PROJECT REPORT PR&D

ECINE 5th Year

(3rd Year of Engineering Cycle)

TOPIC

Development of a Small-Scale Wind Turbine

Prepared by : Supervised by :

 Mr BETTAIBI Soufiene
 Youssef HAFIDI  Mr OULADSINE Redouane
 Mr BARKAOUI Abdelwahed
 Anass BELAIDI

Année Universitaire
2024-2025
 Acknowledment

We are honored to present this Project Research & Design report, the result of
diligent and rigorous study stemming from a solid educational foundation. It reflects
the in-depth expertise we have acquired throughout our academic journey and
represents a source of great pride and invaluable experience.

We wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to all those who provided remarkable
support for our project. In particular, we extend our sincere thanks to Mr. Redouane
Ouladsine , Mr. Soufiene Bettaibi and Mr. BARKAOUI Abdelwahed for their
invaluable contributions and pertinent feedback greatly enriched our work and
enabled us to address the issue at hand in a systematic and effective manner.
Thanks to their expertise, we gained a deeper understanding of the essential
physical aspects related to our project. Their supervision was a true source of
inspiration and motivation for us, and we are sincerely grateful for the time and
attention they devoted to us.

We also express our sincere thanks to Mr. El Ouahabi responsible for the
technical hall, for his essential support throughout the process of designing and
constructing our vertical Savonius wind turbine.His valuable assistance in both
the 3D modeling of parts and the assembly of the generator played a key role in
the successful realization of this project. His availability, technical expertise, and
ability to guide us during critical moments were a true source of motivation and
Mr.Jihad EL HAJJAMI for his vital assistance in the Arduino integration, which
enabled us to collect data through the sensors embedded in our prototype, and

Finally, we express our gratitude to the jury members for kindly and impartially
evaluating our project.
 Technical and Report-Specific Abbreviations :

 VAWT: Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine

 CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics

 FEA: Finite Element Analysis

 Cp: Power Coefficient

 η: Efficiency

 Tm: Torque

 SoC : State of Charge

 R: Rotor Radius

 V: Wind Speed

 β: Blade Pitch Angle

 λ: Tip Speed Ratio

 MATLAB: Software for numerical computation and simulation

 SST k-ω: Shear Stress Transport turbulence model

 RETScreen: Renewable energy technology analysis software

 UIR: International University of Rabat

 PRD: Research and Development Project

 LED: Light-Emitting Diode

 PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride

 CAD: Computer-Aided Design

 O&M: Operations and Maintenance

 AC: Alternating Current

 DC: Direct Current

TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION:................................................................................................1
Purpose.................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1 : Problem Definition and Design of a Small-Scale Wind Turbine Prototype....3
1. Problem to Solve – Development of a Small-Scale Wind Turbine.........................................3
1.1 Problem Description.................................................................................................................3
1.2 Multidisciplinary Constraints....................................................................................................3
1.3 Software and Tools Used..........................................................................................................4
2. Application of Design in Engineering.....................................................................................4
2.1. Response to Specific Needs...................................................................................................4
2.2. Public Health and Safety.......................................................................................................5
2.3. INTEGRATION OF CULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS........................5
2.4. Design and Development of the Wind Turbine Using Software............................................6
2.5. Expected Results and Validation...........................................................................................6
3. Application of Design in Engineering.....................................................................................7
3.1. Collaboration and Leadership within the Team....................................................................7
3.2. Individual Contributions to the Project.................................................................................7
3.3. Effective Management of Tasks and Common Objectives....................................................7
4. Develop And Conduct Experiments.......................................................................................7
4.1. Relevance of the Experiments Conducted............................................................................7
4.2. Quality of Data Analysis........................................................................................................8
4.3. Appropriate Use of Tools and Methodologies.......................................................................8
CHAPTER 2 : General Overview of Wind Turbines..............................................................9
1. Develop History of Wind Turbines........................................................................................9
2. Fundamental Concepts about Wind......................................................................................9
2.1. Origin of Wind.......................................................................................................................9
2.2. Wind Characteristics.............................................................................................................9
2.3. Ideal Conditions for Wind Turbines.....................................................................................10
2.4. Criteria For Choosing a Wind Turbine Site..........................................................................10
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy.................................................................11
4. Components of A Wind Turbine..........................................................................................11
4.1. Tower..................................................................................................................................11
4.2. Nacelle................................................................................................................................11
 4.3. Rotor and Blades.................................................................................................................12
4.4. Generator............................................................................................................................12
4.5. Braking System....................................................................................................................12
4.6. Controller and Monitoring System......................................................................................12
4.7. Power Conversion and Transmission System......................................................................13
CHAPTER 3 : Power Conversion Chain in a Wind Turbine................................................14
1. Power of a Fluid..................................................................................................................14
2. Induction Factor..................................................................................................................14
3. Optimization of Wind Energy Extraction and Power Coefficient.........................................15
4. The Equation for electrical power generated by the Generator.........................................15
5. Faraday’s law for voltage generation..................................................................................16
6. Efficiency and Sources of Dissipation..................................................................................16
7. Blades..................................................................................................................................17
8. Beltz Coefficient Cp.............................................................................................................17
8.1. Blade Dimensions................................................................................................................17
8.2. Tip-Speed Ratio λ ................................................................................................................17
8.1. Blade Pitch Angle (β):................................................................................................17
9. Equation of Navier-Stokes...................................................................................................18
10. Solution of Navier-Stokes in CFD.........................................................................................19
11. Equation de Bernoulli..........................................................................................................20

12. Electrical Conversion.................................................................................................20

CHAPTER 4 : Modeling wind simulation in logiciels...........................................................21
1. Matlab Simulink..................................................................................................................21
1.1. Wind Turbine for Mechanical Power....................................................................21
1.2. Calculation of wind Power........................................................................................21
1.3. Power Coefficient (Cp)...............................................................................................21
1.4. Mechanical Power (Pm).............................................................................................21
1.5. Power Coefficient Cp Modeling..............................................................................22
1.6. Calculation of Power Coefficient Cp.....................................................................23
1.7. Analysis of Results......................................................................................................23
1.8. Recommendations.......................................................................................................23
2. Ansys Fluent Wind simulation of 3 Blades...........................................................................24
 2.1. Geometry.........................................................................................................................24
2.2. Mesh.................................................................................................................................26
2.3. Configuration.................................................................................................................28
2.4. Results..............................................................................................................................30
3. Modeling of wind Turbine with 3 Blades with SOLIDWORKS..............................................32
CHAPTER 5: EXAMPLE OF A PROJECT REPORT..........................................................34
1. Project Report: Highway Lighting Using Our Wind Turbine Prototype................................34
2. Feasibility Study..................................................................................................................34
2.1. Environmental Conditions........................................................................................34
2.2. Technical Constraints.................................................................................................35
2.3. Economic Analysis.......................................................................................................35
2.4. Materials and Equipment..........................................................................................35
2.5. Production and Consumption Calculations (Higher Efficiency).................36
3. Economic Study Using RetScreen........................................................................................37
3.1. Site Location........................................................................................................................37
3.2. Climate Data and WInd Speed............................................................................................38
3.3. Cost Analysis.......................................................................................................................38
3.4. Energy Model......................................................................................................................39
3.5. Cash-flow and Finance Analysis...........................................................................................39
4. Optimization of Energy Management through Interconnection of Wind Stations..............40
4.1. Principle of Operation of the Interconnection....................................................................40
4.2. Interconnection of Wind Turbines and Batteries..........................................................41
4.3. Centralized Monitoring and Control System (EMS).............................................................41
4.4. Load Balancing Algorithm Between Wind Turbines............................................................41
4.5. Blockchain for Securing Transactions..................................................................................42
4.6. Intelligent Energy Management and Battery Optimization.................................................42
CHAPTER 6: Construction of a Three-Blade Savonius Wind Turbine Prototype...............45
1. Preparation of Blades (PVC Tubes)......................................................................................45
2. Creating the Rotor Support.................................................................................................46
2.1. Fabrication..........................................................................................................................46
2.2. Role.....................................................................................................................................47
3. Generatrice Coil Fabrication................................................................................................47
3.1. Fabrication..........................................................................................................................47
 3.2. Role.....................................................................................................................................47
3.3. Operating Principle: Faraday’s Law and the Right-Hand Rule.............................................48
3.4. Calculation of Magnetic Flux Passing through a coil............................................................48
3.5. Magnets..............................................................................................................................49
3.6. Electromagnetic Induction..................................................................................................49
4. 3D Modeling and Printing of Blade Support........................................................................50
5. Reinforcement of the Stator with fiberglass and Resin.......................................................51
5.1. Preparation and Placement of Fiberglass............................................................................51
5.2. Application of Resin and Hardener......................................................................................51
5.3. Compression for Uniform coil Shape...................................................................................52
6. Final Result of the vertical wind Turbine.............................................................................52
7. Global Benchmarking Study................................................................................................53
7.1. Alignment with international Standards.............................................................................53
7.2. Regional Adaptability..........................................................................................................53
8. Stockage d’Energie..............................................................................................................53
8.1. Technical Specifications of the Battery................................................................................53
8.2. Battery Capacity Calculation................................................................................................54
8.3. Charge Controller................................................................................................................54
8.4. Connexion Diagram.............................................................................................................55
9. Design and Implementation of a Reduced Wind Turbine Prototype...................................56
9.1. List of Materials Used..........................................................................................................56
9.2. Detailed Description of Component Writing on a Breadboard............................................57
9.3. Development of Arduino Codes..........................................................................................59
9.4. Data Collection Methodology..............................................................................................59
9.5. Measured Data....................................................................................................................60
10. Social Impact.......................................................................................................................61
10.1. Community Engagement.....................................................................................................61
10.2. Job Creation........................................................................................................................61
10.3. Access to Energy.................................................................................................................61
11. Environmental Impact.........................................................................................................62
General Conclusion................................................................................................... 64
Futur Perspectives.....................................................................................................65
References................................................................................................................ 66
 List of Figures

Figure 1: History of wind turbine..................................................................................9

Figure 2: Components of Wind Turbine.....................................................................13
Figure 3: Principle of Operation of a Wind Turbine....................................................14
Figure 4: Diagram illustrating the effect of wind speed reduction behind the wind
turbine........................................................................................................................15
Figure 5: Power Transmission Chain.........................................................................16
Figure 6: Coefficient of performance..........................................................................17
Figure 7: Digram of Beltz Coefficient.........................................................................18
Figure 8: Application of Bernoulli's Theorem to a Wind Turbine................................19
Figure 9: Schematic of Wind Energy Conversion Chain............................................20
Figure 10: Overall wind turbine model for mechanical power and torque calculation 21
Figure 11: Detailed MATLAB simulation diagram for mechanical power calculation. 22
Figure 12: Geometry of The Blades...........................................................................24
Figure 13: Fluid Domain.............................................................................................24
Figure 14: Booleean Operation..................................................................................25
Figure 15: Fixed Body................................................................................................25
Figure 16: Rotating Body...........................................................................................26
Figure 17: Rafined Mesh on the Fixed Body..............................................................26
Figure 18: Rafined Mesh on the Rotating Body.........................................................26
Figure 19: Nammed Selection For Boundaries..........................................................27
Figure 20: Visualization Of the Final Mesh................................................................27
Figure 21: Specify the MODEL in Configuration........................................................28
Figure 22: selection of Boundarie Condition..............................................................29
Figure 23: Diagram of Moment Coefficient................................................................29
Figure 24: Diagram of scaled residuals.....................................................................30
Figure 25: Creation of a plane...................................................................................30
Figure 26: Creation of The Velocity Contours............................................................31
Figure 27: The behavior of the fluid domain Relative to the Rotating Body...............32
Figure 28: Horizontal View of the Wind turbine..........................................................32
Figure 29: vetical view of the Wind Turbine...............................................................33
Figure 30: Example of highway Using Wind Turbine.................................................34
Figure 31: Savonius Wnd Turbine.............................................................................35
Figure 32: Battery...................................................................................................... 35
Figure 33: Led Streetlights.........................................................................................35
Figure 34: Location of The Location..........................................................................37
Figure 35: Diagram of Climate Data and Wind Speed...............................................38
Figure 36: Cost Analysis............................................................................................38
Figure 37: Energy Model............................................................................................39
Figure 38: Financial Analysis.....................................................................................39
Figure 39: Diagrams of cash-Flow.............................................................................40
Figure 40: Example of Blockchain.............................................................................42
Figure 41: code to calculate the energy demand and production..............................43
Figure 42: Diagram of Energy demand and Production.............................................43
Figure 43: Diagram of Battery state of charge and Capacity.....................................44
Figure 44: Cutting the Pvc to create the blades.........................................................46
Figure 45: The Rotor Support....................................................................................47
Figure 46: The Generator Form.................................................................................48
Figure 47: Cutting of Plexiglass.................................................................................48
Figure 48: Location Of the Magnets...........................................................................49
Figure 49: Electromagnetic induction Effect..............................................................49
Figure 50: Design of Blade support Parts..................................................................50
Figure 51: Design of the components retated to the taula.........................................50
Figure 52: The blades attached to the parts created in 3D........................................51
Figure 53: Creation of the components in 3D............................................................51
Figure 54: fiberglass sheets.......................................................................................51
Figure 55: Application of Resin and Hardner.............................................................52
Figure 56: Compression for Uniform Coil Shape.......................................................52
Figure 57: Final Result...............................................................................................52
Figure 58: Battery 35AH............................................................................................ 54
Figure 59: Charge Controller.....................................................................................54
Figure 60: Connexion System....................................................................................55
Figure 61: Wiring the Sensors to Arduino..................................................................56
Figure 62: Connexion between Breadbord and Arduino............................................57
Figure 63: Arduino Card.............................................................................................57
Figure 64: sensor of wind speed................................................................................57
Figure 65: rectifier......................................................................................................58
Figure 66: Wiring all sensors.....................................................................................58
Figure 67: code in Arduino IDE..................................................................................59
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION:

In light of growing environmental challenges and the depletion of fossil fuels, the
pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has become a global priority. Since the oil
crisis of 1974, renewable energy sources particularly wind energy have experienced
significant growth due to their ability to generate electricity without emitting
greenhouse gases. Today, wind power is a cornerstone of the energy transition, with
large-scale installations producing megawatts of electricity.

While advancements in large wind turbines have been impressive, it is equally crucial
to focus on the development of small-scale turbines tailored for specific contexts,
such as education, research, or powering remote locations. These prototypes enable
the testing of innovative technologies on a manageable scale while optimizing their
designs for potential industrial applications.

This project focuses on the design and construction of a low-power wind turbine.
Intended for educational purposes, the prototype features a vertical-axis design with
multiple removable blades and is equipped with an axial field synchronous generator.
The energy generated will be stored in batteries or used to power isolated systems.
The project demands a solid understanding of fluid mechanics, blade aerodynamics,
and the principles of mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion.

The work follows a structured approach, beginning with a theoretical study of various
wind turbine types and their operating principles, progressing to energy modeling and
generator design. Emphasis was placed on selecting appropriate materials and
designing efficient blades, while addressing mechanical constraints encountered
during the construction phase.

This research project aims not only to deepen knowledge of wind energy conversion
mechanisms but also to propose practical solutions for building small-scale wind
turbines. Additionally, it explores pathways for optimization, paving the way for future
applications and advancements in wind energy technology.
 PURPOSE
The primary objective of this project is to design and develop a small-scale vertical
axis wind turbine (VAWT) of the Savonius type, tailored for decentralized energy
production in isolated or off-grid environments. This turbine will feature detachable
blades, facilitating maintenance, transportation, and adaptability to various
operational conditions. The modular blade design aims to simplify assembly and
reduce costs while ensuring the turbine's suitability for environments with low to
moderate wind speeds.
From a mechanical perspective, the project focuses on optimizing blade geometry to
maximize energy capture, even at the lower wind speeds often encountered in urban
and rural areas. By carefully analyzing the aerodynamic profile, the design seeks to
enhance the turbine's efficiency while minimizing the starting torque needed to initiate
rotation. Structural components, including the rotor, shaft, and support frame, will be
engineered to endure environmental stresses, such as wind loads and vibrations,
while remaining lightweight and cost-efficient. Materials will be selected for their
durability, strength, and ease of assembly.
The electrical design is a critical component of the project. A custom synchronous
generator will be developed to efficiently convert the turbine's mechanical energy into
electrical power. Efforts will be made to optimize the generator for a wide range of
wind speeds, ensuring consistent energy output under varying conditions.
Additionally, the design will include an energy storage system using battery
accumulators and a charge controller to regulate the charging process and protect
the batteries from overcharging. A voltage regulation system will stabilize the output
voltage, ensuring compatibility with diverse electrical loads.
To validate the design prior to prototyping, advanced numerical simulations will be
employed. Aerodynamic performance will be assessed using computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) simulations, providing detailed analyses of lift, drag, and torque
generated by the blades under various wind conditions. Structural integrity will be
evaluated through finite element analysis (FEA), ensuring that the turbine can
withstand operational stresses. Electrical modeling will simulate the generator's
behavior and energy storage system, optimizing overall efficiency and reliability.
Following the validation of the design through simulations, a functional prototype will
be built. This prototype will undergo real-world testing to assess its performance in
terms of energy output, efficiency, and reliability. Key parameters, including wind
speed, rotational speed, voltage, current, and energy stored in the batteries, will be
monitored and analyzed. Based on the data collected, further optimizations may be
implemented to refine the final design and improve its performance.
Finally, an environmental and economic analysis will be conducted. The
environmental study will evaluate the wind turbine’s impact compared to conventional
energy sources, emphasizing its potential to reduce carbon emissions. The economic
analysis will assess the overall cost-effectiveness of the system by examining
production costs, maintenance needs, and the expected operational lifespan. By
addressing both technical and economic considerations, this project aims to provide
a sustainable and practical solution for small-scale renewable energy generation.
CHAPTER 1 : PROBLEM DEFINITION AND DESIGN OF A
SMALL-SCALE WIND TURBINE PROTOTYPE
1. PROBLEM TO SOLVE – DEVELOPMENT OF A SMALL-SCALE WIND
TURBINE
1.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
The main objective of this project is to design and manufacture a small-scale wind
turbine capable of realistically replicating the operating conditions of a full-size wind
turbine. This prototype will be used to validate performance, analyze mechanical and
fluid dynamic constraints, and optimize the conversion of wind energy into electrical
energy. Design a wind turbine capable of withstanding mechanical stresses while
maintaining optimal performance.
The main challenges include:
• Designing a wind turbine that can withstand mechanical stresses while maintaining
optimal performance.
• Simulating and analyzing airflow around the blades to optimize aerodynamic
efficiency.
• Integrating a high-performance electrical system to convert mechanical energy into
electricity.
• Developing a physical prototype validated by the results of numerical simulations
and theoretical calculations.

1.2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONSTRAINTS

This project involves several engineering disciplines:

• Solid Mechanics: Studying the forces (loads and moments) acting on the blades,
nacelle, and mast. This includes vibrations, static and dynamic stresses, as well as
material strength analysis.
• Aerodynamics: Simulating airflow around the blades to determine lift, drag, and
optimize the power coefficient (Cp).
• Electrical: Sizing the generator and the energy conversion system to ensure high
efficiency.
• Thermal: Accounting for potential heat dissipation in electrical and mechanical
components.

1.3 SOFTWARE AND TOOLS USED

To overcome these constraints, several design, simulation, and analysis tools
were employed:

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  SOLIDWORKS :
 CAD Modeling: 3D design of the wind turbine components, including the
blades, nacelle, and mast.
 Assembly: Verifying interactions between various mechanical components.
 FLUENT (ANSYS) :
 Simulation CFD : Studying airflow around the blades to determine lift, drag,
and optimize aerodynamic profiles.
 Performance Optimization: Maximizing the energy captured by the blades
through airflow analysis.
 MATLAB :
 Data Analysis: Processing and interpreting results from simulations.
 Equation Solving: Analytical validation of models through numerical
calculations.
 Optimization: Calculating the overall efficiency of the wind turbine by
integrating mechanical and aerodynamic results.
 ARDUINO IDE :
 The sensors were wired to the Arduino, and we used the Arduino IDE
software to compile the codes. This allowed us to collect and process data from
the sensors efficiently.
 RETSCREEN :
 Software to manage the economic analysis of our project in real life.

2. APPLICATION OF DESIGN IN ENGINEERING

This step of the project focuses on applying design principles to meet the specific
needs identified, while considering public health, safety, and cultural, environmental,
and economic impacts. The design of the small-scale wind turbine relies on the use
of various software tools for modeling, simulation, and validation of the prototype.

2.1. RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Selon The goal of the project was to design a wind turbine adapted to the
constraints of a small-scale prototype, while adhering to principles of energy
efficiency and mechanical reliability. The identified specific needs include:
• Maximizing energy capture by the blades under realistic wind conditions.
• Reducing vibrations and mechanical stresses to ensure durability.
• Validating electrical performance to ensure good energy conversion efficiency.
• Minimizing environmental impacts by favoring an optimized and eco-friendly
design.

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• Use for Remote Areas: Once validated, this wind turbine could be used to
power essential equipment in off-grid areas, such as mobile phones or domestic
lighting, thereby improving the quality of life.

2.2. PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY

Considerations related to health and safety were integrated into the design and
implementation of the prototype:
 Mechanical Safety :
The blades and nacelle were designed to withstand extreme forces (high winds,
mechanical fatigue) to prevent failures that could endanger operators.
 Electrical Regulations :
The electrical components of the wind turbine were sized to minimize the risks of
overload or overheating, in compliance with safety standards.
 Safe Testing Environment :
Physical tests of the prototype will be conducted in a controlled space, with
safeguards to prevent accidents related to rotating blades or potential debris.

2.3. INTEGRATION OF CULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL,

AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

The project takes into account various interdisciplinary aspects to ensure a design that is
adapted to current challenges:

 Environmental :

The wind turbine was optimized to maximize energy efficiency while minimizing
losses. This approach helps reduce the carbon footprint associated with the
production and use of electricity. Simulation with Fluent helped minimize material
waste by identifying areas of low stress, thereby reducing material requirements for
manufacturing.

 Economic :

The choice of materials was guided by a balance between cost and durability,
prioritizing economically viable solutions. Numerical modeling (using SolidWorks,
Fluent, and MATLAB) helped reduce costs related to physical testing by limiting the
number of prototypes to be built.

 Cultural :
This project aligns with the energy transition, a priority for many societies looking
to integrate renewable energy sources into their cultural and industrial models.

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 2.4. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE WIND TURBINE USING
SOFTWARE
 SolidWorks:
Using SolidWorks, the detailed 3D design of the blades, nacelle, and mast was
carried out, taking into account both mechanical and aerodynamic constraints to
ensure optimal performance. The software enabled precise modeling of each
component, focusing on structural integrity and aerodynamic efficiency. Additionally,
assembly studies were conducted to verify the compatibility and fit between the
various mechanical parts, ensuring a realistic and functional design suitable for
prototyping and manufacturing.
 Fluent (ANSYS):
The airflow around the blades was analyzed to optimize their aerodynamic profile
and improve overall performance. The simulation provided precise calculations of the
power coefficient (Cp), enabling the design to maximize energy capture at various
wind speeds. By testing different angles of attack and blade configurations, the most
efficient design was identified, ensuring optimal energy conversion and reduced drag.
 Simulink :
Dynamic model of the wind turbine was developed to simulate the interactions
between the blades, generator, and wind, ensuring accurate representation of the
system’s behavior. The electrical performance was analyzed by simulating the
conversion of mechanical energy into electricity. Additionally, MATLAB was
employed to process the simulation results and optimize key parameters, such as
overall energy efficiency (η), contributing to the performance enhancement of the
entire system.

2.5. EXPECTED RESULTS AND VALIDATION

The work done using software tools allowed for the validation of several design
aspects:
• The shape of the blades and their aerodynamic efficiency.
• The mechanical strength of components through finite element analysis
(FEM).
• The energy performance and the ability of the wind turbine to produce
electricity optimally.

3. APPLICATION OF DESIGN IN ENGINEERING

3.1. COLLABORATION AND LEADERSHIP WITHIN THE TEAM
We adopted a collaborative approach where each team member contributed their
skills to advance the project. As a team, we shared ideas and knowledge to solve
technical problems and make crucial decisions.

4
• Shared Leadership: We both took initiatives to lead different parts of the
project according to our respective strengths. Anass Belaidi was responsible for
modeling and simulations, Youssef Hafidi focused on validating the results and
managing the practical aspects of the design.

3.2. INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PROJECT

Each of us made a significant contribution in our area of expertise:
• Anas Belaidi: He played a key role in the technical design and modeling of
the wind turbine, using tools like SolidWorks and Fluent to perform simulations and
optimize the device’s design.
• Youssef Hafidi : I supervised the evaluation of the electrical performance,
using MATLAB to analyze and optimize energy outputs. I also coordinated the
validation and evaluation phase, incorporating environmental and economic
considerations.

3.3. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF TASKS AND COMMON OBJECTIVES

To ensure the effectiveness of the project, we developed a detailed plan with clear
objectives and precise deadlines. We organized our tasks to maximize efficiency
based on our skills and the availability of tools:
• Task Distribution: We logically divided the work, which allowed us to avoid
overlaps and ensure smooth progress. Each of us took responsibility for a specific
part of the project while maintaining constant communication.
• Monitoring and Adjustment: We regularly reviewed our progress and
adjusted our planning to overcome any challenges, ensuring we met deadlines and
achieved our objectives.

4. DEVELOP AND CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS

As part of this project, we developed and conducted several experiments to validate
the small-scale wind turbine prototype. These experiments were carried out in the
technical hall at UIR, a space specially equipped to test technical prototypes.

4.1. RELEVANCE OF THE EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED

The experiments conducted were carefully selected to address the specific needs of
the project. They focused on several critical aspects of the prototype, including:
• Testing the mechanical resistance of the blades and nacelle under simulated
wind conditions.
• Verifying the energy efficiency of the wind turbine based on different wind
parameters and blade attack angles.
• Vibration analysis to ensure the system's stability and the durability of the
components.

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 4.2. QUALITY OF DATA ANALYSIS
The analysis of the data collected during the tests was thorough and detailed. The
results were processed using specialized software, such as MATLAB and simulation
tools, to extract relevant information about the prototype's performance:
• Comparing experimental data with simulations to validate the numerical
models.
• Identifying design weaknesses by analyzing performance curves and
resistance measurements.

4.3. APPROPRIATE USE OF TOOLS AND METHODOLOGIES

The tools and methodologies used for the experiments were selected based on their
relevance to the project's objectives:
• Simulation tools (MATLAB, Fluent): to predict the prototype's behavior
under various conditions before real testing.
• Measuring instruments (vibration sensors, anemometers, etc.): to
accurately measure the physical performance of the prototype during real-world
testing.
• Validation methodology: we compared the experimental results with
theoretical expectations to confirm the design's viability.

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CHAPTER 2 : GENERAL OVERVIEW OF WIND TURBINES
1. DEVELOP HISTORY OF WIND TURBINES
The use of wind energy has a history spanning thousands of years. One of its earliest
applications dates back to ancient Egypt around 2000 BCE, where wind power was
utilized to propel boats along the Nile River. By the 7th century, the Persians had
developed the first vertical-axis windmills, primarily for grinding grain and pumping
water. This innovation spread across the Middle East and China, marking a
significant milestone in the mechanical use of wind power.
In the 1980s and 1990s, large-scale wind turbines were developed for use in wind
farms. Advances in aerodynamics and materials enabled the construction of taller
towers and more efficient rotors. Denmark emerged as a leader in the manufacturing
and export of modern turbines. This era also witnessed the introduction of the first
offshore wind farms, opening new opportunities to harness stronger and more
consistent marine winds.

FIGURE 1: HISTORY OF WIND TURBINE

2. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS ABOUT WIND
2.1. ORIGIN OF WIND
Wind is the horizontal movement of air within the atmosphere, driven by
differences in pressure and temperature. This natural phenomenon arises from
the uneven distribution of solar heat across the Earth's surface. High-pressure
areas, characterized by cold and dense air, push air towards low-pressure
areas, where the air is warm and less dense. The Earth's rotation influences this
movement through the Coriolis effect, which deflects winds to the right in the
northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

2.2. WIND CHARACTERISTICS

Wind is primarily characterized by its speed and direction. Wind speed,
measured in meters per second (m/s) or kilometers per hour (km/h), is a key
parameter in wind energy production, as the power captured by a wind turbine
is proportional to the cube of the wind speed. Wind direction indicates its
geographical origin and is crucial for optimizing the orientation of wind turbines.

7
Winds are rarely constant and can include turbulence or gusts, which are abrupt
variations in speed and direction.

2.3. IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR WIND TURBINES

To maximize the energy captured, wind turbines should be installed in areas
where the wind is consistent and strong enough. Ideal sites include open plains,
coastal areas, or hilltops. Furthermore, height plays an important role, as wind
speed increases with altitude due to reduced surface friction.

2.4. CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING A WIND TURBINE SITE

Choosing the right site for a wind turbine is crucial to maximize energy
production, ensure the longevity of the equipment, and minimize costs. Several
factors need to be considered when selecting the ideal location for wind turbine
installation. Below are the key criteria for selecting a wind turbine site:

A. WIND RESOURCES (WIND SPEED AND CONSISTENCY)

The most important factor when selecting a site for a wind turbine is the wind
resource. The average wind speed and its consistency at the site will determine
the efficiency and energy output of the turbine. Sites with higher and more
consistent wind speeds generally yield better results.
Ideal Wind Speed: Wind turbines typically operate best at wind speeds
between 4 m/s and 25 m/s. At lower speeds, turbines may not produce enough
power, and at higher speeds, they may shut down to avoid damage.
Wind Map Analysis: To evaluate the wind resources, detailed wind data or
wind maps should be analyzed, often based on long-term measurements or
models.

B. LAND OWNERSHIP AND COSTS

The availability of land and associated costs are crucial in the site selection
process. Depending on the location, land acquisition or lease costs can
significantly impact the overall feasibility of the project.
Land Ownership: Ensure that the land is either owned by the project
developers or available for lease, with clear agreements in place.
Cost Considerations: Land prices and the cost of any necessary permits or
infrastructure can affect the economic viability of the site.

C. PROXIMITY TO THE ELECTRICAL GRID

For larger-scale wind energy projects, the proximity of the site to the electrical
grid is important for ease of power transmission. The distance from the grid will
impact the cost of connection and the efficiency of energy distribution.

8
 Connection Costs: If the site is far from existing grid infrastructure, it may
require costly transmission lines or substations to connect the turbine, which
can affect the overall feasibility of the project.

3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

Advantages Disadvantages
 Renewable energy source: Wind  Impact on wildlife, particularly
turbines harness wind, an inexhaustible birds and bats: Wind turbine blades
and clean resource, reducing can pose a risk to birds and bats that
dependence on fossil fuels. may collide with them.

 Local energy production: The energy  Noise pollution: Wind turbines can
generated can be consumed locally, generate noise that may disturb
reducing losses from transmitting nearby residents.
electricity over long distances.
 Visual impact on the landscape:
 Reduction of CO2 emissions: By Large wind farms can alter the
replacing polluting energy sources, natural scenery, which might affect
wind turbines contribute to reducing local populations or tourism.
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Intermittency: The electricity
 Water conservation: Unlike thermal or production depends on wind
nuclear power plants, wind turbines availability, which is variable and
don’t require water to operate, unpredictable, making it challenging
preserving water resources. to meet energy demand in real-time.

4. COMPONENTS OF A WIND TURBINE

4.1. TOWER
The tower is a vertical structure that supports the wind turbine's key
components, including the rotor and the nacelle. Constructed typically from
steel or reinforced concrete, its height varies based on the turbine size and site
requirements. The primary function of the tower is to elevate the blades to a
height where stronger and more consistent winds can be harnessed, minimizing
turbulence caused by the ground. Onshore turbine towers usually range from 50
to 120 meters, while offshore towers often exceed these heights. A taller tower
allows the turbine to capture higher wind speeds, enhancing energy production
efficiency.

4.2. NACELLE
The nacelle is located at the top of the tower and houses the essential
components that allow the turbine to convert the wind’s kinetic energy into
mechanical energy. It contains the generator, gearbox, brake system, yaw
system, and controller that regulates the turbine’s operation. The nacelle is

9
 mounted on a hub that allows it to rotate to face the direction of the wind (the
yaw system). The size and complexity of the nacelle depend on the turbine’s
capacity and the specific conditions of the installation site. Nacelles are
designed to be robust and capable of withstanding harsh weather conditions.

4.3. ROTOR AND BLADES

The rotor consists of the turbine blades, which capture the wind's energy. The
blades are typically made of lightweight and durable materials such as
fiberglass, composite materials, or carbon fiber. The shape of the blades is
carefully designed to maximize wind energy capture. When the wind strikes the
blades, it creates a pressure difference on either side, causing the blades to
rotate. The rotor is connected to the generator via a shaft, which transmits the
rotational motion. The length of the blades depends on the turbine’s capacity
and the wind speed available at the installation location.

4.4. GENERATOR
The generator is the key component that converts the mechanical energy from
the rotating blades into electrical energy. It operates on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, where the rotation of a magnet inside copper coils
generates an electric current. Modern wind turbines typically use either induction
or synchronous generators. The generator can produce either alternating current
(AC) or direct current (DC), depending on the system design. The generator must
be designed to operate at specific rotational speeds, which are suited to the wind
speed and the size of the turbine. It is essential for converting the mechanical
energy from the rotor into usable electrical energy.

4.5. BRAKING SYSTEM

The braking system is designed to stop or slow down the rotor in extreme
conditions, such as when the wind speed becomes too high or there is a system
malfunction. Modern turbines are equipped with friction or electromagnetic
braking systems that can slow or stop the rotor when necessary. This system is
essential for protecting the turbine from potential damage during dangerous
weather conditions, such as storms or high gusts of wind. The braking system
also plays a key role in stopping the turbine during maintenance or when wind
speeds are too low for efficient energy generation.

4.6. CONTROLLER AND MONITORING SYSTEM

The controller is the central electronic system that manages all the operating
parameters of the wind turbine. It regulates the rotor speed, adjusts the
nacelle’s orientation, and ensures the turbine operates safely by adjusting
various parameters based on wind conditions. The controller also monitors the
turbine’s performance and can activate the braking system or shut the turbine
down if any issues are detected. Additionally, a remote monitoring system

10
allows operators to track the turbine’s status in real-time, facilitating preventive
maintenance and optimizing energy production management.

4.7. POWER CONVERSION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

The energy produced by the generator needs to be converted and transmitted
effectively for use. The power conversion system, which includes inverters and
transformers, adjusts the frequency and voltage of the electricity generated by
the generator to match the grid or storage system. A power converter
transforms the electricity into a format that is compatible with the grid. The
power transmission system then carries the energy through high-voltage cables
to the grid or storage facilities. These systems are crucial for ensuring that the
energy produced by the turbine is usable and stable.

FIGURE 2: COMPONENTS OF WIND

TURBINE

11
CHAPTER 3 : POWER CONVERSION CHAIN IN A WIND
TURBINE

1. POWER OF A FLUID
Wind can be defined as the movement of air between two points at a certain
speed. It is an object like any other, so, similar to the example of the car
mentioned earlier, we can associate energy and power with it. It is this energy
of the wind that we aim to capture with a wind turbine. The kinetic energy of a
mass mm of air moving at speed V∞ is defined as:
1 2
E ∞= mV ∞ (SEQ Equation¿ ARABIC 1)
2
2. INDUCTION FACTOR
The power of the wind comes from its speed. Extracting this power means
reducing the speed of the wind. This is what a wind turbine does: to produce
mechanical power, it "captures" the power of the surrounding wind through the
rotation of its blades. If a power P e is extracted by the turbine, there remains a
power P0 in the wind behind the turbine, associated with a speed denoted as V0

FIGURE 3: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A WIND

TURBINE
The induction factor (denoted as a) is defined as the ratio between the wind
speed upstream of the turbine and the wind speed at the turbine's location.
V0
a= (SEQ Equation¿ ARABIC 2)
V∞
The induction factor represents how much the wind turbine slows down the
surrounding wind. When a=1 , the turbine is transparent to the wind: it behaves
as if the turbine were not there. Conversely, when a=0 , the turbine completely
blocks the wind, similar to how a wall would.

12
3. OPTIMIZATION OF WIND ENERGY EXTRACTION AND POWER
COEFFICIENT
The wind power increases with the cube of the wind speed. In other words:
doubling the wind speed gives eight times the wind power. Therefore, the
selection of a "windy" location is very important for a wind turbine.
The effective usable wind power is less than indicated by the above equation.
The wind speed behind the wind turbine cannot be zero, since no air could
follow. Therefore, only a part of the kinetic energy can be extracted.
The wind speed before the wind turbine is larger than after. Because the mass
flow must be continuous, A v = constant, the area A2 after the wind turbine is
bigger than the area A1 before. The effective power is the difference between
the two wind powers:

FIGURE 4: DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE EFFECT OF WIND

SPEED REDUCTION BEHIND THE WIND TURBINE.

4. THE EQUATION FOR ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATED BY THE

GENERATOR
The relation between the mechanical power (P m) and the electrical power (Pe)
generated by the wind turbine depends on the efficiency of the generator (η):
Pe =η∗Pm (SEQ Equation ¿ ARABIC 3)
Where:
Pe is the electrical power (W),
η is the efficiency of the generator (typically between 0.85 and 0.95),
Pm is the mechanical power generated by the wind turbine (W).
For high-quality modern generators, an efficiency of 0.90 (or 90%) is a good
standard for most wind turbine applications. This means that about 90% of the
mechanical power generated by the wind turbine is converted into electrical
power, with the remaining 10% lost as heat, mechanical friction, and other
inefficiencies.

13
5. FARADAY’S LAW FOR VOLTAGE GENERATION
The rate of change of magnetic flux is related to the rotational speed of the
generator. If the generator is equipped with several magnets and coils, the
change in magnetic flux over time can be expressed as a function of the angular
velocity ω of the generator (in rad/s) and the area of the coil .
The induced voltage expression becomes:
E=−NBA ω(SEQ Equation ¿ ARABIC 4 )
Where:
E is the induced voltage (V),
N is the number of turns in the coil,
B is the magnetic flux density (T, Tesla),
A is the area of the coil (m²),
Ω is the angular velocity of the generator (rad/s).

6. EFFICIENCY AND SOURCES OF DISSIPATION

A wind turbine operates like a power transmission chain. The mechanical power
from the wind is transformed into mechanical rotational power by the rotor,
which is then converted into electrical power by the generator. This electrical
power is further converted into a form that is easy to transport via high-voltage
cables. The electrical power is not used directly; instead, electricity is the best
way to transport power. It will be transformed again into thermal power (e.g., in
ovens or electric heating), mechanical power (e.g., for high-speed trains or
household appliances), or light power (e.g., in bulbs or LEDs).

FIGURE 5: POWER TRANSMISSION CHAIN

14
7. BLADES
At the moment of power transmission from the air to the blades, there can be
several sources of loss:
This is not exactly a source of dissipation, but it is important to keep the Betz
limit in mind: theoretically, no more than 59% of the wind's energy can be
extracted. Real wind turbines are close to this theoretical limit, but generally do
not reach it.

FIGURE 6: COEFFICIENT OF
PERFORMANCE
8. BELTZ COEFFICIENT CP
The power coefficient Cp represents the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind
turbine, indicating how effectively it converts wind energy into mechanical
power. The theoretical maximum value for Cp is 0.593, known as the Betz limit.
Factors influencing Cp :

8.1. BLADE DIMENSIONS

The size and design of the blades determine how much wind energy can
be captured. Larger blades or optimized aerodynamic shapes improve
efficiency by reducing drag and maximizing lift.

8.2. TIP-SPEED RATIO ( λ )

The tip-speed ratio ( λ ) is the ratio of the blade tip speed to wind speed.
Optimizing this ratio ensures the rotor captures maximum energy without
excess drag or inefficiency.
V tip
λ= (SEQ Equation¿ ARABIC 5)
V∞

8.1. BLADE PITCH ANGLE (Β):

The blade pitch angle β determines how the blades interact with the wind.
Adjusting the pitch optimizes energy capture at varying wind speeds, enhancing
efficiency.

15
 In summary, Cp depends on blade size, tip-speed ratio, and pitch angle, which
must all be optimized for maximum efficiency in energy extraction.

FIGURE 7: DIGRAM OF BELTZ

COEFFICIENT

The choice of the blade angle of attack (β) is crucial for maximizing the
efficiency of the wind turbine. When β=0∘ , the blades are perpendicular to the
wind direction, allowing for optimal energy capture. Here are the reasons why
this angle is often chosen:
 Maximization of Captured Energy
When the angle of attack is 0∘ , the blades are directly aligned with the wind
direction. This allows the blades to capture all the wind's kinetic energy,
reducing losses due to air resistance. An angle of 0∘ ensures that the air flows
smoothly through the blades without causing too much turbulence.
 Reduction of Aerodynamic Losses
An angle of attack of 0∘ circ minimizes drag losses. When the blades are tilted
at a higher angle, drag increases, and the turbine's efficiency decreases, as
more energy is lost as heat and turbulence.
 Optimization of Efficiency
At this angle, the turbine operates at maximum efficiency, capturing the most
wind energy while maintaining effective interaction between the air and the
blades.

9. EQUATION OF NAVIER-STOKES
As we can see, the Navier-Stokes equations are second-order nonlinear partial
differential equations. Their solutions have been found to address various
interesting problems related to viscous flow. They can be used to model
weather conditions, ocean currents, airflow around an airfoil, and water flow
through pipes or reactors. The complete and simplified forms of the Navier-
Stokes equations aid in the design of airplanes and cars, the study of blood
flow, the design of nuclear reactors, and muchmore.

16
 Continuity equation : ∇⋅ ⃗
V =0 ¿6 )
Momentum Equations :
DV ⃗
ρ =−∇ p+ ρ ⃗g + μ ∇2 ⃗ V (SEQ Equation ¿ ARABIC 7)
Dt
avec:
ρ
⃗
DV
Dt
=ρ
[
∂V
∂t ]
+ ( V ⋅ ∇ ) V :Total derivation (change of velocity with time)

−∇ p :Pressure Gradient : Fluid flows in the direction of largest change in

pressure ρ ⃗g : Body force term , external force that act on the fluid μ ∇ 2 ⃗
V : for a
Newtonian fluid, viscosity operates as diffusion of momentum

10. SOLUTION OF NAVIER-STOKES IN CFD

Although the Navier-Stokes equations have only a limited number of known
analytical solutions, they can be modeled using computers. The main tool for
their analysis is CFD analysis (Computational Fluid Dynamics). CFD is a
branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and algorithms to solve
and analyze problems involving turbulent fluid flow. It is widely accepted that the
Navier-Stokes equations (or the simplified Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes
equations) are capable of representing turbulent solutions, and these equations
are the foundation of virtually all CFD codes. It is now possible to obtain
approximate but realistic CFD results for a wide range of complex viscous flows
in both two and three dimensions.

FIGURE 8: APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI'S THEOREM TO

11. A WIND TURBINE EQUATION DE
BERNOULLI
The Bernoulli equation provides a useful simplification to understand the energy
conversion process in a wind turbine. While this approach ignores some
complex effects (such as turbulence and viscosity), it helps illustrate the basic
principle: the air slows down as it passes through the turbine blades, and the
kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical work.

17
 1
( v +v
)
Pⅇ= ρ × S ( v amont 2−v aval2) × amont aval (SEQ Equation ¿ ARABIC 8)
2 2

12. ELECTRICAL CONVERSION

FIGURE 9: SCHEMATIC OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION

CHAIN

When current flows through an electrical wire, new losses occur, also in the
form of thermal dissipation. This is known as the Joule effect. It depends on the
resistance of the cable R and the current III, and is expressed as:

P=V × I Where U is the electrical voltage. If we want to transmit a given amount

of power P, it is preferable to increase the voltage and decrease the electrical
current intensity.
The Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is a technology used in wind
energy conversion systems, particularly in variable-speed wind turbines. This
type of generator is widely used to optimize the efficiency of wind turbines, as it
allows for the decoupling of active and reactive powers generated, which is
beneficial for regulating the produced energy and adapting to variations in wind
speed.

CHAPTER 4 : STUDY OF WIND TURBINES USING

SIMULATION SOFTWARE
1. MATLAB SIMULINK

1.1. WIND TURBINE FOR MECHANICAL POWER

18
 FIGURE 10: OVERALL WIND TURBINE MODEL FOR
Inputs : MECHANICAL POWER AND TORQUE CALCULATION

 R(m): Radius of the rotor in meters.

 V (m/s): Wind speed in m/s.
 w (rad/s): Angular velocity of the wind turbine rotor in rad/s.
 beta: Pitch angle of the blades (in degrees).

1.2. CALCULATION OF WIND POWER

The power contained in the wind is determined by the formula:
1 3
P vent= ρ ⋅ A ⋅V (SEQ Equation ¿ ARABIC 9)
2
Key Components:
 ρ = 1.225 kg/m³ (air density),
 A = π * R² is the swept area of the rotor,

POWER COEFFICIENT (CP)

 V is the wind speed.
1.3.
 The aerodynamic efficiency is determined from a table or a function that links
Cp to the tip speed ratio (λ) and the pitch angle of the blades (β).
The tip speed ratio is calculated as follows:

W .R
λ= (SEQ Equation ¿ ARABIC 10)
V

Where ω is the angular velocity of the rotor.

1.4. MECHANICAL POWER (PM)

The mechanical power produced by the wind turbine is given by:
Cp∗1 3
P m=Cp ⋅P vent= ρ∗A∗V (SEQ Equation¿ ARABIC 11)
2

Where :

Cp: Power coefficient of the wind turbine, dimensionless (it represents the
efficiency, with a theoretical maximum limit of 59.3% according to Betz's
limit).
Pwind : Power contained in the wind (in watts).

19
  Calculation of Torque (Tm):
The torque is calculated using the formula:

Pm
T m= (1)
w

1.5. POWER COEFFICIENT CP MODELING

FIGURE 11: DETAILED MATLAB SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR MECHANICAL POWER

CALCULATION

Inputs:
 λ (lambda): Tip speed ratio.
 β (beta): Blade pitch angle.

1.6. CALCULATION OF POWER COEFFICIENT CP

Cp is calculated using two mathematical functions that model the aerodynamic
efficiency of the wind turbine based on λ and β.

20
  Equations:
1 0.035
− ( SEQ Equation ¿ ARABIC 13)
u [ 1 ] +0.08∗u [ 2 ] 1+u [ 2 ]3

0.5∗( 116∗u [ 1 ] −0.4∗u [ 2 ] −5 )∗exp (−21∗u [ 1 ] ) (SEQ Equation¿ ARABIC 14)

Observation:
 Cp is a key variable that determines the efficiency of converting wind energy

1.7. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

into mechanical power. It is used in the main model to calculate Pm.

a. Mechanical Power
A value of 5002 W indicates that the wind turbine produces approximately 5 kW
of mechanical power. This result is highly dependent on wind speed, rotor size,
and aerodynamic efficiency (Cp).

b. Torque (0.01015 Nm):

The torque produced by the wind turbine is relatively low, which may suggest:
 A high angular velocity (ω).
 Moderate aerodynamic efficiency (Cp) or suboptimal wind conditions.

1.8. RECOMMENDATIONS
Parameter Sensitivity:
Adjusting parameters such as wind speed (V), rotor radius (R), and blade pitch
angle (β) will have a significant impact on the power output.
Increasing wind speed or optimizing the blade pitch angle could enhance Pm
(mechanical power).

2. ANSYS FLUENT WIND SIMULATION OF 3 BLADES

2.1. GEOMETRY
a. Turbine Geometry

21
 This view shows the wind turbine blades in a circular plane. This geometry is
essential for capturing the aerodynamic interactions with the airflow. The
positioning and curvature of the blades directly influence lift generation and
torque production.
 The blades generate the forces necessary to produce energy.
 Their design allows the transformation of wind kinetic energy into mechanical
energy.
b. Global view of the Fluid Domain

The outer domain (in green) defines

FIGURE 13: Fthe
LUIDfluid environment surrounding the wind
DOMAIN
turbine. It must be large enough to avoid boundary effects or interference
caused by non-physical reflections.
 The fluid domain models the airflow around the wind turbine.
 It captures upstream effects (wind approach) and downstream effects (drag
formation and wake).

c. Application of Boolean Operations

22
 FIGURE 14: BOOLEEAN
OPERATION
The use of Boolean operations (subtraction) is essential to create geometric
interactions between components. This clearly delineates the rotating and
static zones.
 Boolean operations ensure a clean separation between zones for a smooth
transition between domains.
 They prevent errors in meshing and guarantee accurate calculations at the
interfaces.

d. Characteristics of Rotating and Fixed Bodies

FIGURE 15: FIXED BODY

23
 FIGURE 16: ROTATING BODY
The distinction between rotating and fixed bodies is correctly indicated. Details
such as area, faces, and edges are well defined for each domain.
 This step identifies zones where rotational forces act and zones where
the flow remains free.
 It enables proper configuration of physical parameters (rotational speed,

2.2. MESH
boundary conditions) tailored to each domain.

a. Refined Mesh in Critical Zones

FIGURE 17: RAFINED MESH ON THE ROTATING

BODY

The turbine's immediate surroundings are meshed with finer elements. This
approach ensures detailed
FIGURE 18: resolution
RAFINED in areasON
MESH of high
THE gradients
FIXED (pressure,
velocity). BODY
 Captures complex flow interactions near the blades, such as turbulence and
vortices.
 Improves the accuracy of results in critical regions without unnecessarily
increasing computational cost.

b. Named Selections for Boundaries

24
The image defines named selections such as inlet, outlet, walls, turbine, and
interfaces. These selections are critical for assigning boundary conditions and
managing the interaction between the rotating and static zones.

 Ensures proper identification and application of boundary conditions (e.g.,

velocity at the inlet, pressure at the outlet).
 Simplifies post-processing by clearly differentiating between key surfaces.

c. Final Mesh Visualization

FIGURE 20: VISUALIZATION OF THE FINAL MESH

The final mesh combines uniform global meshing with localized refinements
around the turbine. Transition zones between coarse and fine mesh are
smooth to prevent numerical instabilities.

 Enables accurate prediction of aerodynamic forces and flow

characteristics.
 Facilitates convergence of the numerical solution by maintaining a high-

25
 quality mesh with minimal distortion.

2.3. CONFIGURATION
a. Models

Turbulence

FIGURE 21: SPECIFY THE MODEL IN

CONFIGURATION
The SST k-omega turbulence model is selected. This model is suitable for
capturing the flow near walls (like blade surfaces) and resolving turbulence in
both near and far-field regions.
Balances accuracy and computational cost by switching between k-omega
(near the walls) and k-epsilon (in the free stream).
Accurately predicts separation and recirculation zones critical to turbine
performance.

b. Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions are properly defined for the simulation. The inlet
represents the airflow entering the domain, the outlet defines where the air
exits, and the walls include stationary boundaries around the domain. The
turbine is defined as the rotating zone interacting with the airflow, while
interfaces manage the interaction between rotating and static domains.
Ensures proper interaction between the rotating domain (turbine) and the
stationary fluid domain.
The inlet defines the wind velocity profile, crucial for calculating aerodynamic
forces.
The outlet maintains stable pressure conditions to avoid backflow.

26
 c. Moment Coefficient

FIGURE 23: DIAGRAM OF MOMENT

COEFFICIENT
The moment coefficient (Cm) over time illustrates the dynamic behavior of the
turbine under aerodynamic forces. The periodic pattern corresponds to the
rotational effects of the turbine and the interaction with the wind.
Interpretation of Results:
♦ The periodicity indicates steady cyclic loading, as expected for rotating
machinery.
♦ Variations in Cm represent dynamic fluctuations in the lift and drag forces
acting on the blades. This data can be used to predict structural behavior or
optimize performance.
d. Residuals Plot

27
 FIGURE 24: DIAGRAM OF SCALED
The scaled residuals of continuity, velocity components, and turbulence
RESIDUALS
parameters (k, omega) indicate how well the simulation converges. The graph
shows that the residuals decrease and stabilize, indicating convergence of the
solution. However, occasional spikes may result from transient flow features or
numerical adjustments.

Interpretation of Results:
A decrease in residuals to a value below 1e-4 (and ideally close to 1e-6) shows

2.4. RESULTS
that the equations governing the fluid flow are well-resolved.

a. Visualization on Plane 1

Plane 1 is used as a reference to visualize the velocity distribution. The

selected number FofIGURE 25:(250)
contours CREATION
ensures OF A
smooth transitions and detailed
PLANE
insights.

♦ Blade Performance: The velocity differences across the plane reflect

blade-induced flow modifications, key to understanding lift and drag forces.
♦ Flow Uniformity: The uniformity of velocity in the inflow region contrasts

28
 with the disrupted wake, illustrating the direct impact of the turbine on the
flow field.

b. Velocity Contours

FIGURE 26: CREATION OF THE VELOCITY

CONTOURS
The velocity contour plot displays the velocity distribution within the simulation
domain. It highlights high-speed airflow regions near the blade tips and wake
regions downstream of the turbine.

♦ High Velocity Zones: Near the blade tips, the velocity increases due to the
aerodynamic design of the blades. This is a result of energy transfer from
the wind to the turbine, causing localized acceleration of air.
♦ Wake Formation: The downstream wake shows reduced velocity, forming
due to energy extraction by the turbine. This is characteristic of turbulence
and flow separation in the wake zone.
♦ Boundary Layer Effects: Near the blade surfaces, the transition between
high and low velocities indicates boundary layer development, which
influences drag and lift forces.

c. Flow Physics Observations

29
 The interaction of wind with turbine blades results in rapid velocity changes that
generate high vorticity and shear stress, crucial factors in predicting fatigue and
structural behavior of the turbine. According to Bernoulli’s principle, the high-
velocity regions near the blade tips correspond to lower pressure zones, which
play a vital role in lift generation. Additionally, the size and structure of the wake
behind the turbine offer insights into its energy extraction efficiency; smaller and
well-distributed wakes indicate optimal performance and minimal turbulence,
whereas larger, chaotic wakes may signify inefficiencies or excessive
turbulence, impacting overall operational effectiveness.
3. MODELING OF WIND TURBINE WITH 3 BLADES WITH SOLIDWORKS

FIGURE 28: HORIZONTAL VIEW OF THE WIND TURBINE

a. Main Shaft
The main shaft is a cylinder that forms the central structure of the wind turbine.
It serves as the primary support for the blades and their attachments. Its design
includes a hollow or adjusted end to allow for the mounting of the blade
supports, ensuring smooth rotation when wind acts on the blades. It is a key
element in transmitting forces and the rotational motion generated.
b. Blade Supports

30
 The blade supports are designed to hold the blades in position around the
central shaft. Their geometry combines cylindrical and flat sections to provide a
rigid connection with the main shaft. They also feature openings or grooves
specifically adapted to secure the blades firmly, ensuring stability during
rotation.
c. Blades
The blades are modeled as half-cylinders with a curvature optimized for
capturing wind energy. Their semi-cylindrical geometry, based on the Savonius
design, maximizes the turbine's energy efficiency. They are symmetrically
attached to the supports, ensuring balanced rotation and minimizing vibrations.
d. Wind Turbine Base
The wind turbine base is a wide and robust cylinder designed to provide optimal
system stability. It incorporates openings or mounting points to secure the
turbine on a flat surface or an external support. This component plays a critical
role in ensuring that the entire system remains stable, even under strong wind
conditions.

FIGURE 29: VETICAL VIEW OF THE WIND

TURBINE
The modeling performed in
SolidWorks validated the geometric and mechanical feasibility of the vertical wind
turbine. The components were designed to assemble effectively while maintaining
optimal balance. This design phase helps minimize errors before physical
manufacturing and ensures the future performance of the prototype.

CHAPTER 5: EXAMPLE OF A PROJECT REPORT

1. PROJECT REPORT: HIGHWAY LIGHTING USING OUR WIND TURBINE
PROTOTYPE
The project focuses on studying the feasibility and designing a highway
lighting system for Moroccan highways using vertical-axis wind turbines.

31
 The main objective is to harness the wind generated by vehicles traveling
at speeds between 100 and 120 km/h to produce electrical energy that will
power LED streetlights.

FIGURE 30: EXAMPLE OF HIGHWAY USING WIND

TURBINE
Purpose
 Harness a renewable energy source (the wind generated by vehicles) to
reduce energy costs.
 Improve lighting and safety on Moroccan highways.
 Develop an eco-friendly solution to meet energy needs.

2. FEASIBILITY STUDY
2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Location Average Wind Climate
Moroccan highways , Mainly generated by Predominantly dry
Rabat-Casablanca vehicles, with an conditions with moderate
Highway. average speed natural winds,
between 100-120 complementing the

2.2. TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS

km/h induced wind

The installation of the wind turbines involves mounting them securely on poles or
lateral structures along the highway. These turbines will be spaced at intervals of
50 meters to ensure optimal energy capture from vehicle-generated wind. Each
turbine is designed to produce approximately 12V, which is sufficient to power a
single LED lamp. To manage energy during periods of low traffic, a storage
system consisting of batteries will be implemented, allowing energy accumulation
for continuous lighting.

32
 2.3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
The estimated cost for a single wind turbine is 1,500 MAD. For a 1-kilometer
stretch of highway, 20 turbines will be required, resulting in a total cost of
30,000 MAD, including installation, turbines, and battery storage systems. The
annual maintenance cost for the system is projected to be around 5,000 MAD
per kilometer, ensuring the sustained functionality and efficiency of the
infrastructure.

Project Study Plan

CONCEPT SITE ANALYSIS PILOT INSTALLATION

Install 1 km of turbines for
DESIGN Identify high-traffic
testing
Prototype design highways

MONITORING AND SCALE-UP

EVALUATION Expand installation based on
Measure energy production results

2.4. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

 months

Equipment Cost (per unit)

Wind Turbines 1,500 MAD
Batteries 800 MAD
Blades and Supports 500 MAD
LED Streetlights 1,000 MAD

2.5. PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION CALCULATIONS

FIGURE
STREETLIGHTS
31:
(H IGHER EFFICIENCY)
LED FIGURE 33: BATTERY FIGURE
TURBINE
32: SAVONIUS WND
a. Assumptions for Higher Efficiency:
 Power Output of a Single Wind Turbine: Each turbine produces 48W (12V
and 4A).
 Number of Turbines for 1 km: 20 turbines.

b. Energy Production

33
  For 1 km:
Total Power Output:
20 turbines × 48 W =960 W ¿15)
 Daily Production:
Assuming 12 hours of operation:
960W × 12H = 11.52 KWH (2)
 Monthly Production:
30 days of operation:
11.52kWh ×30 days=345.6 kWh ¿17 )
c. Energy Consumption
 For LED Streetlights (unchanged):
 Power Consumption per LED Lamp: 30W.
 Total Power for 20 Lamps (1 km):

30 W ×20=600 W (SEQ Equation ¿ ARABIC 18)

 Daily Consumption:
12 hours of operation:
600 W ×12 h=7.2kWh ¿19)

 Monthly Consumption:
30 days of operation:
7.2 kWh ×30 days=216 kWh¿20)
d. Energy Balance
Monthly Production: 345.6 kWh.
Monthly Consumption: 216 kWh.

e. Maintenance and Upkeep Costs

Task Frequency Cost
(MAD)

34
 Battery Every 5 years 16000
Replacement
(every 5 years)

Cleaning and Annually 5000

Inspection of Wind
Turbines

Annual Electrical Annually 3000

Check

3. ECONOMIC STUDY USING RETSCREEN

3.1. SITE LOCATION

FIGURE 34: LOCATION OF THE

LOCATION
The site is located in the Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima region, with climate data
tailored to the specific reference point. This location benefits from a favorable
topography, featuring a moderate altitude of 48 meters, which enhances wind
flow and energy capture. Additionally, the site lies within Climate Zone 3A,
characterized as warm and humid, providing ideal conditions for consistent wind
energy production. The project aims to strategically install wind turbines in this
area to maximize renewable energy generation by taking advantage of the
steady wind speeds and favorable climatic features inherent to the region.

3.2. CLIMATE DATA AND WIND SPEED

35
Wind speeds remain consistently steady between 4 and 6 m/s, making them
suitable for small to medium-scale turbines. Additionally, the air temperature,
represented by the green line, ranges from 5°C in winter to 25°C in summer,
reflecting a favorable climate for wind energy production. This consistent wind
speed ensures stable energy generation year-round, making the site highly
suitable for the installation of small to medium-scale horizontal-axis wind
turbines.

3.3. COST ANALYSIS

FIGURE 36: COST

ANALYSIS
The cost analysis reveals that the initial costs for the project amount to
$2,246,000, with turbines representing a significant portion of the expenses,
accounting for 6,460 units at $100 each. Annual operation and maintenance
(O&M) costs are estimated at $81,680, which are distributed between
maintenance expenses and the savings generated. These costs are well-
managed, ensuring the project’s feasibility; however, optimizing the unit cost of
the turbines could further enhance overall profitability and improve the financial
outcomes of the project.

36
 3.4. ENERGY MODEL

FIGURE 37: ENERGY MODEL

The energy model estimates a total electricity
production of 1,440 MWh per year for the turbines. The turbines are designed to
generate energy across a range of wind speeds, from 4.5 m/s to 8.5 m/s, ensuring
consistent performance. The system's simple payback period is calculated at 14
years, reflecting a moderate return on investment. This level of energy production
meets expectations for a project of this scale. However, further refinement in turbine
sizing and system design could enhance both energy and financial efficiency,
optimizing the overall performance of the project.

3.5. CASH-FLOW AND FINANCE ANALYSIS

FIGURE 38: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The cash flow and financial analysis indicate that the project achieves profitability
after 14 years, as shown by the cumulative cash flow curve (green line). The total
initial costs are $2,246,000, with annual savings amounting to $305,467, derived
from O&M cost savings and revenue from electricity exports. Debt payments are
structured over a 15-year term at a 7% interest rate. Profitability metrics reveal a pre-
tax Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 13.3% for assets, reflecting moderate financial
viability. Additionally, the project achieves a positive Net Present Value (NPV),

37
confirming its long-term financial sustainability. While the project is financially
feasible, further adjustments could optimize the return on investment (ROI) and
potentially reduce the payback period, improving overall profitability.

FIGURE 39: DIAGRAMS OF CASH-FLOW

4. OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT THROUGH INTERCONNECTION OF WIND

STATIONS

As part of optimizing energy management in wind systems, an innovative

approach involves interconnecting multiple wind stations to allow energy
exchange between them. This interconnection compensates for periods of low
production at one station by transferring excess energy from a nearby, higher-
performing station. Thus, when wind conditions are insufficient to charge a
station's batteries, another station located nearby and benefiting from better
wind conditions can provide the necessary energy to maintain an optimal
charge level. This system is monitored by an Energy Management System
(EMS), which tracks real-time production conditions and manages energy flows
between the different stations, ensuring a stable and continuous power supply
for the connected loads while optimizing battery lifespan.

4.1. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE INTERCONNECTION

The main idea is to create an interconnected network of wind stations where

each station can share its energy surplus or draw energy from other stations
when needed. When a wind station experiences a period of low production (for
example, due to insufficient wind speed or wind turbine maintenance), the stored
energy in its batteries may not be enough to meet the demand. In this case, a
nearby station, operating under better conditions (higher wind speed or in better
working condition), can "transfer" energy to the underperforming station.

38
 4.2. INTERCONNECTION OF WIND TURBINES AND BATTERIES

All wind stations and their energy storage systems (batteries) are connected via a
reliable communication network, which can either be wired (e.g., fiber optic) or
wireless (such as 4G/5G). This network enables:

 Real-time transmission of energy production data from each wind turbine.

 Monitoring the State of Charge (SoC) of each battery.
 Collecting local wind speed forecasts for each turbine, in order to anticipate
future energy production. The integration of IoT (Internet of Things)
networks to enable real-time remote data collection and intelligent resource
management.
 The use of wireless Mesh networks to ensure reliable and redundant
communication between stations, thereby reducing the risks of system
interruptions.

4.3. CENTRALIZED MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM (EMS)

A centralized Energy Management System (EMS) is used to collect real-time data from wind
stations and batteries. The EMS monitors the following parameters:

State of Health (SoH) of the State of Health (SoH) of

Energy production by
batteries, their remaining the batteries, their remaining
each wind turbine.
. capacity, and charge levels. capacity, and charge levels.

4.4. LOAD BALANCING ALGORITHM BETWEEN WIND TURBINES

The energy management algorithm will determine the distribution of excess

energy between stations. The goal is to direct the excess energy from one
station to another when needed, considering the geolocation and wind
conditions.

 Multi-objective optimization algorithms: Such algorithms could take

into account not only the battery charge levels but also the distances
between wind stations, aiming to minimize energy losses during the
energy transfer.
 Dynamic management of production and consumption: The
algorithm could adjust energy production and consumption based on
local demand or prioritize certain users (for example, some wind

39
 turbines could be prioritized based on their energy efficiency or
strategic importance).

4.5. BLOCKCHAIN FOR SECURING TRANSACTIONS

 Blockchain Nodes: Each wind station (or a group of stations) will have a
"node" in the blockchain network to record and verify energy transactions
(such as energy transfer between turbines or to batteries).
 Smart Contracts: Smart contracts can be used to automate the processes of
energy transfer between stations, based on specific criteria (such as the
state of charge of the batteries or excess energy production).
 Secure Infrastructure: To ensure the security and confidentiality of data on
the blockchain, encryption mechanisms and private-public key pairs must be
used to validate transactions.

FIGURE 40: EXAMPLE OF BLOCKCHAIN

4.6. INTELLIGENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND BATTERY OPTIMIZATION

The code implements an energy management system for a network of

interconnected wind stations, where each station has its own battery. It begins
by initializing essential parameters, such as the energy production of the
turbines, the battery charge levels, the maximum and minimum battery
capacities, and the energy demand for each station. Then, the code checks if
any station has a battery with a state of charge (SoC) below the minimum
threshold. If so, it searches for a neighboring station that can provide excess
energy. The excess energy is calculated by subtracting the energy demand
from the production of each station. If one station can supply energy and
another needs it, the excess energy is transferred from the supplying station to
the deficient one. This energy transfer is performed dynamically, considering
the battery capacities and the energy production of the stations. At the end of
the process, the code displays the final state of charge of the batteries for each
station after the energy adjustments. In summary, this code ensures intelligent

40
 energy management, where resources are shared between stations to keep the
batteries at an optimal charge level, thus ensuring an efficient and balanced
operation of the wind turbine network.

FIGURE 41: CODE TO CALCULATE THE ENERGY DEMAND AND PRODUCTION

The comparison between energy production and demand per station, as well as the
state of charge of the batteries relative to their maximum and minimum capacity.
These visualizations help analyze the efficiency of energy management and resource
optimization within the wind station network.

FIGURE 42: DIAGRAM OF ENERGY DEMAND AND

 EnergyPRODUCTION
Production vs. Energy Demand per Station: This bar chart shows
the energy production and demand for each station. The green bars represent
the energy production, and the red bars represent the energy demand. It
visually compares the available production and required energy for each wind
station.

41
 FIGURE 43: DIAGRAM OF BATTERY STATE OF CHARGE AND
CAPACITY
 Battery State of Charge and Capacity per Station: This chart shows the
battery state of charge (SOC) and the maximum/minimum capacities for each
station. The blue bars represent the current battery state of charge, and the
grey bars represent the maximum capacity, while the dark grey bars indicate
the minimum capacity.

42
CHAPTER 6: CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE-BLADE
SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE PROTOTYPE
This project involves the development and realization of a small-scale vertical-
axis wind turbine (VAWT) as part of a research and development (R&D)
initiative at the International University of Rabat (UIR). The increasing demand
for renewable energy solutions and the necessity to reduce dependency on
fossil fuels have driven interest in wind energy technologies. Unlike
conventional horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs), vertical-axis wind turbines
offer several advantages, such as the ability to capture wind from all directions,
quieter operation, and better performance in turbulent environments.
The small-scale prototype aims to serve as an experimental platform for testing
and validating key design parameters, mechanical performance, and electrical
generation capabilities. The design and fabrication will leverage resources and
equipment available within the technical laboratory, promoting efficient and
cost-effective prototyping.

1. PREPARATION OF BLADES (PVC TUBES)

A PVC tube with a diameter of 110 mm was selected and cut to a length
of 50 cm using a miter saw. This precise cutting method ensures clean and
uniform edges, which is essential for proper aerodynamic performance and
ease of assembly.

 Justification for Choosing PVC

The decision to use PVC (polyvinyl chloride) tubes for the blades was based
on the following key factors:

a) Lightweight Material

PVC is significantly lighter than metals such as aluminum or steel,

reducing the overall mass of the wind turbine. This lightweight property
enhances the turbine’s responsiveness to lower wind speeds, improving
startup performance.

b) Resistance to Weather Conditions

PVC is known for its excellent resistance to environmental factors such as

moisture, UV radiation, and temperature variations. This makes it a
suitable material for outdoor applications, where the turbine will be
exposed to various weather conditions.

c) Ease of Machining and Shaping

43
 PVC can be easily cut, drilled, and shaped using standard tools, making it
an ideal material for prototyping and small-scale manufacturing.
Additionally, it is compatible with adhesives and fasteners commonly used
in laboratory environments.

d) Cost-Effectiveness

Compared to metals and composite materials, PVC is more affordable and

readily available, helping to reduce the overall project cost without
compromising the basic mechanical requirements.

e) Adequate Mechanical Properties

While not as strong as metals, PVC offers sufficient rigidity and durability
for a small-scale wind turbine. Its mechanical strength is adequate to
withstand moderate wind forces while maintaining structural integrity over
time.

FIGURE 44: CUTTING THE PVC TO CREATE THE BLADES

2. CREATING THE ROTOR SUPPORT
2.1. FABRICATION

The rotor support was made using compressed wood, chosen for its high
mechanical stability and ease of fabrication. Compressed wood is produced by
applying high pressure to wood fibers, increasing its density and strength
compared to regular wood. This material was cut and shaped to create a
support structure that holds the shaft and windings in place. The support
includes a central hole to precisely fit the shaft, allowing smooth rotation. The
design also features mounting points to securely attach the windings. The use
of compressed wood ensures durability and ease of adjustments during the
prototyping process. This characteristic is particularly important for maintaining
the rigidity of the support, ensuring that the shaft and windings remain aligned
without deformation, even under dynamic loads during the wind turbine's
operation.

44
 2.2. ROLE

The primary function of the rotor support is to provide stability and ensure smooth
rotation of the rotor shaft. By reducing friction and maintaining proper alignment, the
support prevents mechanical losses and vibrations. The rigidity of the compressed
wood ensures that the rotor and shaft remain firmly in place during operation,
minimizing flexing or warping. This contributes to the long-term durability of the
turbine and ensures optimal mechanical performance, maximizing energy conversion
and reducing wear on the moving parts.

FIGURE 45: THE ROTOR

SUPPORT
3. GENERATRICE COIL FABRICATION
3.1. FABRICATION
 Laser Cutting of Plexiglass: Plexiglass was carefully cut using a laser cutter
to create precise separators for the coils. These separators ensure consistent
spacing and alignment, which is crucial for maintaining the correct position of
each coil within the stator assembly.
 Manual Copper Winding: 50 turns of copper wire were manually wound
around each of the 8 coils. A plastic-wrapped rod was used to prevent the
resin from adhering to the copper wire, ensuring that the winding process went
smoothly without interference from the resin.

45
 3.2. ROLE
This part is fixed within the stator assembly, and its primary role is to generate
the electrical current when exposed to the rotating magnetic field produced by
the rotor. The plexiglass separators help maintain the proper position and
alignment of the coils within the stator, ensuring the efficient interaction of the
coils with the magnetic flux. The manual winding process ensures consistent
coil quality, and the use of a plastic-wrapped rod prevents any issues during the
winding. The stability and accuracy of this part are crucial for ensuring the
efficiency and performance of the turbine's electrical generation system.

FIGURE 47: CUTTING OF FIGURE 46: THE GENERATOR FORM

PLEXIGLASS
3.3. OPERATING PRINCIPLE: FARADAY’S LAW AND THE RIGHT-HAND RULE

The generation of electricity is based on Faraday's Law and the Right-Hand

Rule (also known as Fleming's Right-Hand Rule).
 Faraday's Law: When a varying magnetic flux passes through a coil, a voltage
is induced in the coil.
 Right-Hand Rule: It is used to determine the direction of the induced current in
a coil based on the relative movement between the magnet and the coil.
3.4. CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC FLUX PASSING THROUGH A COIL

With a diameter of 32 mm (0.032 m) and a total of 50 turns, here is the

calculation of the total magnetic flux passing through the 50 turns:
 The area of each turn, A, is calculated from the coil's diameter:

( 2 ) (SEQ Equation ¿ ARABIC 21)

2
ⅆm
A=π ⋅

 The magnetic flux passing through a single turn is:

Φ=B⋅ A (SEQ Equation¿ ARABIC 22)
 For 50 turns, the total magnetic flux is:
Φtotal=50∗Φ (SEQ Equation¿ ARABIC 23) WHERE :

46
 2
A : Areaof a single turn∈(m )Φ : Magnetic flux of a single turn∈Weber (Wb)
Φ total ​:Total magnetic flux for 50 turns∈Weber (Wb)

3.5. MAGNETS
The rotor consists of two discs, each containing 16 magnets, arranged with
alternating polarity (N-S-N-S).
The top disc contains 16 magnets.
The bottom disc also contains 16 magnets.
These two discs are placed on either side of the stator (top and bottom), which
maximizes the exposure of the coils to the magnetic field and enhances
electricity production.

FIGURE 48: LOCATION OF THE

MAGNETS
3.6. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
In a wind turbine generator, electromagnetic induction is at the core of electricity
production. As the rotor, equipped with magnets, rotates within the stator coils,
the magnetic flux varies, inducing an electromotive force in the coils. This
phenomenon generates an electric current by moving electrons through the
circuit. The higher the rotor's rotational speed, the faster the magnetic flux
changes, thus producing more current. Lenz's Law, on the other hand,
introduces a resistance to the rotor's movement, which is essential for
converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The generator's efficiency
depends on the strength of the magnetic field, the number of coil turns, the
rotational speed, and the system's overall efficiency.

47
 FIGURE 49: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

4. 3D MODELINGEAND
FFECT
PRINTING OF BLADE SUPPORT
 3D Modeling in SolidWorks
The first step involves 3D modeling of the blade support using SolidWorks.
This includes designing the parts that will attach to the shaft to secure the
blades and two other parts that will be attached to the taules, which hold the
magnets. The models are created with precise dimensions to ensure all parts fit
perfectly and function efficiently within the system.
 3D Printing with Ultimaker
Once the models are complete, the parts are 3D printed using the Ultimaker
3D printer. The printing process took 16 hours to finish all the required pieces.
The printed components include:
 Blade support parts, which are fixed onto the shaft and hold the blades in
position.
 Two pieces for the taules, which are attached to the stator, holding 16
magnets in each taula.

FIGURE 50: DESIGN OF THE FIGURE 51: DESIGN OF BLADE SUPPORT PARTS
COMPONENTS RETATED TO THE
TAULA

The taula are placed in two positions: one at the bottom of the stator and
another at the top. This dual positioning of the taules helps generate more
power, maximizing the energy production of the generator. By having the
magnets distributed across two taules, the system ensures more efficient
magnet interaction and, as a result, increased electricity generation.
The use of 3D printing allows for rapid prototyping and ensures that the
pieces are lightweight yet durable, providing a stable foundation for the
rotor's magnet system and blade supports.

48
 FIGURE 52: THE BLADES FIGURE 53: CREATION OF THE
ATTACHED TO THE PARTS COMPONENTS IN 3D
5. REINFORCEMENT OF THE STATOR WITH FIBERGLASS AND RESIN
5.1. PREPARATION AND PLACEMENT OF FIBERGLASS
In this step, we used fiberglass sheets cut into a circular shape, matching the
perimeter of the stator support. Two fiberglass sheets were prepared:
 One for the bottom of the stator.
 One for the top of the stator.
These sheets were intended to reinforce the bobines (coils) and maintain their
alignment, ensuring that the spires remain fixed in place and do not deform
during operation.

FIGURE 54: FIBERGLASS SHEETS

5.2. APPLICATION OF RESIN AND HARDENER

To secure the fiberglass sheets to the coils, we used a mixture of resin and
hardener in a ratio of 50 g of resin to 25 g of hardener, making a total of 75 g
of adhesive. The resin and hardener were thoroughly mixed to achieve a
uniform consistency before applying the mixture onto the coils and placing the
fiberglass sheets on both sides of the stator.

49
 FIGURE 55: APPLICATION OF RESIN AND HARDNER

5.3. COMPRESSION FOR UNIFORM COIL SHAPE

After applying the fiberglass sheets and adhesive, the assembly was placed
under a pressure of 180 bar to ensure:
 Proper adhesion of the fiberglass to the coils.
 Uniform shape of the coils, preventing any deformation of the spires
during the curing process of the resin.

FIGURE 56: COMPRESSION FOR UNIFORM COIL

SHAPE
6. FINAL RESULT OF THE VERTICAL WIND TURBINE

FIGURE 57: FINAL

RESULT

50
 The design of the wind turbine generator prototype has been carefully crafted to
maximize efficiency and the interaction between the magnets and the coils. The
assembly of the two discs containing the magnets on the rotor, placed on either
side of the stator, optimizes the exposure of the coils to the alternating magnetic
fields generated by the rotating magnets. This increases the variation in
magnetic flux, thereby enhancing electricity production through electromagnetic
induction.

7. GLOBAL BENCHMARKING STUDY

7.1. ALIGNMENT WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
a. CO2 Emissions
The design aligns with global efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, such as the targets
outlined in the Paris Agreement (COP21). The use of locally sourced materials and
an energy-efficient design is consistent with international sustainability standards.
b. Energy Efficiency
Compared to the typical standards for small wind turbines (Cp ≈ 0.3), the
prototype is competitive, especially in regions with low wind speeds.

7.2. REGIONAL ADAPTABILITY

a. Low-Wind Regions
The Savonius wind turbine is particularly well-suited for regions with low to
moderate wind speeds, such as urban or rural areas in North Africa, where
consistent ground-level winds are rare.

b. Similar Climatic Conditions

The design can be adapted for arid or semi-arid regions with minor
modifications to withstand strong winds or high humidity in coastal areas.

51
 8. STOCKAGE D’ENERGIE
8.1. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE BATTERY

Your wind turbine generates 15V, so it is essential to choose a battery with a nominal
voltage that matches this output or is compatible with a charge controller. Batteries
commonly used for small wind turbines are either 12V or 24V. A 12V battery is a
good choice in this case, along with the addition of a charge controller to regulate
and stabilize the voltage.

8.2. BATTERY CAPACITY CALCULATION

The battery capacity depends on:

 Power produced by the wind turbine: 15V, with an estimated current of

4A, which gives a power of

P=15 V ∗4

P=15V×4A= 60W

 Desired usage duration: Suppose you want to store energy for 5

hours of continuous use.
 Required capacity in Ah

Capacity in (Ah) = Puissance (W)*time(h)/Tension(V)

Capacity =60*5/12=25Ah

 A 12V - 25Ah battery will be sufficient. For more autonomy or safety

margin, a 35Ah battery is recommended.

FIGURE 58: BATTERY 35AH

52
 8.3. CHARGE CONTROLLER

To connect the wind turbine to the battery, it is essential to use a charge controller because it
protects the battery against overcharging and deep discharge.and regulates the wind turbine's
output voltage (15V) to make it compatible with the battery (12V). An MPPT (Maximum
Power Point Tracking) charge controller is ideal, as it maximizes the energy captured by the
wind turbine.

FIGURE 59: CHARGE CONTROLLER

8.4. CONNEXION DIAGRAM

Wind Turbine Charge Controller Load (LED or

Battery
Regulates the other devices)
Converts
voltage and Stores the electrical
wind energy Uses the stored
current, ensuring energy for later use,
into electrical energy from the
the battery charges providing power
energy. battery to power
safely without when wind energy is
devices, such as
overcharging or not available.
lights or equipment.
deep discharging.

53
 OPTION VOLTAG CAPACIT ADVANTAGES ESTIMATE
MODEL
E (V) Y (AH) D PRICE
VARTA AGM
AFFORDABLE,
Option 1: DURABLE, AND Around
Lead-Acid SUITABLE FOR 800-1,000
Battery 12V 35AH PROTOTYPE MAD
PROJECTS.

LIFEPO4

OPTION 2:
LONG LIFESPAN, AROUND
LITHIUM- 12V 30AH LIGHTWEIGHT, AND 2,000-3,000
ION
HIGH EFFICIENCY. MAD
BATTERY

9. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A REDUCED WIND TURBINE

PROTOTYPE FIGURE 60: CONNEXION SYSTEM

As part of this project, we designed a scaled-down wind turbine prototype to measure

and analyze essential parameters such as voltage and wind speed. This chapter
outlines the materials used, the Arduino programming codes developed, and the
methodology adopted to collect and interpret data obtained from the sensors.

FIGURE 61: WIRING THE SENSORS TO ARDUINO

54
 9.1. LIST OF MATERIALS USED

The table below presents the components required for building the wind turbine
prototype:

Material model

Arduino Uno

Wind Speed Sensor

Voltage Sensor

Breadboard

Connection Cables

SD Card Shield for Arduino

Resistors and Various Connectors

9.2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT WRITING ON A BREADBOARD

a. Connection of the Arduino to the Breadboard

Connect the GND pin of the Arduino to the negative (-) rail of the breadboard to
establish a common ground. Then, connect the 5V pin of the Arduino to the positive
(+) rail of the breadboard to provide power to the components.

b. Wiring the Voltage Sensor (Voltage Divider Module)

Module Input:
Connect the input terminals of the voltage divider module to the output
terminals of the wind turbine (positive and negative).
Module Output:
Connect the output pin of the module to an analog pin of the Arduino, such as
A0.

55
FIGURE 62: CONNEXION BETWEEN FIGURE 63: ARDUINO CARD
BREADBORD AND ARDUINO
c. Wiring the Wind Speed Sensor (Anemometer)
Signal:
The signal output of the anemometer is connected to a digital pin of the
Arduino.
Power Supply:
The power pin (VCC) of the anemometer is connected to the +5V rail of the
breadboard.
The GND pin of the anemometer is connected to the GND rail of the
breadboard.

d. Wiring the LCD Display

Power Supply:
Connect VCC to the +5V rail and GND to the GND rail of the breadboard.

e. The rectifier FIGURE 64: SENSOR OF WIND

SPEED
converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), essential for powering
electronic devices, while protecting sensitive components from polarity
variations. Soldering, on the other hand, ensures durable connections between
components or wires by providing good electrical conduction and mechanical
stability using a fusible material, such as tin, melted with a soldering iron.

FIGURE 65: RECTIFIER

56
  The final result of the assembly is a functional circuit incorporating a rectifier to
convert an alternating current (AC) source into direct current (DC) to power a
microcontroller (Arduino) and other electronic components. The connections
between the various elements (Arduino, breadboard, sensors, or other devices)
were made using carefully soldered wires to ensure optimal conductivity and
mechanical stability. The circuit allows for measurements or programmed
actions by the Arduino, with the results displayed on a connected LCD screen.
The setup is stable, functional, and designed to meet a specific application
requiring a reliable and stable DC power supply.

9.3. DEVELOPMENT WA
FIGURE 66:OF ALLCSENSORS
RDUINO
IRING ODES

FIGURE 67: CODE IN ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino code measures an analog voltage using pin A1 and displays it in
the serial monitor.

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 a. Constants:
SensorPin = A1: Pin for reading the voltage.
Vref = 5.0: Reference voltage (5V).

b. Setup:
Initializes serial communication at 9600 baud.

c. Loop:
Reads the analog value (0-1023) from pin A1.
Converts it to a real voltage using (readVoltage / 1023.0) * Vref * 2, accounting
for a voltage divider.
Displays the voltage in the serial monitor every second.

 Expected Output

The measured voltage (in volts) is displayed every second, considering the voltage
divider for ranges up to 10V.

9.4. DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY

a) Prototype Placement:The prototype is placed in an environment simulating

real wind conditions.
b) Data Collection:Voltage and wind speed sensors collect their respective data
continuously.
c) Data Storage: The collected data is recorded in real-time onto an SD card.
d) Data Analysis:The generated files are analyzed to interpret the prototype's
performance.

9.5. MEASURED DATA

a. Distances and Speeds Measured

 At a wind speed of 3 m/s, a distance of 13 cm was measured.

 At 4 m/s, a distance of 12 cm.
 At 7 m/s, a distance of 10 cm.
 At 8.8 m/s, a distance of 8 cm.
 At 11 m/s, a distance of 6 cm.

b. Corresponding Voltages

 At 3 m/s, the measured voltage was 0 V.

 At 4 m/s, the measured voltage was 0.03 V.
 At 7 m/s, the measured voltage was 0.34 V.
 At 8.8 m/s, the measured voltage was 0.82 V.
 At 11 m/s, the measured voltage was 1.54 V.
 At speeds close to the limit, a voltage of 2.5 V was recorded.

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 c. Analysis And Interpretation

As the wind speed increases, the distance traveled by the object decreases.
This indicates increasing resistance or an inverse relationship between the airflow
and the measured movement.

The generated voltage increases proportionally with the wind speed.

This relationship suggests that the voltage sensor or generator responds in a linear
or quasi-linear manner to the increase in wind speed.

FIGURE 68: DIAGRAM TENSION

 Maximum Voltage

The maximum measured voltage (2.5 V) corresponds to a high wind speed close to
the maximum capacity of the wind tunnel (21 m/s).

10. SOCIAL IMPACT

10.1. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
The installation of wind turbines in rural or isolated areas promotes awareness
among local communities about renewable energy. For instance, educational
workshops could be organized to explain the benefits of wind energy and the
scientific principles behind its operation.
Example: In Morocco, similar initiatives have been implemented in rural
regions of Essaouira to integrate renewable energy into agricultural practices,
enhancing community participation.

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 10.2. JOB CREATION
The development of small-scale wind turbines can generate employment
opportunities, not only in manufacturing but also in installation and maintenance.
Example: Projects like the Tarfaya wind farm in Morocco created hundreds of local
jobs during the construction and operation phases.

10.3. ACCESS TO ENERGY

In remote areas without access to the national electricity grid, wind turbines
can provide an autonomous energy source.
Example: In Kenya, the microgrid wind project has provided electricity to over
10,000 households in regions where no traditional electrical infrastructure existed.

11. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Aspect Description Example

Wind turbines reduce By replacing fossil
dependence on fossil fuels, lowering fuel energy like diesel, a 5
Reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions. kW wind turbine can
Carbon
prevent up to 2 tons of
Emissions
CO2 annually.
Innovations like colored blades In Norway, black
and radar technologies reduce blades on wind turbines
Biodiversity
impacts on wildlife, such as birds and reduced bird collisions by
Protection
bats. 70%.
Use of recyclable materials Siemens Gamesa
(e.g., bio-based composites) and low- developed fully recyclable
Resource
impact manufacturing processes blades, offering a
Efficiency
integrates wind turbines into a circular sustainable solution for
economy. the wind energy industry.

 EXTENDED ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
A complete LCA of a wind turbine covers the following stages: manufacturing,
transportation, installation, operation, and decommissioning. Studies demonstrate
that a wind turbine offsets the emissions associated with its production within 6
months to 1 year of operation.

60
 Example: According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA),
a wind turbine generates 20 to 25 times the energy required for its production over its
operational lifespan.
transportation manufacturing

decommissioning installation

operation

Economic Viability
The local production of small wind turbines not only reduces import costs but
also stimulates local economies. By encouraging domestic manufacturing and
maintenance, such projects promote economic self-reliance and create jobs.
Example: In India, microcredit programs have enabled farmers to install wind
turbines to power irrigation systems, significantly improving their economic
productivity and resilience.

Alignment with Policies and Sustainability

Wind turbines fit seamlessly into global sustainability frameworks, such as the
Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming to below 2°C. At the national
level, Morocco’s 2030 Energy Strategy targets 52% of electricity production from
renewable sources, including wind power.

Example: The wind farm project in Midelt aligns with Morocco’s strategy and
actively contributes to the country’s ambition of achieving carbon neutrality.

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 GENERAL CONCLUSION
The development of a reduced-scale wind turbine has successfully demonstrated the
design, realization, and implementation of a functional vertical-axis wind turbine
(VAWT) prototype. By integrating advanced simulation tools such as SolidWorks,
ANSYS Fluent, and MATLAB, the design process optimized aerodynamic and
mechanical performance while utilizing materials like PVC and compressed wood to
ensure a balance between cost, durability, and ease of prototyping. Real-world
testing validated the numerical models, confirming the turbine’s ability to efficiently
generate energy even at low wind speeds. Furthermore, the electrical system,
supported by an MPPT regulator and a 12V battery, maximized power extraction
while ensuring safe and reliable operation.

This project embodies a positive environmental and social dynamic. By harnessing

renewable energy, the wind turbine helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels and
decreases greenhouse gas emissions. Its reduced scale also addresses local energy
needs while minimizing transmission losses. Moreover, the project creates
opportunities to raise awareness in isolated communities about renewable energy
and promotes its adoption, while also generating jobs in manufacturing, installation,
and maintenance.
Adaptable to various environments, this prototype is particularly suitable for regions
with low wind speeds, such as rural or urban areas in North Africa. It aligns with
global sustainability goals, such as the Paris Agreement, and national energy
policies, like Morocco’s 2030 energy strategy. Challenges related to mechanical
constraints and energy conversion were successfully addressed through a

62
systematic approach, while future improvement paths include integrating IoT and
blockchain technologies to optimize energy management.

this project represents a significant step forward in the field of small-scale renewable
energy. It not only offers a practical and sustainable solution to current energy
challenges but also provides a solid foundation for future research and educational
applications. This achievement highlights the potential of innovation to transform
environmental challenges into sustainable opportunities.

FUTUR PERSPECTIVES
 Technical Optimization
- Test blade geometries and use recyclable materials.
- Enhance the generator for low wind speeds.
- Add sensors for performance monitoring and predictive maintenance.

 Environmental Impact
- Minimize biodiversity impacts (anti-collision technologies).
- Develop solutions for remote areas (public lighting, irrigation).

 Social and Economic Benefits

- Train local communities for maintenance.
- Reduce production costs with locally available materials.

 Research and Development

- Develop advanced prototypes (adaptive blades).
- Collaborate with universities and companies to industrialize the product.

 Policy Contribution
- Align with Morocco’s 2030 energy strategy.
- Seek subsidies to support large-scale production.

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64
 REFERENCES
Books and Academic References
1. Manwell, J. F., McGowan, J. G., & Rogers, A. L. (2009). Wind Energy
Explained: Theory, Design, and Application. Wiley.
2. Burton, T., Jenkins, N., Sharpe, D., & Bossanyi, E. (2021). Wind Energy
Handbook. Wiley.
3. Krohn, S., Morthorst, P. E., & Awerbuch, S. (2009). The Economics of Wind
Energy. EWEA.
4. IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). (2022). Renewable
Power Generation Costs in 2021.
5. GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council). (2021). Global Wind Report 2021.
6. World Bank Group. (2021). Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Developing
Countries.
Case Studies and Examples
1. Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy. (2021). Fully Recyclable Wind
Turbine Blades. Details innovative approaches to sustainability in wind turbine
manufacturing.
2. Midelt Wind Farm, Morocco: Highlights Morocco’s alignment with its 2030
renewable energy strategy and implementation of wind farms.
Research Papers
1. Saidur, R., Rahim, N. A., Islam, M. R., & Solangi, K. H. (2011).
Environmental Impact of Wind Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 15(5), 2423-2430. Examines the environmental impacts of wind
energy projects.
2. Sørensen, B. (2020). Renewable Energy: Physics, Engineering,
Environmental Impacts, Economics, and Planning. Academic Press.
A multidisciplinary resource for renewable energy planning and development.
Web Resources
1. IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency): https://www.irena.org
2. GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council): https://gwec.net/
3. European Wind Energy Association (EWEA): https://windeurope.org/