1.

Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV

(Module1)

Module 1

Overview of Microprocessor
based System

Prepared By
AJIT SARAF1

Module 1
Overview of Microprocessor based System
 Overview of microcomputer systems and their
building blocks.
 Memory Interfacing.
 Steps taken by the microprocessor to fetch and
executes an instruction from the memory.
 Concepts of Program counter register, Reset, Stack
and stack pointer, Subroutine, Interrupts and Direct
Memory Access.
 Concept of RISC & CISC Architecture.
 Harvard & Von Neumann Architecture.
Approximate Weightage – 15 Marks
Prepared By
AJIT SARAF2

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 1

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Working of small organization

Block diagram of a Computer

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 2

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Terminologies used in Microprocessor

 Microprocessor: A device which performs operations
(Arithmetic, logical, etc) in micro steps is called as
Microprocessor.
 It consist of counter, switches, control circuit, decoder, control
unit, ALU, Flip-flops and registers.

 Program counter (PC): The counter used in a small model

is used to locate instructions in a proper sequence
(program). It always points to the next instruction which is
going to be fetched and executed.

Terminologies used in Microprocessor

ADDRESS DATA
PC -> 0000H MOV A,B (78H) – 8BIT
PC-> 0001H ADD A,B
PC->0002H HLT
RESET ADD B -> A=A+B
PC->0000H SUB B
PC->FFFFH MVI A,05H (79H & 05H)16BIT
LXI H, 5000H (21, 00, 50)

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 3

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Terminologies used in Microprocessor

 Memory: It is a combination of register array and the decoder
circuit.
 Memory addressing capacity of any microprocessor is depends on its
(microprocessor) address bus. 8085-2^16=64kb memory=65536
 8086 – address bus=20bit, 2^20= 1MB

Memory location (16bit) Data (8bit) Memory location Data (8bit)

0000000000000000 – 01010101 (55H) (10bit)
0000H 000H 01010101 (55H)
0001H 10101010 (AAH) 001H 10101010 (AAH)
0002H 002H
0003H 003H
..
..
1111111111111111 - FFFFH 25H 1111111111-3FFH 25H

Terminologies used in Microprocessor

 Address and Address Bus: The output of the program
counter which is given to memory is called address and the
group of wires that carries this address is called address
bus. e.g.8085-16bit, 8086-20bit, 8051-16bit

 Data and Data bus: Data is moved from register to

register, from memory to register through group of wires
called data bus (internal data bus & external data bus).
E.g.8085-8bit, 8086-16bit, 8051-8bit

 Control bus: To issue and receive control signals.

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 4

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Terminologies used in Microprocessor

 Word length: The group of bits that microprocessor can
recognize and process is called word, and microprocessors are
classified according to their word length (8-bit or 16-bit).

 Instruction register (IR): The register in which instruction

opcode is stored temporarily is called instruction register. IR
accepts opcode (1st byte of instruction) only.

 Instruction Decoder (ID): The decoder which takes the

instruction opcode from the instruction register and decodes it to
generate appropriate control signals corresponding to the
instruction is called instruction decoder.(FOR 8085- 8:256)

Terminologies used in Microprocessor

 Program: The sequence of instructions written for specific
operation is called program.

 Opcode: A binary code, that indicates the operation to be

performed is called as an Opcode.

 Operands: The data on which the operation is to be

performed (as well as the result of an operation) are called
as Operands.

 Instruction: The combination of opcode and an operand,

that can be used to instruct a system, is called as an
instruction.

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 5

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Terminologies used in Microprocessor

 Interrupt: The occurrence of special condition is referred
to as interrupt.

 Subroutine: Whenever microprocessor is interrupted,

program counter will jump from main program and point to
subroutine program (ISR) to give service for the respective
interrupt. After completion of ISR, program counter will
again resume from main program where it was interrupted.

 Stack & Stack Pointer: Stack is a reserved part of RAM

for storage of important data or address of interrupted
program. The register used to access the stack is called SP
(stack pointer) register.

Terminologies used in Microprocessor

 Tri state logic: It is a logic used in electronic circuits
wherein a third state, the high-impedance state, is added to
the original 1 and 0 logic states that a port can be in.

 Direct Memory Access (DMA): DMA controllers gives

direct access of memory (which is connected with
microprocessor) for I/O devices, to increase speed of
processing. This technique is used to speed up huge data
transfer.

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 6

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Terminologies used in Microprocessor

 Clock: In electronics and especially synchronous digital
circuits, a clock signal is a particular type of signal that
oscillates between a high and a low state and is used like a
metronome to coordinate actions of digital circuits.
 A clock signal is produced by a clock generator.
 The speed of a computer processor, or CPU, is determined by
the clock cycle, which is the amount of time between two pulses
of an oscillator.

Steps taken by the microprocessor to

fetch and executes an
instruction from the memory

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 7

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Data (Opcode) flow from memory to microprocessor

78 78

T3

Instruction W Reg Z Reg

register 78 B Reg C Reg

T4 D Reg E Reg
H Reg L Reg
Instruction SP 78
PC = 2000
Decoder 78
20 00
T1
e.g. 2000 – MOV A, B T5
AD0 AD7
2000 – 78 T2 Timing and ALE = 1 / 0
Control Latch
Memory
20 A8 A7 00 A0 78
2000 78 A15

2000

Memory External Data bus

Address Flow Read
78 78
Data Flow

Execution Flow
05 05 05 05 05

Instruction W Reg Z Reg

Acc = 05 Temp. Reg. Flag
register 78 B Reg C Reg
D Reg E Reg
H Reg L Reg
Instruction SP
Arithmetic
Logic PC
Unit Decoder 78
(ALU)
T5
AD7 AD0

MOV A, B
Timing and Control
Latch
Memory
A15 A8 A7 A0
2000 78

External Data bus

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 8

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Data flow from memory to microprocessor

05 OR 05

Operand T3
Fetch / Acc
Instruction W Reg Z Reg
register B Reg C Reg
Memory 05
D Reg E Reg

Read H Reg
SP
L Reg
05
Instruction
Machine Decoder
PC = 2001
20 T1 01
Cycle AD0 AD0
T2 Timing and ALE = 1 / 0

e.g. 2000 – MVI A, Control Lath

05
2001 – 05H Memory
(A  05H) 2000 3E A78 A8 A7 A0
2001 05 2001

Memory External Data bus

Address Flow Read
05
Data Flow

CISC Properties
 Complex instruction, hence complex instruction decoding.
 Instruction are larger than one word size.
 Instruction may take more than single clock cycle to get
executed.
 Less number of general purpose register as operation get
performed in memory itself.
 Complex Addressing Modes.
 More Data types.
 It must have a softwired control unit.

Prepared by AJIT SARAF

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 9

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

RISC Properties
Single cycle execution of all (80%) instructions.
Single word standard length of all instructions.
Small number of instructions.
Small number of instruction formats.
Small number of addressing modes.
Memory access possible by load and store instructions only.
All operations, except load and store, are register to register
i.e. within the CPU.
It must have a hardwired control unit.
it must also have a relatively large (32) general purpose CPU
register file.
Prepared by AJIT SARAF

CISC Vs RISC

Prepared by AJIT SARAF

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 10

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

CISC Vs RISC

Prepared by AJIT SARAF

Von Neumann Architecture

 The Von Neumann architecture is a theoretical computer
design based on the concept of stored-program where
programs and data are stored in the same memory.

 The concept was designed by a mathematician John Von

Neumann in 1945 and currently serves as the foundation of
almost all modern computers.

 Neumann machine consists of a central processor with an

arithmetic/logic unit and a control unit, a memory, mass
storage and input and output.

Prepared by AJIT SARAF

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 11

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Harvard Architecture
 The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with
physically separate storage and signal pathways for instructions
and data.

 The term originated from the Harvard Mark I relay-based

computer, which stored instructions on punched tape (24 bits wide)
and data in electro-mechanical counters.

 Some examples of Harvard architectures involve early computer

systems where programming input could be in one media, for
example, punch cards, and stored data could be in another media,
for example, on tap. More modern computers may have modern
CPU processes for both systems, but separate them in a hardware
design. Prepared by AJIT SARAF

Harvard & Von Neumann Architecture

Prepared by AJIT SARAF

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 12

1. Overview of Microprocessor based System TE EXTC, SEM-IV
(Module1)

Sample Questions
1) Draw and Explain Block diagram of Microprocessor based system.(10)
2) What are different types of buses in microprocessor base system?
Discuss their role in the system in brief. (10)
3) Differentiate between RISC & CISC architecture. (05)
4) Differentiate between Von Neumann & Harvard architecture. (05)
5) Explain steps taken by the microprocessor to fetch and executes an
instruction from the memory. (10)

Prepared by AJIT SARAF 13