BASIC POWER SYSTEM

PREAMBLE

 Transmission Lines are needed when bulk power has to

be transmitted over long distances.

 Power is transmitted at high voltages.

 Power is transmitted at high voltages in order to reduce

power loss during transmission.

 Transmission Lines with both A/C and D/C voltages are

being used though A/C Transmission Lines are dominant.
 TYPES OF TOWER
 Based on Angle of Deviation:

A type tower: angle of deviation is 0 to 2 degree.(Suspension

Tower)
B type tower: angle of deviation is 2 to 15 degree. (Angle tower)
C type tower: angle of deviation is 15 to 30 degree.(Angle
tower)
D/Dead end tower: angle deviation 30 to 60 degree/Dead
end (Angle tower)
Special Type Tower

 Based on Number of Circuit:

Single Circuit Tower

Double Circuit Tower
Multiple Circuit Tower
SINGLE CIRCUIT TOWER
(SUSPENSION TYPE)
SUSPENSION AND TENSION DOUBLE
CIRCUIT TOWER
TOWER ANATOMY
 A tower is constituted of following items:
 Peak
 Cross Arm
 Boom
 Cage
 Tower Body
 Body Extension
 Belt
 Bracing
 Leg Extension
 Stub/Anchor Bolts and Base Plate Assembly
TOWER PARTS
TYPICAL INSULATOR STRING
 Voltage
Level
Wind
Factors in
No. of
Tower
Designing Circuits
Temperature
Climatic
Conditions
Seismic
Intensity

Ice
Formation
SURVEY

PRELIMINARY SURVEY
CRITERIA FOR ROUTE SELECTION:
 Shortest Path

 Ease of approach and accessibility

 Required Distance Maintenance from parallel power, telephone and

railway lines.
 Avoiding of Forest Areas

 Cost of securing and clearing Right of Way (RoW).

 Minimum Danger to Town/Village

 Avoiding any industrial outfit.

 Swamp and shallow lands subject to flood, marshy areas, earth slip
zones.
 Avoiding dense populated areas.
 SURVEY (CONTD.)
FIXING OF ROUTE ALIGNMENT:
 The alignment of the line route is carried out by survey using theodolite.

 The following positions are fixed during this survey:

Fixing of angle tower positions.
Finalizing of crossing points of major HT Lines.
Finalizing of crossing points of Railway lines.

 Measurement of deviation at all angle locations.

 Measurement of line route length.

 Basic span standard to be adopted:

400 KV – 400 Meter
220 KV – 350 Meter
132 KV – 335 Meter
 SURVEY ( CONTD.)
Crossing of Power Lines:
 The crossing of existing power lines shall be at an angle as close to 90 degree as possible.

 The crossing of the new line over an existing power line is preferably done in the middle of the
span between towers of existing power line.

Crossing of Telecommunication Lines:

 The crossing of such lines should preferably be at 90 degrees, but an angle less than 60
degrees is not permissible.

Crossing of Railway Tracks:

 The angle of crossing should preferably be 90 degrees, but an angle of upto 60 degrees may
be permitted in special cases.

Crossing of Roads:

 Transmission line crossings across National Highways and major roads shall preferably be at
right angles or as near to 90 degrees as possible.
 RIGHT OF WAY
 It is advisable to carry out the work of clearing the right
of way as early as possible during the construction of the
line.
 The work of clearing of right of way should preferably be
carried out in the seasons when there are no standing
crops in the agriculture fields.
 However, tree cutting necessary for paying out and
sagging of conductor may be got done during the
stringing operation.
 The following Right of Way width is recommended for
various voltage levels:
66 KV - 18 Meter
132 KV - 27 Meter
220 KV - 35 Meter
400 KV - 52 Meter
RIGHT OF WAY(CORRIDOR)
 DETAILED SURVEY

 Details of all crossings of kutcha and metalled roads, canals, rivers, forest area, ponds, railway
lines, P&T lines and power lines along the line route shall be noted.

 The height above ground of the earth wire (in case of overhead crossing) and the lowest conductor
(in case of crossing under existing lines) of the lines being crossed should be measured.

 Places along the line route where towers cannot be located due to poor or bad ground conditions,
such as low lying areas, marshy areas, highly sloping areas, etc. should also be noted.

 All kutcha and metalled roads, trees, structures, buildings, huts, sheds, canals, wells, rivers, forest
area, railway lines, P&T lines, power lines, ponds, hillsides, high sand dunes and other objects,
etc. within 50 metres on both sides of line route should be noted
 PROFILING
 After survey work, tower profile is prepared.

 Tower Profile contains land profile and points

where tower is to be erected. Major crossings,
rivers, landmarks .

 It also contains type of tower to be used, its

exact location, span between two adjacent
towers.

 Tower Profile is prepared by various software's.

TYPICAL PROFILES
TYPICAL PROFILE
 STRINGING CHART
 Stringing charts contain the curves that
represents the following relationships:

1 - Tension vs. Temperature,

2 - Sag vs. Temperature

 Such a chart is helpful in knowing the sag and

tension at a given temperature, thus helping in
ensuring the correct adjustment of sag and
tension when setting up transmission lines.
 SAG TEMPLATE
 A Sag Template is a very important tool with the help of which the position of towers on the Profile
is decided so that they conform to the limitations of vertical and wind loads on any particular
tower, and minimum clearances.

 A Sag Template consists of a set of parabolic curves drawn on a transparent celluloid or acrylic
clear sheet duly cut in over the maximum conductor sag curve to allow the conductor curve to be
drawn and the lowest points of the conductor sag to be marked on the profile when the profile is
placed underneath it.

 The set of curves in the sag template consists of:

a) ‘Cold Curve’ showing sag of conductor at minimum temperature (minus 2.5ºC) and still wind.
b) ‘Hot or Maximum Sag Curve’ showing maximum sag of conductor at maximum temperature
and still wind including sag tolerances allowed (normally 4%), if any, and under maximum ice
condition wherever applicable.
c) ‘General or Ground Clearance Curve’ which is drawn parallel to the ‘Hot or Maximum Sag
Curve’ and at a distance equal to the specified minimum ground clearance for the relevant voltage.
d) ‘Tower Footing Curve’ which is drawn parallel to the ‘Ground Clearance Curve’ and separated
by a minimum distance equal to the maximum sag at the basic design span.
TYPICAL SAG TEMPLATE
TOWER SPOTTING AND TOWER
SCHEDULE
TOWER SPOTTING:

 The Sag Template is applied to the profile by moving the same

horizontally while always ensuring that the vertical axis is held
vertical, i.e., in line with the vertical lines on the profile sheet. By
this, tower location is marked on profile.

TOWER SCHEDULE:

 After tower spotting has been done, a tower schedule is prepared

which contains all the information such as location numbers, type of
tower, span length, section length, sum of adjacent spans, weight
spans (effect of one side as well as both sides) under maximum and
minimum sag conditions, angle of deviations, type of hardware
(suspension / tension, and single / double), and brief details of
objects in, along and near the line route.
 CHECK SURVEY

 Check survey is carried out for the following

purposes:

a) To reconfirm the work carried out during

detailed survey.
b) To locate and peg mark the tower position on
ground
controlling to the route profile.
c) To give direction pegs for excavation of tower
foundation pits.
 PIT MARKING
 After the location marking has been done, the marking of the pits for
excavation for the foundation of the location is carried out as per foundation
drawing.
The tower legs, footings and faces are designated as
shown in the drawing below:
 FOUNDATION
SOIL INVESTIGATION

Objectives of Soil Investigation:

1. The nature, thickness and variation of soil strata in the
region.

2. Assessing the physical properties of the soil strata

encountered, which in turn will help in the design and
mode of construction of the proposed foundations.

3. The seasonal variations in ground water table and their

possible effects on the soil .

4. The approximate values of strength and compressibility

of soil bed.

5. The depth of underlying rock bed, when necessary.

 TYPE OF SOIL

Type of Soils:

 Normal Dry Soil

 Hard Soil/ Hard Murram/ Dense Soil

 Soft/Disintegrated/Fissured Rock

 Hard Rock

 Sandy Soil etc.

 FOUDATION TYPES BASED ON SOIL
 The type of the foundation to be casted at any location depends upon the type
of soil, sub –soil water level and the presence of surface water.
 While classifying foundations, the worst conditions are to be considered and
not necessarily the conditions prevailing at the time of inspection.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION:

1 – Normal Dry Foundation

2 – Wet Foundation
3 – Partially Submerged Foundation
4 – Fully Submerged Foundation
5 – Black Cotton Soil Foundation
6 – Soft Rock or Fissured Rock Foundation
7 - Hard Rock Foundation
8 - Sandy Soil Foundation
 FOUNDATION WORK

 EXCAVATION
 DRESSING
 STUB SETTING
 LEAN PAD LAYING
 STEEL REINFORCEMENT PLACING
 FORMER BOX PLACING
 EARTHING CONNECTION
 FRUSTUM & CHIMNEY CASTING
 BACKFILLING
 CURING & COPING
FOUNDATION WORK (CONTD.)
 STUB SETTING TEMPLATE
 It is a light rigid steel framework and is used to hold the tower stubs at the
correct alignment and slope during the concreting work.
 The template is adjustable type which can suit the standard tower as well as
towers with standard extensions
STUB & STUB SETTING TEMPLATE
 EARTHING
 Earthing of each tower is to be done after the
foundation has been casted.

 The earthing connection which was fixed to the

stub during concreting of the chimney and taken
out horizontally below the ground level is used for
earthing.

 This earthing connection is generally provided on

Leg 1 and additional earthing, if required, is
provided on Leg 3 for pipe type earthing.

 For counterpoise earthing, the earthing connection

is provided on all the four legs.
 PIPE TYPE EARTHING

 The pipe type earthing is generally provided

outside the base of the tower.
 A hole of the required diameter and depth is
augured in the earth for the earthing pipe.
 The earthing pipe is then put inside the hole.
 A mixture of coke and salt is filled in the hole in
which the earthing pipe is provided.
 The earthing strip which was fitted to the stub of
the tower leg is then connected to the earthing
pipe.
ILLUSTRATION OF PIPE TYPE
EARTHING
 COUNTERPOISE TYPE EARTHING
 Counterpoise earthing consists of four lengths of galvanized steel stranded
wires, each fitted with a lug for connection to the tower leg at one end.

 The wires are connected to each of the legs and taken radially away from the
tower and embedded horizontally below ground level.

TOWER FOOTING RESISTANCE:

 The tower footing resistance of all towers shall be measured in dry weather after
their erection and before the stringing of earth wire. In no case the tower footing
resistance shall exceed 10 ohms.

 In case the resistance exceeds this value, multiple pipe earthing or

counterpoise earthing shall be adopted.
ILLUSTRATION OF COUNTERPOISE TYPE
EARTHING
 TOWER ERECTION

Tower is erected not less than 10 days of foundation laying.

There are three methods of tower erection:

 Built Up Method
 Section Method
 Ground Assembly Method
 Helicopter Method/Crane Method

Most often Built Up Method is used for this is the easiest of these methods.

Built up Method doesn’t require any heavy machinery

Built up Method can be used on any terrain and throughout the year.

Workmen available at cheaper rate.

TOWER ERECTION (CONTD.)
 TOWER ERECTION (CONTD.)
Tightening of Nuts & Bolts:
 All nuts and bolts must be properly tightened.

 It should be done in bottom-up manner.

 Anti –theft nuts & bolts tightening.

Tack Welding of Nuts and Bolts:

 Tack welding is got done of all the nuts & bolts from the ground level up to
bottom cross arm level, or a specified in the contract.
 After welding, cold galvanizing paint (Zinc rich paint having at least 90% zinc
content) is applied to the welded portion.

Fixing of Accessories:
 U Bolt for earth wire suspension
 Anti climbing device
 Phase plate, number plate, danger plate
 STRINGING OF CONDUCTOR &
EARTHWIRE
Major Activities of Stringing:
 Checking of tightening of nuts and bolts
 Storing of Line Material
 Preparatory work before stringing
 Provision of back stay to the all angle tower
 Hoisting of Insulator Strings
 Installation of Aerial Rollers
 Paying of Pilot Wire and Earthwire
 Paying out of Conductor
 Rough Sagging of Conductor
 Final Sagging of Conductor
 Clipping
 Fixing of Vibration Dampers
 Installation of Spacers
 Jumpering & final checking
STRINGING (CONTD.)
 STRINGING (CONTD.)
Repairing of Conductor:
 Repairing of conductor is done only in case of minor damage limited to outer
surface of conductor.

 Repairing is done by using Repair Sleeve.

 Only one Repair Sleeve to be used in a span.

 No Repairing to be done within 30 Meter of insulator fitting.

Jointing:
 Conductor ends are jointed using Joint Sleeves.

 No jointing to be done within 30 Meter of Structure.

 TESTING & COMMISSIONG
General:
 Before line is energized, visual inspection is done to see
that all the nuts and bolts are tight.
 The earth connections are checked.
 Pamphlets bearing the warning notice are got circulated
in the area through which the transmission line is
passing.
 Final Inspection by CEA for charging permission.

Testing:
a) Conductor Continuity Test: To test that conductor are
properly connected electrically.
b) Insulation Resistance Test: To test the resistance of
Insulation
THANK YOU !