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EnergyBalancesCh7 Lec 2

The document discusses energy balances and the use of steam tables. It states that energy balances can be written for closed or open (steady-state) systems. The steam tables provide properties like enthalpy, internal energy, and volume for water and steam under saturated and superheated conditions as functions of temperature and pressure. Linear interpolation can be used to estimate properties at conditions between table values. Examples are given on using the steam tables and performing energy balances.

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Ramin Firouztash
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110 views7 pages

EnergyBalancesCh7 Lec 2

The document discusses energy balances and the use of steam tables. It states that energy balances can be written for closed or open (steady-state) systems. The steam tables provide properties like enthalpy, internal energy, and volume for water and steam under saturated and superheated conditions as functions of temperature and pressure. Linear interpolation can be used to estimate properties at conditions between table values. Examples are given on using the steam tables and performing energy balances.

Uploaded by

Ramin Firouztash
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Energy Balances:

Accumulation = In Out

Batch (Closed) System: EK + EP + U = Q W Continuous (Open) System at Steady-State:

& & & & & EK + EP + H = Q Ws

Changes in kinetic and potential energy can be calculated (usually small for chemical systems) Heat and work input is given in the problem (or is what you must solve for) The major task is calculating changes in U or H
Ch 7: Using tabulated values (steam tables) Ch 8: Calculate as function of phase and T Ch 9: Energy balances with Rxn

The Steam Tables


Give you values of H , U and V for pure water
Table B.5: As saturated liquid and vapour (as function of T) Table B.6: As saturated liquid and vapour (as function of P) Table B.7: Of superheated steam (at various T and P) H2O Phase Diagram

Saturation Line: H2O may exist as vapour or liquid or coexist as both

F&R 7.5

Steam Tables
Saturated Steam Tables: data taken along the VLE curve or saturation line Table B.5 properties of saturated water and saturated steam as a function of temperature from 0.01C (triple point) to 102C Table B.6 properties of saturated water and saturated steam as a function of pressure (same data as Table B.5 but over a much larger range of temperatures and pressures) Superheated Steam Table: data taken from points above or below the VLE curve or saturation line (especially vapour heated above its saturation temperature) Table B.7: properties of superheated steam table at any temperature and pressure includes data for liquid water (data in the enclosed region), and saturated water and saturated steam

Steam Tables
The reference state for the steam tables is liquid water at triple point conditions (0.01 C, 0.00611 bar) [The triple point is where all three phases of water can coexist.]
Absolute values of H and U for a species are never known. Values are always reported relative to a defined reference state.
At the reference state, H and U = 0.

Units are on mass basis (not moles): V [ = ] m H , U [ = ] kJ kg kg Know how to use these!!!

In your work, you are always calculating changes 3in energy or enthalpy

Volumetric properties of steam are tabulated. Do not use ideal gas law Properties of liquid water are not a strong function of pressure (at constant T) Heat of vaporization is the difference between vapour and liquid enthalpy Remember that H = U + PV

Read section 7.5 of F&R, and understand Examples in 7.5 & 7.6 F&R 7.5

Steam Tables - Interpolation


Sometimes you need to estimate a condition that is between tabulated quantities (usually Table B.7)
E.g.; superheated steam at 20 bar, with enthalpy of 3065 kJ/kg. What T is the steam at? Steam at 400 C and 25 bar. What is the specific enthalpy?

Use linear interpolation:


(x0, y0) and (x1, y1) are known; given x0 < x < x0 , find y

F&R 7.5

Steam Table Examples


1. Determine the vapour pressure, specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy of saturated steam at 133.5C. 2. Show that water at 400C and 10 bar is superheated steam and determine its specific volume, specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy relative to liquid water at the triple point, and its dew point.
3. Show that U and H for superheated steam depend strongly on temperature but only slightly on pressure.

Energy Balance Procedures


Pretty much the same as for Material Balances! Draw and completely label a flow diagram
Include Temperatures, Pressures, and Phases (gas, liquid, )

Perform (if possible) all material balances Write the appropriate form of Energy Balance (closed or open), and eliminate terms that are negligible (with proper justification) Determine the enthalpies (internal energies) of each stream
H2O, steam Look them up in the steam tables! Other components Calculate them (Ch. 8 9)

Solve the problem! F&R 7.6

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