Contents

Sl. No. Title of work Page No.

I. Introduction 5

II. PROPERTIES 8

III. CRAMERS RULE 14

vii. CONCLUSION 18

viii. BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

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INTRODUCTION
Determinant is a single number or scalar associated with every matrix the element of

the square matrix enclosed by two vertical bars one on the left and the other on the right to

form a determinant. The determinant of a matrix in linear algebra. It is useful value that can

be completed from the element of a square matix. The determinant of a matrix A is denoted

by , determinant A or A.

DEFINATION

Determinant is a arrangement of numbers, sign, symbol within bar bracket having

equal number of rows and column.

ROWS – The horizontal arrangement are called rows.

COLUMN – The vertical arrangement are called column.

| | Rows

Column

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REPRESENTATION OF ELEMENT DETERMINANT

Generally the elements of the determinant are represented in form of „Aij‟ where „i‟

represent the rows and „j‟ represented the column to which the elements belongs.

A 2nd order determinant in form of „Aij‟ can be represented as:

| |

A 3rd Order determinant is form of „Aij‟ can be represented as:

| |

CHARACTERISTIC

1. It is numerical value – This means that it is expressed in form of certain numerical

figure of quantity.

2. It is obtained from a square matrix – This implies that a determinant can be had only

from a square matrix and not form any other matrix whole number of rows and

columns are not equal.

3. It is obtained from a square matrix enclosed by two bars in its left and right hand side.

The system of matrix is adapted only to confusion in distinguishing a determinant

from matrix.

4. It has a large number of algebraic properties. The determinant of a matrix has a large

number of algebraic properties for which its value can be determine straight away

without undergoing the normal produces which is usually lengthy and tedious one.

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 5. The minor element of a determinant can be obtained by deducting the rows and

columns in which the element lies.

It is denoted by the symbol “M” the value is obtained by deducting the product of its non-

leading diagonal element from products of its leading diagonal element.

Mathematically if –

A=| |

Then, | |

For example:

A=| |

M11=4 M21=2

M12=3 M22= 1

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 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT

Property – 1

The value of a determinant is zero, if all its elements of a particular row or columns

are zero.

For example:

A=| |

= 5 (0-0) -7(0-0) +9(0-0)

= 5x0-7x0+9x0

=0-0+0

=0

Property – 2

The value of determinant is zero. it any two rows or columns are identical.

i..e. | | or | |

For example:

A=| |

=2(8-8) -5(6-6) +7(12-12)

= 2*0-5*0+7*0=0

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Property – 3

The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are

interchanged.

For example:

A=| |

=3 (12-27) -1 (24-63) +7 (12-14)

= (3x-15) – (1x -39) + (7x -2)

= -45 +39-14 = -20

Al = | |

= 3 (12-27) -4 (6-21) +7(9-14)

= 3x -15 -4 x -15 +7x -5

= -45 + 60 -35

= -20

Property – 4

If any two rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged then the value of

determinant remains same with opposite sign.

i.e. | |=| |

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=| |

= 4 (49-45) -3 (42-18) +5 (30-14)

= 4x4-3x24 +5 x16

= 16-72+80

= 24

| |

= 6 (21-25) – 7 (28-10) +9 (20-6)

= (6x -4) – (-7 x18) + (9x 14)

= -24 -126 +126

= -24

Property -5

If any rows or column of a determinant is multiplied by any constant then the whole

value of the determinant is multiplied by the same constant.

A=| |

= 2 (14-18) -3 (7-15) +4 (6-10)

= 2(-4)-3 (7-15)+4(6-10)

=-8 +24-16

=0

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=2| |=| |

= 4 (56-72) -6 (28-66) +8 (24-40)

= 4 (-16) -6 (-32) +8(-16)

= -64+192-128

= 128-128 = 0

Property – 6

If any rows or column of a determinant is given a sum or difference of two or more

i.e. x+y-z p+q-r a+b-c

a b c

l m n

=| |+| |-| |

Property – 7

If the element in any rows or column of a determinant are added or subtracted from
the elements in any rows or column, then the value of the determinant remain unchanged.

For example:

Let A = | |

= 1 (2-1) -2 (4-1)+1 (2-1)

= 1-6+1

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=2-6= -4

Replacing R1 R1+R2

R2 R2-R3

We get:

A1 = | |

= 3 (0+1) -3 (2+1)+2 (1-0)

= 3-9+2

= 5-9

= -4

So A = A1

Property – 8

The sum of the product of the element of the element of any rows and columns of a

determinant is multiplied by the Co-factor of any other row given zero.

| |

= a11 c21 + a12 c22 + a13 c23 = 0

a11 c31 + a12 c32 + a13 c33=0

i.e. | |

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c11 = 1 C21= 1

C12= 0 C22=2

C13 =-1C23= 1

CO-FACTOR

Co-factor of an element of a determinant is its co-efficient while evaluating of the

determinant. It is the signed minor of the element. It is positive or negative of the minor

depending position of the element.

It is often by using the formula by “(ij”=(-1)1+3 x Mij (i) = And number of column

Thus C11 = (-1) 1+1 x M11, C 12 = (-1) 1+2 x M12, C13 = (-1) 1+3 x M13

For example:

A=| |

C11 = (-1)1+1 x M11 = (-1)2 x 6=6

C12 = (-1)1+2 x M12 = (-1)3 x 1= -1

C21 = (-1)2+1 x M21 = (-1)3 x 5= -5

C22 = (-1)2+2 x M22 = (-1)4 x 2=2

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 APPLICATION OF A DETERMINANT

CRAMER’S RULE

Cramer‟s Rule is an implicit formula for the salvation of a system of linear equation

and it valid when the system has unique solution.

Cramer‟s rule is the systematic method to solve the linear equation with two or more variable

by using determinant introduced by cramer.

According to this rule – a1 x + b1 y = C1 A2 x +b2 y = C2

Two given linear equation then,

D=| | = a1b2 – a2b1 0

Dx = | | = c1b2 – c2b1

Dy= | | = a1c2 – a2c1

X = Dx ÷ D

Y = Dy ÷ D

CRAMER’S RULE CASES

Case – 1 appreciated only when D 0

Case – 2 If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0

Case – 3 If D=0 but any are D1, D2 and D3 is non other the equation are constant so there is
no solution.

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 CONJUGATED AND ADJUGATE OF A DETERMINANT

CONJUGATED OF DETERMINANT

If „A‟ is a given determinant then its conjugated can be obtain taking its transpose that

is interchanging its row and column. It is denoted as A.

i.e. | |=| |

| |1 = | |

ADJUGATED OF A DETERMINANT

The determinant format by the Co-factors of corresponding element is called the adjugated of

determinant.

Adjugated A is represent as Adj( A) .

i.e. Let A

=| |

And Co-factor Aij is Cij

The Adj A = | |

Then Adj A = | |

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SARRUS EXPENSION METHOD

French Mathematician Pierre Fmedic Sarrus (1748-1816) gave a new concept of numerical

value of determinant of 3rd order. Professor Sarrus has suggested a simple diagram know as

sarrus diagram in which after writing the 1st three column of a given determinant write

column 1 and 2 to make fine column the following two step should be continued.

Step – 1

Find the sum of the product of the element among the leading diagonal as well as the element
of other diagonal from left to right downwards.

Step – 2

Find the sum of the product of element along the many three diagonals from left to right
upwards.

Step – 3

Deducted Step – 3 from Step – 1:

It can be presented by:

| |

The above Sarrus diagram of determinant can be expressed in the form of an equation

as under: -

{(a11.a22.a33) + a12.a23.a31) +(a13.a21.a32) – {(a31.a22.a13) +(a32.a23.a11) + (a33.a21.a12)}

For example:

| |

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= (2x5x2) + (4x7x2) + (1x1x1) – (2x5x1) + (1x7x2) + (2x1x4)

= (20+56+1) – (10+14+8)

= 77-32

= 45 (Ans)

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 CONCLUSION

From the above project it is concluded that this project describes complete information about

the uses of Determinant in practical world.

Determinant is an mathematical expression in which it is enclosed by two vertical bar brackets

and inside it elements are posted.

There are various methods to solve determinant they are:- Sarrus diagram, cramers rule,

Adjucate and Conjugate. Determinant is also used solve to linear equation by cramers rule.

It is also used in our life to solve difficult questions easily.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Elements of business Mathematics and Statistics

Author: SARAT KUMAR SAHOO

Websites

WWW.Google.com

WWW.Toppers.co

WWW.wikipedia.com

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