Exercise 1.

1:
Decide which of the following sentences are propositions. Write Y (Yes) if they
are and N (No) if they are not.
Sentence Proposition
0. Houston is located in Harris County. Y
1. San Antonio is the capital of Texas.
2. Is the sun shining?
3. 2  2  4.
4. A square has five sides.
5. 2  1  5.
6. What time is it?
7. Do the exercises at the end of the lesson.
8. 8 is an odd number.
9. Turn in your paper now!
10. She walks to school.
11. A square does not have five sides.
12. x  2  7.
13. Stop at the stop sign.
14. Every student in the class got the perfect score on the exam.
15. The earth is not round.
16. When will class be over?
17. Some students in the class could not get the perfect score on the
exam.
18. Watch out.
19. Jane Austen is the author of Pride and Prejudice.
20. Turn right at the traffic light.
Exercise 1.2:
Read the following pairs of sentences. Write S if they have the same proposition
and D if they have different propositions.
Sentence Proposition
0. a. John gave Mary a book.
S
b. Mary was given a book by John.
1. a. George danced with Ethel.
b. George didn’t dance with Ethel.
2. a. Sharks hunt seals.
b. Seals are prey to sharks.
3. a. Mr. Dindlay killed Janet.
b. Mr. Dindlay caused Janet to die.
4. a. John is the parent of James.
b. James is the parent of John.
5. a. Helen put on a sweater.
b. Helen put a sweater on.
6. a. The hunter bit the lion.
b. The lion bit the hunter.
7. a. Sam sliced the salami with a knife.
b. Sam used a knife to slice the salami.
8. a. The fly was on the wall.
b. The wall was under the fly.
9. a. Jack was injured by a stone.
b. Jack was hit by a stone.
10. a. Hong Kong is warmer than Beijing in December.
b. Beijing is cooler than Hong Kong in December.
Exercise 1.3:
Complete the statements by writing S (sentence) or U (utterance) into the
blanks.
0. The …S… is abstract, whereas the …U… is real speech attached to a certain
place, time, speaker, hearer, and situation.
1. The ……… may be syntactically complete or not.
2. The ……… is a complete syntactic unit.
3. The ……… may be only a part of the ……… .
4. The ……… is turned real through the ……… .
5. The same ……… can be turned into one ……… or more, depending on the
number of pauses made during saying the ……… .
6. The same ……… can be realized through millions of ………’s.
7. Whenever the ……… is spoken, it becomes a new different ……… .
8. Every ……… has a different situation (speaker, hearer, time, place, occasion)
and different phonetic qualities (stress, intonation, articulation).
Exercise 1.4:
Distinguish the characteristics of the proposition, the sentence, and the
utterance by putting a tick in the appropriate columns.
Proposition Sentence Utterance
0. Voice loudness 
1. Abstractness
2. Voice loudness
3. Grammatical correctness
4. Regional accent
5. Language dependence
6. The information truth
Exercise 1.8:
The word mean is frequently ambiguous. It is used to specify the kind of
meaning (or sense) that might be looked up in a dictionary. It is also used to
specify the reference of an expression in a particular situation. Decide whether
the word mean (and its other forms) in the following questions specifies Sense
(S) or Reference (R).
Sentences S or R
0. Salamat means ‘thank you’ in Tagalog. S
1. Usufruct means ‘the right of one individual to use and enjoy
the
property of another
2. When Jones said that he was meeting “a close friend” for
dinner, he meant his lawyer.
3. Daddy, what does logic mean?
4. You should say what you mean.
5. Purchase has the same meaning as buy.
6. Look up the meaning of democracy in your dictionary.
7. When Albert talks about his former friend, he means me.
8. Dissimilar means not alike.
9. When I said The pizza is cold, I meant my slice, not yours.
10. He doesn't really mean it - he's just being contrary.
Exercise 1.9:
Complete the following statements with the words given in the box.
language expression referent sentences
referring expression meaningful not
reference sense abstract
0. Not every language expression has a referent.
1. _____________ is the relation between a language expression and other
 language expressions in the same language.
2. _____________ is the relation between a language expression and an individual
entity in the external world.
3. The _____________ is a specific being in the external world.
4. Sense is not related to words only, but to phrases and _____________ as well.
5. The sentence does _____________ have a referent.
6. Only the _____________ has a referent.
7. Sense is _____________, but the referent is often real and concrete.
8. Every _____________ language expression has a sense.
Exercise 2.1:
Decide which of the following can be referring expressions (RE) or non-
referring expression (N).
0. Rome RE 00. honestly N
1. green ……… 11. the 16th President of the ………
US
2. Shakespeare ……… 12. this book ………
3. if ……… 13. so ………
4. not ……… 14. very ………
5. Pacific Ocean ……… 15. all ………
6. accurately ……… 16. maybe ………
7. and ……… 17. my eldest brother ………
8. Brad Pitt ……… 18. nice ………
9. because ……… 19. always ………
10. he ……… 20. us ………
Exercise 2.2:
Underline the referring expressions in the following sentences.
1. Khalid is a brilliant leader.
2. The boy may get sick as the girl.
3. I see a boy climbing the tree.
4. A boy must have broken the window.
5. You are better at swimming than Ali.
6. Planes are similar to birds.”
7. I never promised you a rose garden.
8. My grandfather planted a rose garden.
9. Leibniz is trying to find a solution to the equation.
10. Leibniz discovered the solution to the equation.
11. No cat likes being bathed.
12. All musicians are temperamental.
13. Abraham Lincoln was very close to his stepmother.
14. I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
15. He was back in the hospital this weekend after getting kicked by a horse.
16. Police searched the house for 6 hours but found no drugs.
17. Susan married the first man who proposed to her.
18. Every city has pollution problems.
19. We swam in Lake Ontario.
20. Somebody telephoned and left a message for you.
21. I hope somebody will straighten up this file cabinet.
22. The last person to leave the office should lock the door.
23. Evans sometimes forgets to keep his eye on the ball.
24. Take the cups off the table and put them in the cabinet.
25. This was the site of the Stanwick Theater. The stage was over here.
26. You might wake the baby.
27. The salesman who came here yesterday was back again today.
28. I’d like to look at the gold ring with a ruby on the top shelf of that display case.
29. This schedule is crazy.
30. She enjoyed herself at the party.
31. There’s a policeman looking at your car.
32. The script calls for a short fat guy.
33. This is the ham sandwich that you asked for.
34. We waited for twelve hours at Nairobi airport.
35. They had no food.
36. Edward opened the cupboard and a pair of shoes fell out.
37. Henry is going to make a cake.
38. Doris passed through the office like a whirlwind.
39. He was run over by a bus in Donnybrook.
40. What we need is an army of volunteers.
Exercise 2.3:
Underline the predicator in each of the following sentences.
0. The man ate the food.
1. The capital lies on the seashore.
2. His car is red.
3. He is in Canada.
4. A window broke.
5. Tom broke a window.
6. Our dog is under the house.
7. Jessica put some cheese on her toast.
8. Tyler sends e-mail to his friends.
9. Tyler sends his friends e-mail.
10. I am thirsty.
11. Mr. Whipple is a banker.
12. Hector is afraid of the dark.
13. My brother repaired my car.
14. A barking dog never bites.
15. Seoul is one of the biggest cities in Asia.
16. My hometown is not as crowded as this city.
17. Laura is a pretty librarian.
18. Helen looks like an old Barbie doll.
Exercise 2.4:
Underline the predicates in the following utterances.
0. How beautiful this garden is!
1. His rose garden needs more attention.
2. Water is essential to life.
3. He works as an engineer.
4. Adnan is an honest man.
5. The female cat at the zoo had a nasty accident yesterday.
6. Look at this strange bird with its colorful feathers.
7. Those houses are very expensive.

8. The man from the shop knows my secret.

9. Thomas Edison was an inventor.
10. Video games can be addictive.
11. Mai is younger than her sister.
12. The mother gave her baby a red apple.
13. Most students use the computers in the library.
14. English is a global language.
15. His grandfather was also a musician.
Exercise 2.5
Underline the predicators in the following sentences and decide their predicate
degrees.
Sentence Predicate
Degree
0. The cat is sleeping. 1
1. The cat is eating the dog’s food.
2. The author of the love letter did not succeed.
3. He’ll give my sister the keys.
4. He wants your help.
5. The door opened.
6. The dog cannot open the door.
7. The snow has melted.
8. I showed the photograph to them.
9. Thirty-one students filled in the questionnaire.
10. You put the keys on the windowsill.
11. Johnny’s sending an application to the company did not succeed.
12. It was still snowing outside.
13. Fred is eating spaghetti with a plastic fork from a big bowl.
14. She loaded the truck with bricks.
15. Did you hear that noise?
Exercise 2.6:
Decide the predicate degree of the underlined words in the following sentences.
Sentence Predicate
Degree
0. The cat is cute. 1
1. She wore a sweater similar to yours
2. Actually, my uncle is more fond of Molly than of her sister.
3. I hardly can imagine a book more boring than this one.
4. The pen is under the book.
5. The garden is beautiful.
6. He is still a child.
7. John is a brother of Robert.
8. The country is dependent on foreign oil.
9. The bird has flown away.
10. The Browns are neighbors of the Greens.
Exercise 2.7:
Underline the predicator in each of the following sentences, decide its predicate
degree, and write the relevant number above it.
(3)
0. Syria is between Jordan and Turkey.

1. Canada is north of the United States.

2. This book is about robots.

3. The blue car has arrived.

4. Tom is with Ann.

5. Look at the pretty cat at the far corner.

6. The package weighs five kilos.

7. The teacher asked his student two questions.

8. Sheila is like her mother.

9. He is John’s father.

10. The party was on Saturday.

11. The ball is on the tree.

12. It cost $20.

13. We enjoyed the concert.

14. The building stands near the river.

15. The earth rotates on its axis.

16. The next game will be at three o’clock.

17. The pond froze last night.

18. Jenny admired the painting.

19. This present is for you.

20. The university has closed down the faculty of the agriculture.

21. The university started on 15 April.

22. Garfield is on the mat.

23. Our meeting is after class.

24. It’s raining very heavily.

25. He bought his son a toy car.

Exercise 2.8:
Underline the predicates in the following sentences, decide their predicate
degrees, and write the relevant numbers above them.
(3)
0. Syria is between Jordan and Turkey.

1. Canada is north of the United States.

2. The plane is faster than the car.

3. My cousins live in a crowded city of France.

4. My mother’s company is moving soon.

5. He stood there, facing the wall, surprised and wondering.

6. Mrs. Brown went for long walks with her daughter.

7. She is now visiting a foreign company.

8. My sister agreed to lend him the book.

9. His wife is working at a university.

10. Mainstream media feed information to a large number of people.

Exercise 2.9:

Decide whether these following sentences are equative (E) or not (NE).

0. The city is large. NE

1. The boy is honest.

2. What is needed is a glass of water.

3. Hani is the manager of the company.

4. The fastest runner is Ali.

5. Peter is a loser.

6. The physician has not come yet.

7. The chairman is John.

8. Roller coasters are fun.

9. Edward is at home.

10. This chilli is tasty.

11. My mother-in-law is the mother of my spouse.

12. The African bush elephant is the largest land mammal.

13. The Eiffel Tower is a symbol of love.

14. Elon Musk is a man of wealth and great talent.

15. Germany is the most populous country in Europe.

Exercise 2.10:
Determine whether these following sentences are generic (G) or non-generic
(NG)?
Sentence G or NG
0. The monkey is a mammal. G
1. This bird is very beautiful.
2. A dog makes a fine pet.
3. He needs a man to help him.
4. The cat looks like the tiger.
5. Have you seen the cat?
6. Methane is lighter than air and highly flammable.
7. I’m sure there are answers to your questions.
8. Beings are either living or non-living.
9. He bought the house in the suburb.
10. The dog was man’s first domestic animal.
11. Plants differ from animals.
12. This is clean water.
13. A stitch in time saves nine.
14. Camels can travel long distances without drinking.
15. Tigers are on the front lawn.
16. Tigers are striped.
17. There is a dog lying in the middle of the street.
18. The octopus has eight tentacles and is quite intelligent.
19. The student body outnumbers the faculty.
20. Life’s battles don’t always go - To the stronger or faster man,
But sooner or later the man who wins - Is the one who thinks he
can.
Exercise 2.10:
Determine whether these following sentences are generic (G) or non-generic
(NG)?
Sentence G or NG
0. The monkey is a mammal. G
1. This bird is very beautiful.
2. A dog makes a fine pet.
3. He needs a man to help him.
4. The cat looks like the tiger.
5. Have you seen the cat?
6. Methane is lighter than air and highly flammable.
7. I’m sure there are answers to your questions.
8. Beings are either living or non-living.
9. He bought the house in the suburb.
10. The dog was man’s first domestic animal.
11. Plants differ from animals.
12. This is clean water.
13. A stitch in time saves nine.
14. Camels can travel long distances without drinking.
15. Tigers are on the front lawn.
16. Tigers are striped.
17. There is a dog lying in the middle of the street.
18. The octopus has eight tentacles and is quite intelligent.
19. The student body outnumbers the faculty.
20. Life’s battles don’t always go - To the stronger or faster man,
But sooner or later the man who wins - Is the one who thinks he
can.
Exercise 2.11:
Underline the deictic words in these utterances.
0. I like this shirt better than that one.
1. I will visit them then.
2. That was an amazing account.
3. John trusts himself.
4. I agree with you concerning this issue.
5. We will meet here.
6. He is not there now.
7. Go to him today or tomorrow.
8. I am going to the movies.
9. They tried to hurt me, but she came to the rescue.
10. In this family, we rarely smoke or drink.
11. I enjoy living in this city.
12. Here is where we will place the statue.
13. This is a great story.
14. She was sitting over there.
15. Here is a good spot; it is too sunny over there.
16. We are coming to New York next week.
17. How is the weather there?
18. I was disappointed that you didn’t come this afternoon.
19. It is raining now, but I hope when you read this; it will be sunny.
20. Matthew is an incredible athlete; he came in first in the race.
21. I was born in London, and I have lived here all my life.
22. Susan refuses to marry George because he smokes.
23. Every boy should respect his mother.
24. Every American male loves football; they watched three games last weekend.
 25. I’m not here now; please leave a message.

Exercise 3.9:
Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
0. The semantic field is the same as extension. …F…
1. The wider the semantic field, the more members it has. ……
2. The number of semantic fields in a language is not a controversial …
matter. ……
3. The semantic field is a group of unrelated words. …
4. The semantic field includes words indicating concrete beings only. ……
5. Antonyms do not come under the same semantic field. …
6. A word and its derivatives do not belong to the same semantic field. ……
7. The hyponym and the superordinate come under the same semantic …
field (SF). ……
8. The words student and students come under the same SF. …
9. Words in synonymy, hyponymy, or antonymy can replace one another ……
vertically in a sentence; they are vertically related. …
10. If words are not vertically related, they cannot belong to the same SF.
11. The words eye and see do not belong to the same SF. ……
12. Perpendicular antonymy does not allow words to be in the same SF. …
13. Words in affinity antonymy cannot belong to the same SF. ……
14. Words in partial antonymy are in the same SF. …
15. If a word belongs to a minor SF, it cannot belong to another minor SF.
16. If a word belongs to a minor SF, it cannot belong to a major SF. ……
17. Some words do not belong to any SF. …
18. Particles like prepositions and conjunctions do not belong to any SF. ……
…
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