TOPIC 07

BRANCHING AND LOOP (PART 2)

Fundamentals of Computing
(FSPK0022)
Loop/ Repetition
 Loop/ Repetition
• The main idea of a loop is to repeat an action or a
series of actions.
• But, when to stop looping?
• In the following flowchart, the
action is executed over and over
again. Its never stop.
– This is called an infinite loops.
• Solution: put a condition to tell
the loop either to continue
looping or stop.
 Loop

• A loop has two parts: body

and condition.
• Body: a statement or a block
True Body
of statements that will be
repeated.
• Condition: is used to control
the iteration, either to Condition
continue or stop iterating.
False
 Types of Loop

Pre-test loop
• Two forms of loop:
– Pre-test loop
– Post-test loop
Condition
• Pre-test loop Here must be a

– The condition is tested first, True

“True”

before we start executing the

body. Body False

– The body is executed, if the

condition is true.
– After executing the body, the
loop repeats.
 Types of Loop

Post-test loop
• Post-test loop
– The condition is tested later,
after executing the body. True Body
– If the condition is true, the
loop repeats, otherwise it
terminates.
– The body is always executed at Condition
least once.
The iterating part
must be a “True”
False
 Parts of a Loop
• Beside the body and condition, a loop may have two other
parts: initialization and updating.
Pre-test loop Post-test loop

Initialization Initialization

Body
Condition
True

True
Updating

Body

False
Condition
Updating

False
 Parts of a Loop
• Initialization Post-test loop
– Is used to prepare a loop before
it can start  usually, here we Initialization

initialize the condition.

– The initialization must be written Body

outside of the loop, before the True

first execution of the body. Updating

• Updating
– Is used to update the condition. Condition

– If the condition is not updated, it False

always true  the loop always
repeats (an infinite loop)
– The updating part is written inside the loop. It is actually a part
of the body.
 Example 1: Parts of a Loop
• These flowcharts print numbers 10 down to 1.

Pre-test loop Post-test loop

Initialize n before start the

n=10 n=10
loop

Print
is n>0? n
True

True
n = n -1
Print
n

False

n = n -1
Every time the loop is n>0?
repeats, n is updated

False
 Loop Statements

• C++ provides three loop statements:

 while Statement

while flowchart
while(condition)
{
Repeated_actions; Condition
}
True

Repeated_Actions False
 while Statement

Example: Print numbers 10 down to

1 using while statement. n=10

Note: The first line (n = 10) is

actually not a part of the loop statement.
is n>0?
n = 10;
while (n > 0) True
{ Print
cout << n << “ ”; n

False
n = n-1;
} n = n -1

Output:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 for Statement

for flowchart
for(Initialization;
Condition; Updating) Initialization

{
Repeated_actions; Condition

} True

Repeated_Actions

False

Updating
 for Statement

Example: Print numbers 10 down to

1 using for statement.
n=10

for(n = 10; n > 0; n = n - 1)

{
cout << n << “ ”; is n>0?
}
True

Print
n
Output: False

n = n -1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
for vs. while Statements

Comparing for and while loops

 do..while Statement

do..while flowchart
do
{
Repeated_actions;
True Repeated_Actions
} while(condition);

Condition

False
 do..while Statement

Example: Print numbers 10 down to

1 using do..while statement. n=10

Note: The first line (n = 10) is

actually not a part of the loop statement.
n = 10; Print
n
do True

{
n = n -1
cout << n << “ ”;
n = n-1;
} while (n > 0);
is n>0?

Output:
False

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Loop Statements
• If the body part has only one statement, then the
bracket symbols, { } may be omitted.
• Example:
These two for statements are equivalent.

for(n = 10; n > 0; n = n - 1)

{
cout << n;
}

for(n = 10; n > 0; n = n - 1)

cout << n;
 Breaking Out of a Loop
• Can use break to terminate execution of a loop.
• When used in an inner loop, terminates that loop
only (inner loop) and returns to the outer loop.
 Exercise 1
• Determine the output of each code segment below:
 int x = 10;
do {
x++;
if (x % 2 == 1 ) continue;
cout << x << ", ";
} while (x <= 21);
 int y = 2;
do {
if (y > 500 ) break;
cout << y << ", ";
y *= 3;
} while (y > 1);
 Exercise 2
• Rewrite the following program segment using a do..while
loop:
int count = 0, x;
int n = 5;
int i = 0;
while (i < n)
{
cin >> x;
if (x == i)
++count;
++i;
}
cout << "count = " << count;
 Exercise 3
• Rewrite the following code fragment so that it uses a
while loop to accomplish the same task:
int n;
do
{
cout << "Enter a non-negative integer: ";
cin >> n;
if (n < 0)
cout << "The integer you entered is "
<< "negative." << endl;
} while (n < 0);
 Translating Flowchart to C++ Code
• Pattern 1

Here must be a while(condition)

“False”
{
condition
Repeated_actions;
Here must be a

True
“True”
}

Repeated_Actions False
 Translating Flowchart to C++ Code
• Example of pattern 1: Calculate the average of odd numbers 1 to 9.

sum = 0
i =1 sum = 0;
i = 1;
i < 11 while (i < 11)
True
{
sum = sum + i sum = sum + i;
i = i+2
False
i = i + 2;
}
avrg = sum / 5.0;
av rg = sum /5
 Translating Flowchart to C++ Code
• Pattern 2

do
True Repeated_Actions
{
Repeated_actions;
} while(condition);

condition

The iterating part

must be a “True”

False
 Translating Flowchart to C++ Code
• Example of pattern 2: Prints numbers 1 to 10.

i =1 i = 1;
do
PRINT
{
True
i
cout << i << endl;
i = i +1
i = i + 1;
} while (i < 11);
i <11

False
 Translating Flowchart to C++ Code
• Pattern 3 for(initialize;
condition; update)
initialize
{
Repeated_Actions;
}
condition

True
initialize;
while(condition)
Repeated_Actions

False
{
update Repeated_Actions;
update;
}
 Translating Flowchart to C++ Code
• Example of pattern 3: Print the total of numbers 1 to 10.

total = 0
total = 0;
for (i = 1; i < 11; i++)
i=1
{
total = total + i;
}
cout << total;
i<11

True total = 0;
total = total + i
i = 1;
False
while (i < 11)
i=i+1 {
total = total + i;
i++;
PRINT }
total
cout << total;
 Start

Exercise 4 count = 0
positive= 0
• The following flowchart negative = 0

presents an algorithm of a
False
program that counts the count < 30
Display
End
positive,
number of positive and negative
True
negative numbers entered by
the user. The user will enter Input
number
30 numbers. Translate the
flowchart into its
corresponding C++ program True
number > 0 positive = positive + 1
using an appropriate loop
statement. False

True
negative = negative + 1
number < 0

False

count = count + 1
 Exercise 4 (cont.)
• Write your code in the incomplete program given below:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int count = 0; //The total count of numbers entered
int positive = 0; //The count of positive numbers
int negative = 0; //The count of negative numbers
int number; //The number entered

//Write your code here

//...
//...
//...
return 0;
}
 Deciding Which Loop to Use

• while: pretest loop (loop body may not be

executed at all).
• do..while: post test loop (loop body will always
be executed at least once).
• for: pretest loop (loop body may not be executed
at all); has initialization and update code; is useful
with counters or if precise number of repetitions is
known
 Nested Loops
• A nested loop is a loop inside the body of another
loop.
• Example: outer loop

for (row = 1; row <= 3; row++) inner loop

{
for (col = 1; col <= 3; col++)
{
cout << row * col << endl;
}
}
 Notes on Nested Loops
• Inner loop goes through all its repetitions for each
repetition of outer loop.
• Inner loop repetitions complete sooner than outer
loop.
• Total number of repetitions for inner loop is
product of number of repetitions of the two loops.
In previous example, inner loop repeats 9 times.
 Exercise 5
• How many times the outer loop is executed? How many
times the inner loop is executed? What is the output?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x, y;
for(x = 1; x <= 8; x += 2)
for(y = x; y <= 10; y += 3)
cout << "\nx = " << x
<< " y = “ << y;
return 0;
}
 Exercise 6
• Determine the output of each code segment below:
for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++)
{
int j = i;
while (j > 0)
{
cout << "i = " << i
<< ", j = " << j << endl;
j--;
}
}