A Brief History of Database Systems
A Brief History of Database Systems
A Brief History of Database Systems
of information. Database is a collection of information and a means to manipulate data in a useful way, which must provide proper storage for large amounts of data, easy and fast access and facilitate the processing of data. Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of software that is used to define, store, manipulate and control the data in a database. Databases have been in use since the earliest days of electronic computing. Unlike modern systems which can be applied to widely different databases and needs, the vast majority of older systems were tightly linked to the custom databases in order to gain speed at the expense of flexibility. Originally DBMSs were found only in large organizations with the computer hardware needed to support large data sets. From prestage flat-file system, to relational and object-relational systems, database technology has gone through several generations and its 40 years history. The Evolution of the Database Ancient History: Data are not stored on disk; programmer defines both logical data structure and physical structure, such as storage structure, access methods, I/O modes etc. One data set per program: high data redundancy. There is no persistence; Random access memory (RAM) is expensive and limited, programmer productivity low. 1968 File-Based: predecessor of database, Data maintained in a flat file. Processing characteristics determined by common use of magnetic tape medium. Data are stored in files with interface between programs and files. Mapping happens between logical files and physical file, one file corresponds to one or several programs. Various access methods exits, e.g., sequential, indexed, random. Requires extensive programming in third-generation language such as COBOL, BASIC. Limitations: Separation and isolation: Each program maintains its own set of data, users of one program may not aware of holding or blocking by other programs. Duplication: Same data is held by different programs, thus, wastes space and resources. High maintenance costs such as ensuing data consistency and controlling access Sharing granularity is very coarse Weak security
1968-1980 Era of non-relational database: A database provides integrated and structured collection of stored operational data which can be used or shared by application systems. Prominent hierarchical database model was IBMs first DBMS called IMS. Prominent network database model was CODASYL DBTG model; IDMS was the most popular network DBMS. Saadan Maharjan 09BSCIT031 Page no:1
Database Management System Hierarchical data model Mid 1960s Rockwell partner with IBM to create information Management System (IMS), IMS DB/DC lead the mainframe database market in 70s and early 80s. Based on binary trees. Logically represented by an upside down tree, one-to many relationship between parent and child records. Efficient searching; Less redundant data; Data independence; Database security and integrity Disadvantages: Complex implementation Difficult to manage and lack of standards, such as problem to add empty nodes and cant easily handle many-many relationships. Lacks structural independence, such add up application programming and use complexity.
Network data model Early 1960s, Charles Bachmann developed first DBMS at Honeywell, Integrated Data Store ( IDS) It standardized in 1971 by the CODASYL group (Conference on Data Systems Languages). Directed acyclic graph with nodes and edges. Identified 3 database component: Network schema database organization; Subschemaviews of database per user; Data management language -- at low level and procedural
Each record can have multiple parents: Composed of sets relationships, a set represents a one--many relationship between the owner and the member Each set has owner record and member record Member may have several owners Main problem: System complexity and difficult to design and maintain; Lack of structural independence
The distinction of storing data in files and databases is that databases are intended to be used by multiple programs and types of users.
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Database Management System 1970-present Era of relational database and Database Management System (DBMS): Based on relational calculus, shared collection of logically related data and a description of this data, designed to meet the information needs of an organization; System catalog/metadata provides description of data to enable program-data independence; logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an organizations information. Data abstraction allows view level, a way of presenting data to a group of users and logical level, how data is understood to be when writing queries.
1970s: Ted Codd at IBMs San Jose Lab proposed relational models. Two major projects start and both were operational in late 1970s INGRES at University of California, Berkeley became commercial and followed up POSTGRES which was incorporated into Informix. System R at IBM san Jose Lab, later evolved into DB2, which became one of the first DBMS product based on the relational model. (Oracle produced a similar product just prior to DB2.)
1976s: Peter Chen defined the Entity-relationship(ER) model 1980s: Maturation of the relational database technology, more relational based DBMS were developed and SQL standard adopted by ISO and ANSI. 1985s: Object-oriented DBMS (OODBMS) develops. Little success commercially because advantages did not justify the cost of converting billions of bytes of data to new format. 1990s: incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMSs, new application areas, such as data warehousing and OLAP, web and Internet, Interest in text and multimedia, enterprise resource planning (ERP) and management resource planning (MRP) 1991s: Microsoft ships access, a personal DBMS created as element of Windows gradually supplanted all other personal DBMS products. 1995s: First Internet database applications 1997s: XML applied to database processing, which solves long-standing database problems. Major vendors begin to integrate XML into DBMS products.
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