LM3914
LM3914
LM3914
January 2000
LM3914
Dot/Bar Display Driver
General Description Much of the display flexibility derives from the fact that all
outputs are individual, DC regulated currents. Various effects
The LM3914 is a monolithic integrated circuit that senses can be achieved by modulating these currents. The indi-
analog voltage levels and drives 10 LEDs, providing a linear vidual outputs can drive a transistor as well as a LED at the
analog display. A single pin changes the display from a mov- same time, so controller functions including “staging” control
ing dot to a bar graph. Current drive to the LEDs is regulated can be performed. The LM3914 can also act as a program-
and programmable, eliminating the need for resistors. This mer, or sequencer.
feature is one that allows operation of the whole system from
The LM3914 is rated for operation from 0˚C to +70˚C. The
less than 3V.
LM3914N-1 is available in an 18-lead molded (N) package.
The circuit contains its own adjustable reference and accu-
The following typical application illustrates adjusting of the
rate 10-step voltage divider. The low-bias-current input
reference to a desired value, and proper grounding for accu-
buffer accepts signals down to ground, or V−, yet needs no
rate operation, and avoiding oscillations.
protection against inputs of 35V above or below ground. The
buffer drives 10 individual comparators referenced to the
precision divider. Indication non-linearity can thus be held Features
typically to 1⁄2%, even over a wide temperature range. n Drives LEDs, LCDs or vacuum fluorescents
Versatility was designed into the LM3914 so that controller, n Bar or dot display mode externally selectable by user
visual alarm, and expanded scale functions are easily added n Expandable to displays of 100 steps
on to the display system. The circuit can drive LEDs of many n Internal voltage reference from 1.2V to 12V
colors, or low-current incandescent lamps. Many LM3914s n Operates with single supply of less than 3V
can be “chained” to form displays of 20 to over 100 seg-
n Inputs operate down to ground
ments. Both ends of the voltage divider are externally avail-
n Output current programmable from 2 mA to 30 mA
able so that 2 drivers can be made into a zero-center meter.
n No multiplex switching or interaction between outputs
The LM3914 is very easy to apply as an analog meter circuit.
n Input withstands ± 35V without damage or false outputs
A 1.2V full-scale meter requires only 1 resistor and a single
3V to 15V supply in addition to the 10 display LEDs. If the 1 n LED driver outputs are current regulated,
resistor is a pot, it becomes the LED brightness control. The open-collectors
simplified block diagram illustrates this extremely simple ex- n Outputs can interface with TTL or CMOS logic
ternal circuitry. n The internal 10-step divider is floating and can be
When in the dot mode, there is a small amount of overlap or referenced to a wide range of voltages
“fade” (about 1 mV) between segments. This assures that at
no time will all LEDs be “OFF”, and thus any ambiguous dis-
play is avoided. Various novel displays are possible.
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Note: Grounding method is typical of all uses. The 2.2 µF tantalum or 10 µF aluminum electrolytic capacitor is needed if leads to the LED supply are 6" or
longer.
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LM3914
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) Reference Load Current 10 mA
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, Storage Temperature Range −55˚C to +150˚C
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Soldering Information
Distributors for availability and specifications. Dual-In-Line Package
Soldering (10 seconds) 260˚C
Power Dissipation (Note 6) Plastic Chip Carrier Package
Molded DIP (N) 1365 mW Vapor Phase (60 seconds) 215˚C
Supply Voltage 25V Infrared (15 seconds) 220˚C
Voltage on Output Drivers 25V See AN-450 “Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect
Input Signal Overvoltage (Note 4) ± 35V on Product Reliability” for other methods of soldering
Divider Voltage −100 mV to V+ surface mount devices.
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LM3914
Electrical Characteristics (Notes 2, 4) (Continued)
Note 2: Unless otherwise stated, all specifications apply with the following conditions:
3 VDC ≤ V+ ≤ 20 VDC VREF, VRHI, VRLO ≤ (V+ − 1.5V)
3 VDC ≤ VLED ≤ V+ 0V ≤ VIN ≤ V+ − 1.5V
−0.015V ≤ VRLO ≤ 12 VDC TA = +25˚C, IL(REF) = 0.2 mA, VLED = 3.0V, pin 9 connected to pin 3 (Bar Mode).
−0.015V ≤ VRHI ≤ 12 VDC
For higher power dissipations, pulse testing is used.
Note 3: Accuracy is measured referred to +10.000 VDC at pin 6, with 0.000 VDC at pin 4. At lower full-scale voltages, buffer and comparator offset voltage may add
significant error.
Note 4: Pin 5 input current must be limited to ± 3 mA. The addition of a 39k resistor in series with pin 5 allows ± 100V signals without damage.
Note 5: Bar mode results when pin 9 is within 20 mV of V+. Dot mode results when pin 9 is pulled at least 200 mV below V+ or left open circuit. LED No. 10 (pin
10 output current) is disabled if pin 9 is pulled 0.9V or more below VLED.
Note 6: The maximum junction temperature of the LM3914 is 100˚C. Devices must be derated for operation at elevated temperatures. Junction to ambient thermal
resistance is 55˚C/W for the molded DIP (N package).
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LM3914
Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
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LM3914
Block Diagram (Showing Simplest Application)
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LM3914
Functional Description MODE PIN USE
Pin 9, the Mode Select input controls chaining of multiple
The simplifed LM3914 block diagram is to give the general
LM3914s, and controls bar or dot mode operation. The fol-
idea of the circuit’s operation. A high input impedance buffer
lowing tabulation shows the basic ways of using this input.
operates with signals from ground to 12V, and is protected
Other more complex uses will be illustrated in the applica-
against reverse and overvoltage signals. The signal is then
tions.
applied to a series of 10 comparators; each of which is bi-
ased to a different comparison level by the resistor string. Bar Graph Display: Wire Mode Select (pin 9) directly to pin
3 (V+ pin).
In the example illustrated, the resistor string is connected to
the internal 1.25V reference voltage. In this case, for each Dot Display, Single LM3914 Driver: Leave the Mode Select
125 mV that the input signal increases, a comparator will pin open circuit.
switch on another indicating LED. This resistor divider can Dot Display, 20 or More LEDs: Connect pin 9 of the first
be connected between any 2 voltages, providing that they driver in the series (i.e., the one with the lowest input voltage
are 1.5V below V+ and no less than V−. If an expanded scale comparison points) to pin 1 of the next higher LM3914 driver.
meter display is desired, the total divider voltage can be as Continue connecting pin 9 of lower input drivers to pin 1 of
little as 200 mV. Expanded-scale meter displays are more higher input drivers for 30, 40, or more LED displays. The
accurate and the segments light uniformly only if bar mode is last LM3914 driver in the chain will have pin 9 wired to pin 11.
used. At 50 mV or more per step, dot mode is usable. All previous drivers should have a 20k resistor in parallel with
LED No. 9 (pin 11 to VLED).
INTERNAL VOLTAGE REFERENCE
The reference is designed to be adjustable and develops a Mode Pin Functional Description
nominal 1.25V between the REF OUT (pin 7) and REF ADJ
This pin actually performs two functions. Refer to the simpli-
(pin 8) terminals. The reference voltage is impressed across
fied block diagram below.
program resistor R1 and, since the voltage is constant, a
constant current I1 then flows through the output set resistor
Block Diagram of Mode Pin Description
R2 giving an output voltage of:
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Since the 120 µA current (max) from the adjust terminal rep- DS007970-5
resents an error term, the reference was designed to mini- *High for bar
mize changes of this current with V+ and load changes.
DOT OR BAR MODE SELECTION
CURRENT PROGRAMMING The voltage at pin 9 is sensed by comparator C1, nominally
A feature not completely illustrated by the block diagram is referenced to (V+ − 100 mV). The chip is in bar mode when
the LED brightness control. The current drawn out of the ref- pin 9 is above this level; otherwise it’s in dot mode. The com-
erence voltage pin (pin 7) determines LED current. Approxi- parator is designed so that pin 9 can be left open circuit for
mately 10 times this current will be drawn through each dot mode.
lighted LED, and this current will be relatively constant de- Taking into account comparator gain and variation in the
spite supply voltage and temperature changes. Current 100 mV reference level, pin 9 should be no more than 20 mV
drawn by the internal 10-resistor divider, as well as by the ex- below V+ for bar mode and more than 200 mV below V+ (or
ternal current and voltage-setting divider should be included open circuit) for dot mode. In most applications, pin 9 is ei-
in calculating LED drive current. The ability to modulate LED ther open (dot mode) or tied to V+ (bar mode). In bar mode,
brightness with time, or in proportion to input voltage and pin 9 should be connected directly to pin 3. Large currents
other signals can lead to a number of novel displays or ways drawn from the power supply (LED current, for example)
of indicating input overvoltages, alarms, etc. should not share this path so that large IR drops are avoided.
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LM3914
Mode Pin Functional Description LEDs OFF) is 1.6 mA (2.5 mA max). However, any reference
loading adds 4 times that current drain to the V+ (pin 3) sup-
(Continued)
ply input. For example, an LM3914 with a 1 mA reference pin
LED No. 1 of the second device comes on. The connection load (1.3k), would supply almost 10 mA to every LED while
for cascading in dot mode has already been described and is drawing only 10 mA from its V+ pin supply. At full-scale, the
depicted below. IC is typically drawing less than 10% of the current supplied
As long as the input signal voltage is below the threshold of to the display.
the second LM3914, LED No. 11 is off. Pin 9 of LM3914 The display driver does not have built-in hysteresis so that
No. 1 thus sees effectively an open circuit so the chip is in the display does not jump instantly from one LED to the next.
dot mode. As soon as the input voltage reaches the thresh- Under rapidly changing signal conditions, this cuts down
old of LED No. 11, pin 9 of LM3914 No. 1 is pulled an LED high frequency noise and often an annoying flicker. An “over-
drop (1.5V or more) below VLED. This condition is sensed by lap” is built in so that at no time between segments are all
comparator C2, referenced 600 mV below VLED. This forces LEDs completely OFF in the dot mode. Generally 1 LED
the output of C2 low, which shuts off output transistor Q2, ex- fades in while the other fades out over a mV or more of
tinguishing LED No. 10. range (Note 3). The change may be much more rapid be-
VLED is sensed via the 20k resistor connected to pin 11. The tween LED No. 10 of one device and LED No. 1 of a second
very small current (less than 100 µA) that is diverted from device “chained” to the first.
LED No. 9 does not noticeably affect its intensity. The LM3914 features individually current regulated LED
An auxiliary current source at pin 1 keeps at least 100 µA driver transistors. Further internal circuitry detects when any
flowing through LED No. 11 even if the input voltage rises driver transistor goes into saturation, and prevents other cir-
high enough to extinguish the LED. This ensures that pin 9 of cuitry from drawing excess current. This results in the ability
LM3914 No. 1 is held low enough to force LED No. 10 off of the LM3914 to drive and regulate LEDs powered from a
when any higher LED is illuminated. While 100 µA does not pulsating DC power source, i.e., largely unfiltered. (Due to
normally produce significant LED illumination, it may be no- possible oscillations at low voltages a nominal bypass ca-
ticeable when using high-efficiency LEDs in a dark environ- pacitor consisting of a 2.2 µF solid tantalum connected from
ment. If this is bothersome, the simple cure is to shunt LED the pulsating LED supply to pin 2 of the LM3914 is recom-
No. 11 with a 10k resistor. The 1V IR drop is more than the mended.) This ability to operate with low or fluctuating volt-
900 mV worst case required to hold off LED No. 10 yet small ages also allows the display driver to interface with logic cir-
enough that LED No. 11 does not conduct significantly. cuitry, opto-coupled solid-state relays, and low-current
incandescent lamps.
OTHER DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS
The LM3914 is relatively low-powered itself, and since any
number of LEDs can be powered from about 3V, it is a very
efficient display driver. Typical standby supply current (all
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LM3914
Typical Applications
Zero-Center Meter, 20-Segment
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LM3914
Typical Applications (Continued)
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*This application illustrates that the LED supply needs practically no filtering
Calibration: With a precision meter between pins 4 and 6 adjust R1 for voltage VD of 1.20V. Apply 4.94V to pin 5, and adjust R4 until LED No. 5 just lights.
The adjustments are non-interacting.
Application Example:
Grading 5V Regulators
Highest No.
Color VOUT(MIN)
LED on
10 Red 5.54
9 Red 5.42
8 Yellow 5.30
7 Green 5.18
6 Green 5.06
5V
5 Green 4.94
4 Green 4.82
3 Yellow 4.7
2 Red 4.58
1 Red 4.46
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LM3914
Typical Applications (Continued)
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LEDs light up as illustrated with the upper lit LED indicating the actual input voltage. The display appears to increase resolution and provides an analog
indication of overrange.
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*The input to the Dot-Bar Switch may be taken from cathodes of other LEDs. Display will change to bar as soon as the LED so selected begins to light.
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LM3914
Typical Applications (Continued)
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Full-scale causes the full bar display to flash. If the junction of R1 and C1 is connected to a different LED cathode, the display will flash when that LED lights,
and at any higher input signal.
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Hysteresis is 0.5 mV to 1 mV
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LM3914
Typical Applications (Continued)
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The LED currents are approximately 10 mA, and the LM3914 outputs operate in saturation for minimum dissipation.
*This point is partially regulated and decreases in voltage with temperature. Voltage requirements of the LM3914 also decrease with temperature.
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LM3914
Typical Applications (Continued)
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*The exact wiring arrangement of this schematic shows the need for Mode Select (pin 9) to sense the V+ voltage exactly as it appears on pin 3.
Programs LEDs to 10 mA
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LM3914
Application Hints (Continued)
Greatly Expanded Scale (Bar Mode Only)
APPLICATION TIPS FOR THE LM3914 ADJUSTABLE
REFERENCE
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LM3914
Application Hints (Continued)
Non-Interacting Adjustments for Expanded Scale Meter (4.5V to 5V, Bar or Dot Mode)
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Other Applications
Adjusting Linearity of Several Stacked Dividers
• “Slow” — fade bar or dot display (doubles resolution)
• 20-step meter with single pot brightness control
• 10-step (or multiples) programmer
• Multi-step or “staging” controller
• Combined controller and process deviation meter
• Direction and rate indicator (to add to DVMs)
• Exclamation point display for power saving
• Graduations can be added to dot displays. Dimly light ev-
ery other LED using a resistor to ground
• Electronic “meter-relay” — display could be circle or
semi-circle
• Moving “hole” display — indicator LED is dark, rest of bar
lit
• Drives vacuum-fluorescent and LCDs using added pas-
sive parts
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LM3914
Connection Diagrams
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LM3914
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
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LM3914 Dot/Bar Display Driver
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.