Core Java Interview Questions and Answers

21. What is garbage collection in Java?

Garbage collection is the process by which Java programs perform automatic memory management. The

garbage collector reclaims memory occupied by objects no longer in use.

22. What are Java annotations?

Annotations provide metadata for the Java code. They are used for information that can be processed at

compile-time or runtime. Examples include @Override, @Deprecated, and @FunctionalInterface.

23. What is the difference between HashMap and Hashtable?

HashMap is non-synchronized and allows one null key and multiple null values. Hashtable is synchronized

and does not allow null keys or values.

24. What is the Java Stream API?

Introduced in Java 8, the Stream API provides a functional approach to processing collections of objects. It

supports operations like filter, map, and reduce.

25. What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?

ArrayList is based on a dynamic array, while LinkedList is based on a doubly linked list. ArrayList is faster for

random access, whereas LinkedList is better for insertions and deletions.

26. What are functional interfaces in Java?

A functional interface has exactly one abstract method. Examples include Runnable, Callable, and

Consumer. They are used extensively in lambda expressions.

27. What is a lambda expression?

A lambda expression is a concise way to represent an anonymous function. It is used primarily to implement

functional interfaces in a more readable way.

28. What is the difference between Serializable and Externalizable?

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Serializable is a marker interface used for default serialization, whereas Externalizable gives the programmer

full control over the serialization process by implementing writeExternal() and readExternal() methods.

29. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy?

A shallow copy copies the references to the objects, while a deep copy creates a new copy of the object

along with copies of the objects it refers to.

30. What is the Java Collections Framework?

The Java Collections Framework is a set of classes and interfaces that implement commonly reusable

collection data structures such as lists, sets, and maps.

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