Environmentally-Friendly!

Vehicles
A

In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of
California’s “clean air agency”, began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions
vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as
electric vehicles. In response, automakers developed electric models, including the
Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup, Honda
EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4
EV. Ford Fusion is manufactured at Ford’s Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant,
located in Sonora Mexico. I thought going green was supposed to provide the U.S.
with more jobs.

The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to

continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to
adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the
consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists
in vigorously protesting CARB’s mandate. GM’s program came under particular
scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EV1s, but
were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be
returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite
lesser interest in continuing to own the cars. Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM
dealers sued CARB in Federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB’s
ZEV Mandate.

After public protests by EV drivers’ groups upset by the repossession of their cars,
Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVs for sale to the general public during six
months, up until November 22, 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were
withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by
their manufactures. Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-
EV in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated
the few EV1s that were donated to engineering schools and museums.

Throughout the 1990s, the appeal of fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars

declined among Americans, who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were
affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline
prices. American automakers chose to focus their product lines around the truck-
based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were
preferred in places like Europe or Japan. In 1999, the Honda Insight hybrid car
became the first hybrid to be sold in North America since the little-known Woods
hybrid of 1917.
E

In 1995, Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show, with testing
following a year later. The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale on December 10,
1997. It was available only in Japan, though it has been imported privately to at least
the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The first-generation Prius, at its
launch, became the world’s first mass-produced gasoline-electric hybrid car. The
NHW10 Prius styling originated from California designers, who were selected over
competing designs from other Toyota design studios.

In the United States, the NHW11 was the first Prius to be sold. The Prius was
marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail
price of the car was US$19,995. The NHW11 Prius became more powerful partly to
satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive. Air conditioning
and electric power steering were standard equipment. The vehicle was the second
mass-produced hybrid on the American market, after the two-seat Honda Insight.
While the larger Prius could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space.

Hybrids, which featured a combined gasoline and electric powertrain, were seen as a
balance, offering an environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy,
without being hindered by the low range of electric vehicles, albeit at an increased
price over comparable gasoline cars. Sales were poor, the lack of interest attributed
to the car’s small size and the lack of necessity for a fuel-efficient car at the time.
The 2000s energy crisis brought renewed interest in hybrid and electric cars. In
America, sales of the Toyota Prius jumped, and a variety of automakers followed
suit, releasing hybrid models of their own. Several began to produce new electric car
prototypes, as consumers called for cars that would free them from the fluctuations
of oil prices.

In 2000, Hybrid Technologies, later renamed Li-ion Motors, started manufacturing

electric cars in Mooresville, North Carolina. There has been increasing controversy
with Li-ion Motors though due to the ongoing ‘Lemon issues’ regarding their product.
And their attempt to cover it up. California electric-car maker Tesla Motors began
development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, which was first delivered to customers
in 2008. The Roadster remained the only highway-capable EV in serial production
and available for sale until 2010. Senior leaders at several large automakers,
including Nissan and General Motors, have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst
which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient
vehicles. GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz said in 2007 that the Tesla Roadster inspired
him to push GM to develop the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid sedan prototype that
aims to reverse years of dwindling market share and massive financial losses for
America’s largest automaker. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, Lutz
was quoted as saying, “All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-
ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with us – and boom, along
comes Tesla. So I said, ‘How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys
who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can’t?’ That was the
crowbar that helped break up the log jam.”

Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. What does the author think of the factory in Sonora in Mexico where the ford fusion
is manufactured?

A the factory should be helpful in the US soil business

B Employment of US will be created as consumers change their awareness

C More competitive cars will be introduced into the market

D this issue is hard to give a predict

2. In the 1990s, what dropped in America for environmentally friendly vehicles?

A production

B Attractiveness

C Announcement

D Expectation
3. What did GM notably send to engineering schools and museums?

A EV 1

B CARB

C RAV4

D MINI E
30. Nissan and GM high-level leaders declared the real reason for the popularity of
Roaster is its

A legendary concert

B huge population in the market

C bursting demand

D bursting demand
 Hunting Perfume in Madagascar
A. Ever since the unguentari plied their trade in ancient Rome, perfumers have to
keep abreast of changing fashions. These days they have several thousand
ingredients to choose from when creating new scents, but there is always demand
for new combinations. The bigger the “palette7 of smells, the better the perfumer’s
chance of creating something fresh and appealing. Even with everyday products
such as shampoo and soap, kitchen cleaners and washing powders, consumers are
becoming increasingly fussy. And many of today’s fragrances have to survive
tougher treatment than ever before, resisting the destructive power of bleach or a
high temperature wash cycle. Chemists can create new smells from synthetic
molecules, and a growing number of the odours on the perfumer’s palette are
artificial. But nature has been in the business far longer.

B. The island of Madagascar is an evolutionary hot spot; 85% of its plants are
unique, making it an ideal source for novel fragrances. Last October, Quest
International, a company that develops fragrances for everything from the most
delicate perfumes to cleaning products, sent an expedition to Madagascar in pursuit
of some of nature’s most novel fragrances. With some simple technology, borrowed
from the pollution monitoring industry, and a fair amount of ingenuity, the perfume
hunters bagged 20 promising new aromas in the Madagascan rainforest. Each day
the team set out from their “hotel”—a wooden hut lit by kerosene lamps, and trailed
up and down paths and animal tracks, exploring the thick vegetation up to 10 meters
on either side of the trail. Some smells came from obvious places, often big showy
flowers within easy reach- Others were harder to pin down. “Often it was the very
small flowers that were much more interesting, says Clery. After the luxuriance of the
rainforest, the little-known island of Nosy Hara was a stark, dry place geologically
and biologically very different from the mainland, “Apart from two beaches, the rest
of the Island Is impenetrable, except by hacking through the bush, says Clery. One
of the biggest prizes here was a sweet- smelling sap weeping from the gnarled
branches of some ancient shrubby trees in the parched Interior. So far no one has
been able to identify the plant.

C. With most flowers or fruits, the hunters used a technique originally designed to
trap and identify air pollutants. The technique itself is relatively simple. A glass bell
jar or flask Ỉ S fitted over the flower. The fragrance molecules are trapped in this
“headspace” and can be extracted by pumping the air out over a series of filters
which absorb different types of volatile molecules. Back home in the laboratory, the
molecules are flushed out of the filters and injected into a gas chromatograph for
analysis. If it Is Impossible to attach the headspace gear, hunters fix an absorbent
probe close to the source of the smell. The probe looks something like a hypodermic
syringe, except that the ‘needle’ is made of silicone rubber which soaks up
molecules from the air. After a few hours, the hunters retract the rubber needle and
seal the tube, keeping the odour molecules inside until they can.be injected into the
gas chromatograph in the laboratory.

D. Some of the most promising fragrances were those given, off by resins that oozed
from the bark of trees. Resins are the source of many traditional perfumes, including
frankincense and myrrh. The most exciting resin came from a Calophyllum tree,
which produces a strongly scented medicinal oil. The sap of this Calophyllum smelt
rich and aromatic, a little like church incense. But It also smelt of something the
fragrance industry has learnt to live without castoreum a substance extracted from
the musk glands of beavers and once a key ingredient in many perfumes. The
company does not use animal products any longer, but à was wonderful to find a
tree with an animal smell.

E. The group also set out from the island to capture the smell of coral reefs. Odors
that conjure up sun kissed seas are highly sought after by the perfume industry.
“From the ocean, the only thing we have is seaweed, and that has a dark and heavy
aroma. We hope to find something unique among the corals,” says Dir. The
challenge for the hunters was to extract a smell from water rather than air. This was
an opportunity to try Clery’s new “aquaspace” apparatus a set of filters that work
underwater. On Nosy Hara, jars were fixed over knobs of coral about 2 meters down
and water pumped out over the absorbent filters. So what does coral smell like? “It’s
a bit like lobster and crab,” says Clery. The team’s task now is to recreate the best of
then captured smells. First they must identify the molecules that make up each
fragrance. Some ingredients may be quite common chemicals. But some may be
completely novel, or they may be too complex or expensive to make in the lab. The
challenge then is to conjure up the fragrances with more readily available materials.
“We can avoid the need to import plants from the rainforest by creating the smell with
a different set of chemicals from those in the original material,” says Clery. “If we get
it right, you can sniff the sample and it will transport you straight back to the moment
you smelt it in the rainforest.”

Questions 15-19
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-E

Which paragraphs contains the following details

Write the correct number, A-E, in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

15. One currently preferred spot to pick up plants for novel finding

16. A new task seems to be promising yet producing limited finding in

fragrance source

17. The demanding conditions for fragrance to endure

18. A substitute for substance no longer available to the perfume

manufacture
19. Description of an outdoor expedition on land chasing new fragrances

Questions 20-24
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage ?

In boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE. if the statement agrees with the

information

FALSE. if the statement contradicts the

information

NOT GIVEN. If there is no information on this

20. Manufacturers can choose to use synthetic odors for the perfume
nowadays

21. Madagascar is chosen to be a place for hunting plants which are

rare in other parts of the world

22. Capturing the smell is one of the most important things for
creating new aromas

23. The technique the hunters used to trap fragrance molecules is

totally out of their ; ingenuity

24. Most customers prefer the perfume made of substance extracted

from the musk I glands of animals

Questions 25-27
Filling the blanks and answer the questions below with only ONE word.
 Bondi Beach
A

Bondi Beach, Australia’s most famous beach, is located in the suburb of Bondi, in
the Local Government Area of Waverley, seven kilometers from the centre of
Sydney. “Bondi” or “Boondi” is an Aboriginal word meaning water breaking over
rocks or the sound of breaking waves. The Australian Museum records that Bondi
means a place where a flight of nullas took place. There are Aboriginal Rock carving
on the northern end of the beach at Ben Buckler and south of Bondi Beach near
McKenzies Beach on the coastal walk.

The indigenous people of the area at the time of European settlement have generally
been welcomed to as the Sydney people or the Eora (Eora means “the people”).
One theory describes the Eora as a sub-group of the Darug language group which
occupied the Cumberland Plain west to the Blue Mountains. However, another
theory suggests that they were a distinct language group of their own. There is no
clear evidence for the name or names of the particular band(s) of the Eora that
roamed what is now the Waverley area. A number of place names within Waverley,
most famously Bondi, have been based on words derived from Aboriginal languages
of the Sydney region.

From the mid-1800s Bondi Beach was a favourite location for family outings and
picnics. The beginnings of the suburb go back to 1809, when the early road builder,
William Roberts, received from Governor Bligh a grant of 81 hectares of what is now
most of the business and residential area of Bondi Beach. In 1851, Edward Smith
Hall and Francis O’Brien purchased 200 acres of the Bondi area that embraced
almost the whole frontage of Bondi Beach, and it was named the “The Bondi Estate.”
Between 1855 and 1877 O’Brien purchased Hall’s share of the land, renamed the
land the “O’Brien Estate,” and made the beach and the surrounding land available to
the public as a picnic ground and amusement resort. As the beach became
increasingly popular, O’Brien threatened to stop public beach access. However, the
Municipal Council believed that the Government needed to intervene to make the
beach a public reserve.

During the 1900s beach became associated with health, leisure and democracy – a
playground everyone could enjoy equally. Bondi Beach was a working-class suburb
throughout most of the twentieth century with migrant people from New Zealand
comprising the majority of the local population. The first tramway reached the beach
in 1884. Following this, tram became the first public transportation in Bondi. As an
alternative, this action changed the rule that only rich people can enjoy the beach. By
the 1930s Bondi was drawing not only local visitors but also people from elsewhere
in Australia and overseas. Advertising at the time referred to Bondi Beach as the
“Playground of the Pacific”.

There is a growing trend that people prefer having to relax near seaside instead of
living unhealthily in cities. The increasing popularity of sea bathing during the late
1800s and early 1900s raised concerns about public safety and how to prevent
people from drowning. In response, the world’s first formally documented surf
lifesaving club, the Bondi Surf Bathers’ Life Saving Club, was formed in 1907. This
was powerfully reinforced by the dramatic events of “Black Sunday” at Bondi in 1938.
Some 35,000 people were on the beach and a large group of lifesavers were about
to start a surf race when three freak waves hit the beach, sweeping hundreds of
people out to sea. Lifesavers rescued 300 people. The largest mass rescue in the
history of surf bathing, it confirmed the place of the lifesaver in the national
imagination.

F
Bondi Beach is the endpoint of the City to Surf Fun Run which is held each year in
August. Australian surf carnivals further instilled this image. A Royal Surf Carnival
was held at Bondi Beach for Queen Elizabeth II during her first visited in Australia in
1954. Since 1867, there have been over fifty visits by a member of the British Royal
Family to Australia. In addition to many activities, the Bondi Beach Markets is open
every Sunday. Many wealthy people spend Christmas Day at the beach. However,
the shortage of houses occurs when lots of people crushed to the seaside. Manly is
the seashore town which solved this problem. However, people still choose Bondi as
the satisfied destination rather than Manly.

Bondi Beach has a commercial area along Campbell Parade and adjacent side
streets, featuring many popular cafes, restaurants, and hotels, with views of the
contemporary beach. It is depicted as wholly modern and European. In the last
decade, Bondi Beaches’ unique position has seen a dramatic rise in svelte houses
and apartments to take advantage of the views and scent of the sea. The valley
running down to the beach is the famous world over for its view of distinctive red-tiled
roofs. Those architectures are deeply influenced by British coastal town.

Bondi Beach hosted the beach volleyball competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
A temporary 10,000-seat stadium, a much smaller stadium, 2 warm-up courts, and 3
training courts were set up to host the tournament. The Bondi Beach Volleyball
Stadium was constructed for it and stood for just six weeks. Campaigners oppose
both the social and environmental consequences of the development. The stadium
will divide the beach in two and seriously restrict public access for swimming,
walking, and other forms of outdoor recreation. People protest for their human rights
of having a pure seaside and argue for health life in Bondi.

“They’re prepared to risk lives and risk the Bondi beach environment for the sake of
eight days of volleyball”, said Stephen Uniacke, a construction lawyer involved in the
campaign. Other environmental concerns include the possibility that soil dredged up
from below the sand will acidify when brought to the surface.

Questions 28-32
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE. if the statement agrees with the

information
 FALSE. if the statement contradicts the
information

NOT GIVEN. If there is no information on this

28. The name of the Bondi beach is first called by the British settlers.

29. The aboriginal culture in Australia is different when compared with

European culture.

30. Bondi beach area holds many contemporary hotels

31. The seaside town in Bondi is affected by British culture for its
characteristic red color

32. Living near Bondi seashore is not beneficial for health.

Questions 33-36
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR
NUMBERS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet

At the end of the 19th century, which public transport did people use to go to Bondi?

When did the British Royalty first visit Bondi?

Which Olympic event did Bondi hold in the 2000 Sydney Olympic games?
What would be damaged if the stadium was built for that Olympic event?

Questions 37-40
Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO

MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

Bondi beach holds the feature sports activities every year, which attracts lo

of . Choosing to live at this place during the holidays. But local

accommodation cannot meet with the expanding population, a nearby town

of . is the first suburb site to support the solution, yet people

prefer as their best choice. Its seaside buildings are well-known in the

world for the special scenic colored on buildings and the joyful smell
from the sea.