off

2. SITE SELECTION

➢ Factors to consider when choosing a site for a flower nursery

• Should be close to water supply for easy watering
• Should be close to home or office or fenced area for protection Loam soil for good drainage

3. LAND PREPARATION
➢ Activities involved in land preparation
• clearing the land
• constructing a fence
• preparation of planting materials

➢ Activities involved in nursery bed preparation for cuttings

• till the cleared site to break to break the hard subsoil so that water drains freely
• level the tilled land to make the plate flat
• mark the bed 1 metre wide 5 centimetre high using bricks, soil or wood so as to create a basin for
easy watering
• fill the marked are with 15 centimetre depth of river sand for free drainage for easy rooting
• cover the top of the prepared bed with a clear plastic paper. This will protect the bed from direct sun
heat, too much water from rains and will produce heat that will make buds of cuttings to open
quickly

➢ Activities involved in nursery bed preparation for seeds

• small seeds can be established in trays with holes at the bottom, large seeds can be sown in the pots
filled with soil
• prepare soil to fill trays or pots by mixing top soil rich in manure, sand and madeya or sawdust, rice
husks in the ratio 2:1:1
• arrange the trays or planting pots on levelled land to form a 1 metre wide bed fill the container
with the soil

4. PLANTING (SOWING)
➢ Activities involved in planting cuttings
• select planting materials from fresh clean stems to prevent carryover of pests and diseases
• make a 15cm long cutting by making the base flat and making the cut close to a node in order to
easily identify the side to place in soil
• cut the top of the cutting in a slanting manner to allow water to drain away

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 • remove leaves from the cutting except 2 leaves at the top of the cutting for fast growth
• water the planting bed adequately
• plant cuttings 7.5 cm deep and the correct way up and in a slanting manner avoid excessive
watering to prevent damping off and leaching

➢ Activities involved in planting small seeds

• make a drill in planting trays
• sow small seeds in the drill thinly
• cover lightly with soil
• cover the trays with grass
• water the planted trays

➢ Activities involved in planting large seeds

• make a hole in the potted soil
• place the large seed in the holes
• water the pots adequately

5. The activities involves in managing flower nursery

• Watering
• Weeding
• Controlling pests
• Hardening off

EXERCISE

1. How should be a nursery bed be prepared

…………………………………………………………………………

2. Explain the importance of each the following

a. Hardening off……………………………………………………………………………………………….
b. Slanted cut at the top of a stem cutting…………………………………………………………………….
c. Loam soil for nursery beds…………………………………………………………………………………
d. Covering a nursery bed with a clear plastic paper………………………………………………………….

3. How can you prevent the damping of diseases in a flower nursery?

…………………………………………………………………………………..............

UNIT 15: SITE SELECTION AND LAND PREPARATION FOR FLOWER

PRODUCTION
1. Factors to consider when selecting site for growing flowers

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 • type of flower
• height of flower
• colour of flower
• colour of surroundings

2. Characteristics of the land suitable for growing flowers

• slope of the land – make use of land characteristics. For instance, on steep land plant ground covers
or make terraces for planting flowers, on rocks make a rock garden
• site of the bed – the site of the flower bed will affect the size and type of flower. If flowers are to be
planted between gutter and wall, it may be a narrow bed and choose rooted flowers to avoid
damaging the structure

3. Steps followed when preparing the land for flowers

• choose the site for flower garden
• mark the bed according to the desired size and shape
• lay out the bed according to design
• dig the marked area to a depth equal to root depth of flowers

4. The table below shows the depth of different flowers

TYPES OF FLOWER DEPTH OF HOLE

Shrubs cm deep
Ground cover 7.5 - 15cm deep
Trees 90cm deep

EXERCISE 15

1. Describe how the following factors influence the choice of the site for growing flowers

a. Height of the flowers……………………………………………………………………………………….

b. Colour of the flowers……………………………………………………………………………………….

c. Size of site………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Describe the order of activities when preparing land for growing flowers
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….

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UNIT 16 : TRANSPLANTING FLOWERS
1. The steps followed when transplanting seedlings into flower pots
• Watering the plants 3 – 4 hours before transplanting so that roots, stems and leaves are full of water as
well as the soil around the roots.
• Preparing soil for pot filling
• Filling soil in flower pots
• Making a planting hole
• Lifting the seedlings with a hand trowel without damaging the roots
• Place the lifted seedlings into the hole made in the planting pot without bending the roots.
• Cover the transplanted seedlings up to the collar neck
• Press the soil around the seedlings to make seedlings stand firm
• Place the potted plants under shed when it is hot season
• Water the transplanted plants.

2. The steps followed when transplanting seedlings to field beds

• Water the field bed hole 3 – 4 hours before transplanting
• Dig a planting hole
• Place the pot in the hole
• Remove the planting pot by tearing on the side, this is to allow free growth of stem and roots later,
circulation of air and water
• Cover the plant with soil to the collar neck
• Press the soil around the plant to make seedling stand firm
• Water the transplanted seedlings
• Mulch the seedling to protect from excess sunlight
• Water the plant every 4 days until it get established

➢ Transplanting should be done on a cool day or early in the morning or late in the afternoon to reduce loss of
water from the seedlings.

3. Diagrams showing the steps followed when transplanting flowers

a. Watering flowers before transplanting

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 b. Lifting flower seedling with hand towel

c. Placing flower seedling in flower pots

d. Placing flowers in the planting hole

e. Mulching flowers

EXERCISE 16
1. Name three tools used for transplanting seedlings. (2020 Q.42b(i))
i. __________________________________________________________
ii. __________________________________________________________
iii. __________________________________________________________ (3 marks)

2. Give a reason why mulching is important after transplanting seedlings. (2020 Q.42b(ii) )
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 _______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ (1mark)

3. Why are the following activities done during transplanting

a. Watering the seedlings in the nursery before uprooting
________________________________________________________________________________
(1mark)
b. Removing the planting in pot
________________________________________________________________________________
(1mark)
Figure 1 is a diagram showing activities done during transplanting flowers. Use it to answer question 4

4. a. Name the activity

_______________________________________________________________ (1mark)
b. Why is the activity above done before transplanting flowers? Give a reason.
_____________________________________________________________________ (1mark)

UNIT 17…MANURE AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN FLOWERS

1. The types of fertilizer and manure applies in flowers

• Composite manure
• Animal manure
• CAN
• 23:21:0+4S

2. Methods of applying fertilizer in flowers

• Broadcasting
• Dollop
• Banding
3. When are the following fertilizer applied in flowers
a. CAN
• When flowers are well established

b. 23:21:0+4S
• Soon after transplanting
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4. When are the following methods of fertilizer application carried out in flowers
a. Broadcasting
• When flowers are planted close in rows

b. Dollop
• When flowers are sparsely spaced

c. Banding (grooves)
• When flowers are scattered on the bed

5. The methods used when applying the following fertilizers

a. CAN
• Dollop
• Banding

b. 23: 21:0+4S
• Broadcasting

6. The common fertilizers applied in flowers

• CAN
• 23:21:0+4S

ASSESSMENT 17
1. Mention the method used when applying fertilizer 23:21:0+4S fertilizer to flowers?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. When should manure be applied to flowers

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. State the appropriate methods of applying fertilizer to the following :

a. Flowers planted closely in rows
……………………………………………………………………………………….

b. Flowers sparsely spaced

……………………………………………………………………….

c. Flowers scattered on the bed

………………………………………………………………………..

4. Mention two types of manure that can be applied to flowers

i. …………………………………………………
ii. ………………………………………………
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UNIT 18…WEED CONTROL IN FLOWERS
1. The examples of weeds in flowers
• Star grass
• Datura
• Oxalis
• Chisoso
• Tridax
• Galosoga

2. Methods of controlling weeds in flowers

• Light hoeing
• Hand weeding
• Slashing
• Chemical weeding

3. Guidelines when weeding flower beds

• Ensure that weeds are well controlled
• Avoid destroying the flower plants
• Ensure the garden is left neat

4. When to use method of weeding mentioned in 2.

a. Light hoeing
• when weeds are very close to plant
• when flower plants are closely spaced

b. Hand weeding
• When the space between flowers allows use of a hoe without damaging flowers

c. Slashing
• When flowers are widely spaced
d. Chemical weeding
• when controlling weed before they emerge, killing the weeds using selective herbicides

ASSESSMENT 18
1. Give one conditions in which the following methods of weeding could be used when weeding in a flower
garden
a. Slashing
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 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b. Hand weeding
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Give three weeds that are found in a flower garden

i. …………………………………………………………..
ii. …………………………………………………………..
iii. …………………………………………………………..

3. State three methods of weed control in flower garden

i. …………………………………………………………..
ii. …………………………………………………………..
iii. ………………………………………………………….

Figure 1 is a diagram shows a methods of weed control in flowers. Use it to answer question 4

A B C

4. a. Name the method A,B and C in flowers weeds control

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b. Give two advantages of the method A

i. …………………………………………………………….
ii. ……………………………………………………………..

c. Explain when is the method C done in flowers

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

UNIT 19…TENDING FLOWERS

1. Activities involved when tending flowers

• Thinning
• Trimming
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 • Pruning

2. Meaning of the term “thinning”

• It is the removal of excess plants on a flower bed or field.

3. Importance of thinning in flowers

• it reduce competition between plants and nutrient.

• it improve healthy growth of the flower .
• it maintain beauty of the flowers.

4. Steps followed when thinning flowers

• water the flower beds to make the soil moist
• Uproot the weak, diseased or any excess plants leaving the correct number per station.

5. Meaning of the term “trimming”

• It is the cutting back of flower branches.

6. Importance of trimming in flowers

• to make a desirable shape
• to make flower plants become less bushy
• to restrict growth

7. Steps followed when trimming flowers

• measure the desirable height and mark
• cut back the branches to the intended height
• cut the branches to the desirable shape

8. Meaning of the term” pruning”

• Pruning is the removal of unwanted parts of a flower plant such as dead, old, excess and diseased
branches, leaves and flow.

9. The parts of a flower that can be pruned (removed)

• Dead branches
• Old branches
• Excess branches
• Diseased branches
• Leaves
• Flow

10. Importance of pruning.

• to improve quality of the flowers
• to maintain plant health

• to restrict growth
• to train the plant

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11. Steps followed when pruning trees.
• remove dead, old and diseased leaves
• remove dead heads and fading flowers
• remove branches which are dead, trailing, diseased, excess and off shape by cutting them from
the bottom upward to avoid tearing the flower plant. The cutting should be done at an angle to
facilitate water drainage

12. Importance of cutting branches in flowers from bottom upward

• To avoid tearing the flower plant

13. Importance of cutting branches at an angle.

• To enhance water drainage.

ASSESSMENT 19

1. Define the following terms;

a. Trimming
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. Thinning
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

c. Pruning
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Why is pruning important? Give three reasons.

i. ……………………………………………………
ii. ……………………………………………………
iii. …………………………………………………….

3. State three parts the flower that can be pruned.

i. …………………………………………………..
ii. ………………………………………………….
iii. ………………………………………………….

4. Why is thinning important? Give two reasons.

i. ………………………………………………….
ii. …………………………………………………

5. Why is it important to cut branches in flowers from bottom upward?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 46 of 74
UNIT 20…PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL IN FLOWERS

1. Pest of flowers
• Mealy bugs
• Aphids
• Scaley insects
• White flies
• Spider mites
• Slugs or Snails
2. Diagrams of the flowers pests
a. Mealy bugs

These are found on undersides and axils of leaves and young shoots. They produce a sticky substance
called honeydew on which grows a black mould. They live by sucking plant juices. They can be controlled
by using clean planting materials.

b. Aphids

These cause twisting of leaves and flowers. They also produce sticky substances called honeydew that
attracts ants. They can be controlled by using dimethoate or marathion, hot pepper and garlic.

c. Scaley insects
They are identified as bumps on stems and undersides of leaves where they produce substance called
honeydew resulting in stunted growth. They live by sucking plant juices. They can be controlled by
Marathion or Noadazinon.

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d. White flies
They are found on undersides of the leaves and produce sticky substance called honeydew where a black
mould can develop. They live by sucking plant juices. They can be controlled by clean planting materials.
e. Spider mites
These are found on the undersides of the leaves. They suck plant juices. They can be controlled by
interplanting with strong smelling plants like marigold and using Dimethoate, Actellic and Rogor.
f. Slugs or Snails
They are found around dark, moist, decaying matter. They eat leaves. They can be controlled by hand
picking or use of sodium bicarbonate and common salt.
3. DISEASES OF FLOWERS
a. Grey mould
- This is caused by fungus.
- It affects leaves, flowers and roots.
- It can be controlled by cutting away the dead rotting part and burn it
- It can also be controlled by fungicides
b. Beech bark disease
- It is caused by fungus spread by scale insect
- It affects the bark and penetrates inwards until the tree dies
- It can be controlled by felling the infected tree to minimise the spread of disease
c. Giant polypore fungus
- This disease is caused by fungus
- It usually affects mature or over-mature trees
- It attacks the roots
- It can be controlled by cutting down the tree and burn it

EXERICEISE 20
1. State three pests of flower
i. ………………………………………………………………………
ii. ……………………………………………………………………….
iii. ……………………………………………………………………….

2. Explain how the following pest damage flowers

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….
3. Figure 3 is a diagram of flower pest. Use it to answer question 3

Figure
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 a. Name the pest
………………………………………………………………………………..

b. Explain how the pest cause damage in flowers

…………………………………………………………………………………….

c. How can the pest be controlled?

………………………………………………………………………………………

4. State three diseases of flowers

i. ………………………………………………………………
ii. ………………………………………………………………
iii. ………………………………………………………………..

UNIT 21…HARVESTING FLOWERS

1. The products that can be harvested from flowers and shrubs.

• true seeds
• cuttings
• real flowers (cut flower)
2. The procedure when harvesting flowers
• flowers must be harvested just before or as soon as they reach maturity.
• The bud should not be completely open.
• Cut the flowers during the cool morning hours. At that time dew should dried.
• Use a pair of scissors, garden share, secuture and knives to cut the flower. These materials should be
kept sharp to ensure that stems are cut evenly and not crushed. Crushed stems restrict the ability of
the flowers to take up water thereby reducing their life.

3. Ways of preserving flowers

i. Air drying
ii. Pressing

iii. Dipping in a mixture of water and glycerine

iv. Drying in silica gel

4. How each method is used to preserve flowers

a. Air drying
Flowers are cut at uniform length and hang upside down in branches in a dark, dry room to prevent
fading of colour through sunlight
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 b. Pressing
Flowers are pressed between newspapers. Alternating layers of flowers and paper are pressed between
two boards. A heavy object is then placed on the top board. The pressed flowers are usually stored in the
stuck until needed.
c. Dipping in a mixture of water and glycerine
Flowers are dipped in a solution of water and glycerine for two to three weeks.
Freshly harvested flowers should be placed in lukewarm water that has floral preservatives.
The preservatives increase flower's life.
d. Drying in silica gel
Silica gel absorbs moisture from flowers. Flowers are placed in a closed container with silica gel. It is
recommended that flowers dried in this way should be stored and displayed in the closed containers to
keep out moisture.
EXERCISE 21
1. State two products that can be harvested from flowers
i. ………………………………………………………………..
ii. ………………………………………………………………..

2. Mention three ways of preserving flowers

i. ……………………………………………………………….
ii. ………………………………………………………………..
iii. …………………………………………………………………

3. Explain how the following ways preserves flowers

a. Air drying
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….

b. Pressing
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….

UNIT 22…TYPES AND IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES

1. The types of vegetables

i. Indigenous vegetables
ii. Exotic vegetables

2. Examples of indigenous vegetables

• Chisoso
• Mwanaaligone
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 • Luni
• Bonongwe
• Limanda
• Thugwi
• Chewe
• Bowa
• Njerenjedza

3. Examples of exotic vegetables

• Cabbage
• Rape
• Carrot
• Tomato
• Bowa
• Eggplant

4. The classes of vegetables

a. Leaf vegetables
b. Root vegetables ( tuber ,bulb)
c. Fruit vegetables
d. Legume vegetables

5. Examples of each class of vegetable

a. Leaf vegetables
• Cabbage
• Mustard
• Bonongwe
• Rape
• Spinach
b. Root vegetables ( tuber ,bulb)
• Carrot

• European potatoes
• Onion
• sweet potatoes
• beetroot

c. Fruit vegetables
• Tomatoes
• Eggplants
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 • Pepper
• Pumpkins
• Cucumbers

d. Legume vegetables
• Peas
• fresh beans
• fresh cowpeas

6. The importance of vegetables

• sources of food
• sources of income
• sources of employment
• sources of raw materials

UNIT 23…NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT FOR LEAFE

VEGETABLES
1. The activities involved in vegetable nursery establishment.
• Site
• Selection
• seed selection
• seed bed preparation
• sowing.
2. The procedures followed when practicing activities in nursery establishment
a. Site selection
• should be near a water source near the home or school for easy management
• the soil for the site should be loam for easy drainage

b. Seed selection
• Seeds should have high germination percentages and health strong seedlings.

c. Nursery bed preparation

• it must be fenced

• The land must be tilled to a depth of more than 15cm to loosen the soil and improve the
drainage
• The bed should be 1 metre wide and 15 cm high
• The bed must be flat to avoid run-off
• Make a mixture of two parts of loam soil, one part manure and one part sand

Page 52 of 74
 d. sowing.
• Small seeds should be sown in furrows (drills) 1.5 cm deep and 10-20cm apart along the
width of the seedbed in straight lines for easy management and extraction.
• Spread the seeds thinly in the furrows and cover lightly with soil
• Erect a raised mulch which will also serve as a temporary shade

3. The activities involved in nursery management

a. include watering
b. weeding
c. thinning
d. pest and disease control
e. hardening off

4. procedures followed when practicing activities in nursery management

a. Watering
• Water seedbeds in the morning and late in the afternoon everyday until the seedlings are four
weeks old.
• Avoid watering at midday when evaporation is highest.
• Avoid under-watering because it will result into wilting.

b. Weeding
• Weeding is necessary to reduce competition between weeds and seedlings for nutrients, water,
light and space.
• It also reduces the attack by pests and diseases.
• Hand weeding is recommended to avoid damaging roots.
• It is necessary to make the soil loose using a small, sharp stick or a hand folk.

c. Thinning
• Thinning can be done when there are too many seedlings in the farrows (drills).
• Seedlings may be thinned to 20cm apart when they are about two weeks old.

d. Pest and disease control

• Seedlings have to be protected from pests and diseases. Some pests of vegetable seedlings are
caterpillars, grasshopper, nematodes and aphids.

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- The table shows way how each pest is controlled in vegetables
PEST CONTROL

Aphids spray marathion

spray with tephrosia

grasshoppers spray Carbaryl

cutworms drenching the soil with actellic 1ml in 1 litre of water

caterpillars spray Carbaryl at a rate of 85g in 14 litres of water

All these pests can be controlled by spraying with tephrosia or using smelly mulching materials like lemon
grass, mpungabwi or plant strong smelling crops for example garlic.
- The diseases in vegetables
• Dumping off is one of the common diseases in the vegetable nursery.
• It is caused by fungus and promoted by overwatering.

- Ways of preventing dumping off disease in vegetables

• sowing at recommended spacing
• sterilising the soil before sowing
• dusting the seed with a fungicide such as captain and thiram
• frequent weeding
• avoid overwatering

e. Hardening off
• This is the gradual reduction of frequency of watering to seedlings.
• This is done to prepare seedlings for the hot and dry condition in the garden.
• The temporary mulch should be removed in the second or third week after germination.
• Watering is reduced to once a day for weeks after germination.

EXERCISE 23
1. What does nursery establishment for vegetables nursery include
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Why is it to thin seedlings when they are two weeks old?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. How do you control caterpillars on a nursery bed

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 4. Explaining the meaning following terms
a Hardening off
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b Thinning
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

UNIT 24…SITE SELECTION AND LAND PREPARATION FOR GROWING

LEAF VEGETBLES
1. Factors to consider when choosing a site for a vegetable a garden
• water supply
• type of soil
• nearness to home or school
• nearness to market
2. steps to be followed preparing land for vegetable garden

• clearing the site for field beds

• making a fence to protect the vegetables from animals
• tilling the land to a depth of 20cm
• breaking large lumps of soil
• marking out bed. A bed should be 1 metre in width. It can be of any length. The length of
the bed depends on availability of land and amount of vegetables to be produced.
• spreading compost or farmyard manure or fertilizer over the bed
• raking the manure and fertilizer into the soil
• levelling the ground

EXERCISE 24
1. What are the characteristics of a suitable site growing leaf vegetables?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. How can you make poor soils suitable for growing leaf vegetables.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Why should a vegetable garden be fenced

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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UNIT 25…TRANSPLANTING LEAF VEGETABLES

1. The recommended time for transplanting leaf vegetables

• late in the afternoon on cool, cloudy or rainy day so that they do not wilt.

2. How is hardening -off done in leaf vegetables

• It is done by reducing the frequency of watering seedlings to once per day for a period of 1 to 2
weeks before transplanting.

3. The recommended spacing for some leaf vegetables

spacing(cm)
vegetable
between rows between plants

cabbage 50 50

rape 30 50

bonongwe 30 30
(Amaranthus)
mustard 45 60

Chinese cabbage 45 60

lettuce 30 30

4. The steps to followed when transplanting leaf vegetable seedlings

• water the nursery beds thoroughly
• water the field beds thoroughly
• mark out the planting holes at the right distances in a straight line in the field beds
• dig holes in the positions marked
• lift the seedlings out of the nursery bed with as much soil as possible around the roots and
place them in an open container
• place the seedling carefully into planting hole without bending the roots
• fill the holes with soil up to the collar mark of the seedlings. Press the soil around the plant
firmly and gently with fingers.
• mulch the beds
• water the beds

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 EXERCISE 25
1. When should leaf vegetables seedlings be transplanted
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Why should vegetables seedlings be hardened off before transplanting

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. State the recommended spacing for each of the following leaf vegetables
a. Bonongwe (Amaranthus)
………………………………………………………………………………………

b. Mustard
………………………………………………………………………………………

UNIT 26…FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR LEAF VEGETABLES

1. The management practices in vegetable field beds

• Mulching
• Watering
• Weeding
• Supplying
• Fertilizer or manure application
• Disease and pest control
• Harvesting leaf vegetables
2. The importance of each practice in vegetable field beds

a. MULCHING
i Place the mulch at 5-7cm away from the seedlings to prevent termites or other ants from damaging
the seedlings.

iii. IMPORTANCE OF MULCHING

• Reduces weed growth by suffocating its seedlings
• conserves the soil moisture by decreasing the evaporation of water from the soil surface.
• decreases soil erosion by protecting the soil surface from contact by raindrops
• controls the soil temperature
• adds the plant foods to the soil when it decomposes
• reduces the spread of diseases by controlling the splashes (when it rains) of soil particles that
contain disease causing organisms.
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b. WATERING
• water the transplanted seedlings twice a day, in the morning and late afternoon. as seedlings are
getting old reduce the frequency to once a day. during the dry season, frequency of watering
should be increased to avoid wilting of vegetables

i. IMPORTANCE OF WATERING
• dissolves the plant food (nutrients)
• makes the plant absorb the nutrients from the soil and transports them to the leaves.
• makes plants to manufacture their food since water is one of the main components required
in the process of food making
• enables the plants to transport the manufactured food to all other parts of a plant
• cools down the plants when it is very hot through transpiration

c. WEEDING
• Weed on a sunny day so that weeds can dry up and die
• Weeding can be done using trowel, handfork or small hoes, weeds close the vegetable plants
should be uprooted. Mulch beds after weeding to supress weed growth

i. IMPORTANCE OF WEEDING
• Reduces insect and disease attack
• reduces competition for plants nutrients, air, sunlight, water, space between vegetable plants
and weeds
• promotes production of quality leaf vegetables
• loosens the soil allowing more water to infiltrate and air to circulate freely

d. SUPPLYING
Replacement of dead vegetable plants should be done within a week of transplanting.

i. IMPORTANCE OF SUPPLYING
• Maintains correct plant population in order to increase productivity

e. FERTILIZER/MANURE APPLICATION
• make holes at 5-10cm away from the planting station
• apply 8g of CAN or Urea fertilizer per station or half teaspoon per station

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i. IMPORTANCE OF MANURE OR FERTILIZER
• for development of green leaves
• for development of juicy leaves
• for fast growth of the vegetables
f. DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL

i. DISEASES OF LEAF VEGETABLES AND THEIR CONTROL

Disease Their signs control
Damping • seedlings appear water soaked at • avoid over watering and dense
off ground planting
level and they collapse • bury the diseased plants
• spray the recommended
chemicals
Leaf spot • small
• yellowish or brown spots on use clean seed, crop rotation, field
leaves causing the older leaves to hygiene, spray a chemical called
face off chlorothanil or Daconil at 2g in 1
litre of water
Leaf •• Brown-black spot with a - use clean seed, crop rotation, field
bright yellow margin on older hygiene
leaves, stems and petioles
- spray with the recommended
chemicals
Black leg red-brown spots on the leaves, root - treat the seeds before sowing
fungus decay - spray with the recommended
chemicals
- crop rotation

Black-rot blackening of the vascular tissues - seed treatment

causing blockage of water supply, - crop rotation
yellow v-shaped spots with white - crop hygiene
threads of fungi on the lower surface - grow crops in cool season
Downy young plants develop irregular brown - spray with Mancozel (Dithane m45)
mildew or white spots with white threads of at the rate of 2g in 1 litre of water
fungi on the lower surface
Heart rot the whole plant rots - spray with recommended chemicals
- sterilize the beds before sowing

- apply ash on the leaves

- crop hygiene

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ii. PESTS OF LEAF VEGETABLES AND THEIR CONTROL

Pest Type of damage Control

Aphids - sucks the leaf sap causing leaves • introduce lady bird beetle
to curve inside and wilting • spray actellic 50EC at 1 litre of water
• use of trap crops such as milk weed
which attracts aphid away from
vegetables
Cutworms - cut the stem at ground level - Sterilizing the soil by either burning or use
chemicals

Caterpillars - feed on leaves and tender stems - spray Carbaryl

of leaves
Grasshoppers - feed on leaves and stem of • spray Carbaryl
vegetable seedlings • weeding

Nematodes - swelling on the roots - practice crop rotation

Mole crickets - cut the leaves at ground level - dig them up

Leaf eating - chew the leaves and feed on - pick them up spray
beetles roots - malanthion or Carbaryl or
cypermethrin

Chemicals should be applied and allowed a period of 2 weeks before harvesting.

Apply chemicals when pests exist in the field beds.
ii. IMPORTANCE OF PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL
• prevents transmission of diseases
• prevents destruction of the leaves
• promotes fast growth of the plants
• increases vegetable yields
• improves quality

g. HARVESTING LEAF VEGETABLES

• harvest vegetables before they develop tough fibres or when the head is firm in case of
cabbage
• harvest early in the morning when the crop still has some moisture
• use a sharp knife cutting the leaf stock at an angle
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 • keep the produce in fresh condition
• harvest leaf vegetables regularly
IMPORTANCE OF HARVESTING LEAF VEGETABLES AT THE RIGHT TIME
• more leaf is produced
• flowering is delayed
• tender leaves are harvested
EXERCISE 26
1. Name three ways of controlling downy in mustard
i. …………………………………………………………………….
ii. ……………………………………………………………………
iii. …………………………………………………………………..

2. Match the given management activities to their importance.

Activity Importance

Wedding • Prevents the plants from being attacked by

harmful organisms
• Prevents attacks by termites
Mulching • Improves soil fertility
• Reduces competition between plants and
Manure or fertilizer application vegetables
• Conserves soil moisture
Watering • Makes vegetables to survive

Disease controlling

UNIT 27…IMPORTANCE OF RABBITS

1. The importance of rabbits

• provide meat for the people
• they produce and grow faster than other animals such as goats, sheep or pigs
• they produce manure for crop production
• they are a good source of income to farmers after selling
• they are easy to feed as they can feed on kitchen leftovers
• their hair is used as a raw material for making woollen clothes they require small space
2. The breed of rabbits
• Angora
• California
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 • New Zealand White
• Flemish Giant
3. The characteristics of rabbit breeds
1. California Black
• it is small in size, weighs about 3.5kg to 4.5kg when mature
• it produces more offsprings
• it is black in colour

2. New Zealand White

• it is big and weighs about 4kg to 5kg when mature
• it produces more offsprings
• it is white in colour

3. Flemish Giant
• it is very big and weighs about 5kg to 6kg when mature
• it does not produce a lot of offsprings
• it is grey in colour

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 EXERCISE 27
1. Explain any three reasons for keeping rabbits
i. ………………………………………………………………………..
ii………………………………………………………………………..
iii………………………………………………………………………..

2. Figure 2 shows breeds of rabbits. Use it to answer questions that follows

A B
a. Name breed A and B
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

b. State two characteristics of the breed labelled B

i. ………………………………………………………………………..
ii. ………………………………………………………………………..

UNIT 28…HOUSING AND FEEDING RABBITS

1. The housing of rabbits

a. Pole and thatch khola
b. Deep litter khola
c. Hutches

2. Importance of housing rabbits

• It helps to protect rabbits from enemies
• It protects rabbits from weather
• It increases production

3. The examples of enemies of rabbits

• Dogs
• Cats
• Snakes

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4. Characteristics of each rabbit house
a. Pole and thatch khola
• It is made of poles with grass
• It is raised above the ground
• The floor is made of mesh wire or poles

➢ Reasons why the house is raise above the ground

• It help to reduce infestation of maggots and worms
• Rabbits are unable to burrow the ground and hide
• It is easy to clean collect droppings

Pole and thatch house

b. Deep litter khola

• It is constructed using bricks or stones
• The roof is thatched with grass or iron sheets
• Bedding materials are placed on the floor

➢ Importance of bedding materials on floor

• They help to absorb urine and droppings
• They help to prevent infestation of maggots

Deep litter khola

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 c. Hutches
• It can be constructed using wood or bamboos
• It is divided into cages
• Mesh wire is used for ventilation

➢ Doe (female young rabbit)

➢ Buck (male young rabbits)
➢ Weaners

Single hutch for a doe Hutch for weaners Single hutch for buck

5. Feeds of rabbits
• Fresh feed materials
• Green grass
• Left over food
• Water

6. Examples of fresh feed materials of rabbits

• Carrots
• Potato vines
• Cabbages
• Ground haulms
• Elephant grass
• Banana leaves
• Mwanaaligone
• Tridax(kwakhwaniwa)

EXERCICE 28
1. State two housing of rabbits
i. …………………………………………………………..
ii. …………………………………………………………..

2. Why are rabbit house important? Give two reasons

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 i. …………………………………………………………………..
ii. …………………………………………………………………..

Figure 1 is a housing of rabbits. Use it to answer Question 2

a. Name housing
…………………………………………………………………

b. State two characteristics of the housing

i. …………………………………………………………………….
ii. ……………………………………………………………………..

3. Why is the house above different from other rabbit house? Give a reason.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

UNIT 29…DISEASE AND PARASITE CONTROL IN RABBITS

1. The diseases of rabbits

• Coccidiosis
• Colds (snuffles disease)
• Rabbit pox
• Sores hocks

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2. The table below shows some of the diseases, their causes, signs, prevention and treatment.

Name of Causes Signs Prevention Treatment

disease

Coccidiosis Protozoa • Lack of appetite • Keep khola • Coccidiostats

• Dullness of rabbits or cage dry all in feed or drinking
• Severe diarrhoea the times water
• Dehydration
• Rapid death
Colds • Bacteria • Sneezing • Isolate sick • Antibiotics in
(snuffles • Virus • Mucus discharge rabbits drinking water
from nostrils • Avoid
Disease)
overcrowding
of rabbits
• Good
ventilation
• General
hygiene
Rabbit pox - virus - small blisters on the skin - vaccinate young - Treat the sores with
rabbits goal appropriate drugs
against rabbits
pox

Sores hocks - bacteria - sores on feet - Avoid- putting - Treat the sore with
rabbits in rough antibiotic ointment
floors especially
floors made of
interwoven wire
or very thin wire

3. Other diseases that attack rabbits

• Tuberculosis
• rabies and
• ear cancer

➢ Rabbits which die from unknown causes should be removed and burnt.

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4. The internal parasites of rabbits
• Tape worm
• Round worm
• Coccidia

5. The tables below show the damage, prevention and treatment of rabbit’s internal parasites

Parasites Damage caused Prevention Treatment

Tape worm • Suck digested feed • Cleanliness of - Use piperazine or any

• Rabbits lose weight houses deworming
• Keep feeding and
dry
Round worm • Suck digested food • Clean the house - Use piperazine
• Rabbits lose weight • Change wet litters
coccidia • Attacks the lining of the - Keep house or cage - Coccidiostats
liver and intestine clean
• Severe diarrhoea
(diarrhoea may be blood
stained)

6. The diagrams of some rabbit parasites

Round worms Tape worms

7. The external parasites of rabbits
• Ear mites
• Fleas
• Lice

8. Damages caused by the following parasites

a. Lice and fleas
• They suck blood
• They cause irritation to the skin
b. Ear mites
• They cause disease called ear cancer
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9. Ways of controlling external parasites of rabbits
• Cleanliness of rabbit houses and cages

10. The diagrams of external parasites of rabbits

Flea Mite Louse

EXERICSE 29
1. State two diseases of rabbits
i. ……………………………………………….
ii. ……………………………………………….

2. Mention two parasites of rabbits

i. ………………………………………………..
ii. ………………………………………………..

3. Figure 2 is diagram of a rabbit parasite. Use it to answer question 3

Figure 3
a. Name the parasite
………………………………………………………………..

b. What damage does the parasite cause in rabbits

………………………………………………………………………………..

c. How can be the parasite be controlled. Give two ways

i. ……………………………………………………………………………
ii. ……………………………………………………………………………

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UNIT 30…IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEMS OF AGROFORESTRY
.
1. The meaning of the term “agroforestry”
• It is the growing of trees together with arable crops on the same piece of land.

2. The types of agroforestry

• Silvoarable
• silvopasture
• forest farming

3. The meaning of each type of agroforestry

a. Silvoarable
• It is the mixing of trees with arable crops

b. Silvopasture
• It is the mixing of trees with pastures (grass).

c. forest farming
• It is the growing of trees only.

4. The systems of agroforestry

• Folder banks
• Live fence
• Improved fallows
• Dispersed tree planting
• Alley cropping
5. The meaning of each system of agroforestry
a. Folder banks
• It is the planting of arable crops together with trees used as feed for livestock

The diagram below shows folder banks as a system of agroforestry.

Folder banks

b. Live fence
• It is the planting of trees and shrubs along the boundaries of arable crops.

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The diagram below shows live fence as a system of agroforestry.

Live fence

c. Improved fallows
• It is the growing of legume trees under fallows on arable land.

The diagram below shows improved fallows as a system of agroforestry.

Improved fallows

d. Dispersed tree planting

• It is the planting certain types of trees at random with arable crops.

The diagram below shows dispersed tree planting as a system of agroforestry.

Dispersed tree planting

e. Alley cropping
• It the planting rows of trees alternated with rows of arable crops.
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The diagram below shows alley cropping banks as a system of agroforestry.

Alley cropping

6. The importance of agroforestry

• The leaves fall and add nutrients to the soil
• Improving soil fertility and crop yields
• Legume leaves are rich in nitrogen
• Roots of leguminous trees fix nitrogen
• Providing food for livestock
• Controlling soil erosion and water run off on steep slopes
• Providing fuel wood, timber or poles for buildings
• Providing protection
• Improving food security
• Source of medicine

7. The characteristics of agroforestry tree species.

• Ability to accommodate other crops
• Ability to improve soil fertility
• High nutritive value
• Edible fruits
• Ability to generate
• Medicinal value

8. The examples of trees in agroforestry that improves soil fertility

• msangu
• gliricidia
• acasia
9. The examples of trees in agroforestry used as food.
• Masuku
• Bwemba
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 • Maposa
• malambe

10.The examples of trees in agroforestry used as medicine.

• Mango
• Nimu
• Avocado pears
• Pawpaws
• Chitimbe
• Muwale
11.The examples of trees in an agroforestry that accommodates other crops and allow light to pass
through.
• Msangu
• Mthethe
• Leucaena
12.The meaning of the following terms in agroforestry;
a. Canopy
• These are leaves of trees that covers the ground.

b. Fallow
• It is the land that has not been planted with crops.

Exercise 30
1. Define the term “agroforestry”
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
2. State any three types of agroforestry
i. ______________________________
ii. ______________________________
iii. _____________________________

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3. What is the different between Silvopasture and silvoarable
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Mention any three systems of agroforestry
i. _______________________________
ii. _______________________________
iii. _______________________________
5. State three importance of agroforestry
i. _______________________________
ii. _______________________________
iii. _______________________________
6. Explain two ways how agroforestry improves soil fertility
i. ______________________________
ii. ______________________________

End of part 1!!!!!!!!

compiled by Chance Msukwa (0984172623/0996898928)

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