Chemistry Lecturer-1

Textbook
Chemistry is the study of composition, structure, and
properties of matter and the changes it undergoes:

Importance of chemistry in the field of Engineering

• Engineering Materials
• Energy sources
• Chemicals and Petrochemicals
• The role of chemistry in saving the environment
Contents
• Gases
• Solutions
• Solids & Modern Materials
• Acids & Bases
• Chemical Equilibrium
• Thermodynamics
• Electrochemistry
• Spectroscopy
Chemistry often is called the central science because
knowledge of the principles of chemistry can facilitate
understanding of other sciences, including physics, biology,
geology, astronomy, oceanography, engineering, and
medicine.

Chemistry is the study of matter and the

changes that matter undergoes.

Matter is what makes up our bodies, our belongings, our

physical environment, and in fact our universe. Matter is
anything that has mass and occupies space.
What is Physical Chemistry?
Why we do warm ourselves by a radiator?

We turn on the radiator if we feel cold and warm ourselves

in front of it. We become warm because heat travels from
the radiator to us, and we absorb its heat energy, causing
our own energy content to rise. This explains why we feel
more comfortable.

The physical chemist could do nothing if nothing

happened; chemists look at changes.

We say a physical chemist alters variables, such as pressure

or temperature. Typically, a chemist causes one variable to
change and looks at the resultant response, if any.
Chemists classify matter as either a substance or a
mixture of substances.

A substance is a form of matter that has a definite

(constant) composition and distinct properties.

Substances can be either elements (such as iron,

mercury, and oxygen) or compounds (such as salt,
water, and carbon dioxide). They differ from one
another in composition and can be identified by
appearance, smell, taste, and other properties.
 Temperature
There are two temperature scales used in chemistry. Their
units are degrees Celsius (°C) and kelvin (K).
• The Celsius scale was originally defined using the freezing
point (0°C) and the boiling point (100 C) of pure water at
sea level.
• Kelvin is known as the absolute temperature scale,
meaning that the lowest temperaturepossible is 0 K, a
temperature referred to as “absolute zero.”

Celsius to Kelvin K = °C + 273

Celsius to Fahrenheit °F = (1.8 (°C) + 32
Temperature in Fahrenheit (°C) = °F – 32) / 1.8
 Physical Properties
Color, melting point, boiling point, and physical state are
all physical properties.
A physical property is one that can be observed and
measured without changing the identity of a substance
For example, we can determine the melting point of ice by
heating a block of ice and measuring the temperature at
which the ice is converted to water. Liquid water differs
from ice in appearance but not in composition; both liquid
water and ice are H2O. Melting is a physical change; one in
which the state of matter changes, but the identity of the
matter does not change. We can recover the original ice by
cooling the water until it freezes. Therefore, the melting
point of a substance is a physical property.
Chemical Properties
The statement “Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen gas to
form water” describes a chemical property of
hydrogen, because to observe this property we must
carry out a chemical change—burning in oxygen
(combustion), in this case. After a chemical change,
the original substance (hydrogen gas in this case) will
no longer exist. What remains is a different substance
(water, in this case).
 States of Matter
In a solid, particles are held close together in an
orderly fashion with little freedom of motion. As a
result, a solid does not conform to the shape of its
container.

Molecular-level of a solid, liquid, and gas Water as a solid (ice), liquid, and gas
• In a liquid, particles are close together but are not held
rigidly in position; they are free to move past one another.
Thus, a liquid conforms to the shape of the part of the
container it fills.
• In a gas, the particles are separated by distances that are
very large compared to the size of the particles. A sample
of gas assumes both the shape and the volume of its
container.

Molecular-level of a solid, liquid, and gas. Water as a solid (ice), liquid, and gas
• The three states of matter can be interconverted
without changing the chemical composition of the
substance.
• Upon heating, a solid (e.g., ice) will melt to form a
liquid (water). Further heating will vaporize the
liquid, converting it to a gas (water vapor).
• Conversely, cooling a gas will cause it to condense
into a liquid. When the liquid is cooled further, it will
freeze into the solid form.
GASES
Gases Substances that exist in the gaseous phase
under normal atmospheric conditions

Molecular Compound
Formula Name
HCl Hydrogen chloride
NH3 Ammonia
CO2 Carbon dioxide
HCN Hydrogen cyanide
CH4 Methane
 Characteristics of Gases
• A sample of gas assumes both the shape and
volume of its container.
• Gases are compressible.
• Gases form homogeneous mixtures (solutions)
with one another in any proportion.
• The densities of gases are much smaller than
those of liquids and solids and are highly variable
depending on temperature and pressure.
 Gas Laws
The physical state of gas can be described completely with just
four parameters:
Temperature & Pressure & Volume & Number of moles
Knowing any three of these parameters enables us to calculate
the fourth.
The relationships between these parameters are known as the
gas laws.
Pressure (P) & Volume (V)
Temperature (T) & Volume (V)
volume (V) & amount (n)
Boyle’s Law Pressure – Volume Relationship
(1627-1691) (Temperature is constant)

The pressure of a fixed amount of gas at a constant

temperature is inversely proportional to the volume of
the gas
V α 1/P
BOYLE’S LAW: THE PRESSURE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP
constant temperature, constant amount of gas constant T and n

pV  n R T n, T  const.
p V  const. p1V1  p2V2
const. 1
p p
V V

p T3 > T 2 > T 1

T3
T2
T1

constant temperature V
Sample Problem
If a skin diver takes a breath at the surface,
filling his lungs with 5.82 L of air, what volume
will the air in his lungs occupy when he dives to
a depth where the pressure is 1.92 atm?
 Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s Law:
Temperature – Volume relationship (pressure is constant)

“At constant pressure, the

volume of a gas sample
increases when heated
and decreases when
cooled”.
Charles (1746-1823) Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

Charles’s law states that “the volume of a fixed amount

of gas maintained at constant pressure is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas”.

V1 / T1 = k = V2 / T2
m


Sample Problem
A sample of argon gas that originally occupied 14.6 L
at 25.0 ˚C was heated to 50.0 ˚C at constant pressure.
What is its new volume?
Avogadro’s Law
(1776-1856)

Avogadro ’ s law states that “ the volume of a

sample of gas is directly proportional to the
number of moles in the sample at constant
temperature and pressure”:
Vn
 Problems
Sample Problem 1

Given P1 1.50 atm, V1 = 37.3 mL, and P2 = 1.18 atm,

calculate V2. Assume that n and T are constant.
a) 0.0211 mL
b) 0.0341 mL
c) 29.3 mL
d) 12.7 mL
e) 47.4 mL

Given T1 21.5 ◦C, V1 50.0 mL, and T2 316 ◦C, calculate

Sample Problem 2

V2. Assume that n and P are constant.

a) 100 mL
b) 73.5 mL
c) 25.0 mL
d) 3.40 mL
e) 26.5 mL
The Ideal Gas Equation

We can combine these equations into the following general

equation that describes the physical behavior of all gases:

V α nT/P V = R . nT/P

PV = nRT R = 0.082 L. atm / K. mol

Problem calculate the volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at
0 ◦C and 1 atm, conditions known as standard
temperature and pressure (STP)?

Calculate the volume of a mole of ideal gas

at room temperature (25 ◦C) and 1 atm?
Calculate the volume of 12.5 g of CO2 gas occupy at a
temperature of 40 ˚C and a pressure of 1.20 atm?
Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that:
The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the sum
of the partial pressures exerted by each component of
the mixture:

Schematic show of
Dalton’s law of partial
pressures. Total pressure
is equal to the sum of
partial pressures.
Gas Mixtures
• When two or more gaseous substances are placed in a container, each gas
behaves as though it occupies the container alone. For example, if we place
1.00 mole of N2 gas in a 5.00-L container at 0°C, it exerts a pressure of

• If we then add a mole of another gas, such as O2, the pressure exerted by N2
does not change. It remains at 4.48 atm. The O2 gas exerts its own pressure,
also 4.48 atm. In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is
known as the partial pressure of the gas.

Ptotal = PN2 + PO2 = 4.48 atm + 4.48 atm = 8.96 atm

Problem A 1.00-L vessel contains 0.215 mole of N2 gas and 0.0118
mole of H2 gas at 25.5 ˚C. Determine the partial pressure
of each component and the total pressure in the vessel?
 Ideal Gas Law with Density PV = nRT

If we then multiply both sides by the molar mass, M, we get

where M . n/V gives g/L or density, d. Therefore,

If we know the density of a gas, we can determine its molar mass: