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OSI_Model_Layers

The OSI model is a framework that standardizes network communication into seven layers, each with specific functions related to data transmission. These layers include Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application, each handling different aspects of networking from raw bit transfer to application services. Examples of devices and protocols associated with each layer are also provided.

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13 views4 pages

OSI_Model_Layers

The OSI model is a framework that standardizes network communication into seven layers, each with specific functions related to data transmission. These layers include Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application, each handling different aspects of networking from raw bit transfer to application services. Examples of devices and protocols associated with each layer are also provided.

Uploaded by

pushkar.pandey
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© © All Rights Reserved
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OSI Model Explained: All 7 Layers

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that


standardizes network communication into 7 layers. Each layer has a specific
function in data transmission.

1. Physical Layer

Function:
- Deals with the physical connection between devices.
- Transfers raw bits (0s and 1s) over the network.
- Defines cables, switches, frequencies, voltages, and signals.

Example:
- Ethernet cables, fiber optics, radio waves (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
- Plugging an Ethernet cable into a laptop.

Devices & Protocols:


- Devices: Hubs, Repeaters, Network Cables, Modems.
- Protocols: None (purely hardware-based).

2. Data Link Layer

Function:
- Ensures error-free data transfer between adjacent network nodes.
- Uses MAC (Media Access Control) addresses to identify devices.
- Handles framing, error detection, and flow control.

Example:
- Wi-Fi router assigning MAC addresses to connected devices.

Devices & Protocols:


- Devices: Switches, Bridges, Network Interface Cards (NICs).
- Protocols: Ethernet, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), PPP.
3. Network Layer

Function:
- Handles IP addressing and routing of data between different networks.
- Determines the best path for data to travel.
- Breaks data into packets and forwards them to the next hop.

Example:
- Visiting www.google.com involves routing through different networks using IP
addresses.

Devices & Protocols:


- Devices: Routers, Layer 3 Switches.
- Protocols: IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Ping), OSPF, RIP.

4. Transport Layer

Function:
- Ensures complete and accurate data transfer between devices.
- Provides error detection, retransmission, and flow control.
- Uses TCP (reliable) and UDP (fast but unreliable).

Example:
- TCP: Downloading a file (ensures all parts arrive correctly).
- UDP: Live streaming a video (focuses on speed over accuracy).

Devices & Protocols:


- Protocols: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

5. Session Layer

Function:
- Establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions (connections).
- Synchronizes communication between devices.

Example:
- Logging into an online banking website – session expires if inactive.
- A Zoom meeting maintaining an active connection.
Devices & Protocols:
- Protocols: NetBIOS, RPC (Remote Procedure Call), SMPP.

6. Presentation Layer

Function:
- Converts data into a format understandable by the receiver.
- Handles encryption, decryption, compression, and encoding.

Example:
- SSL/TLS encryption for secure websites (HTTPS).
- JPEG, MP3, MPEG for image, audio, and video compression.

Devices & Protocols:


- Protocols: SSL/TLS, ASCII, Unicode, JPEG, MPEG.

7. Application Layer

Function:
- Provides network services directly to end users.
- Handles applications like web browsing, email, file transfer.

Example:
- Using Google Chrome to browse the internet (uses HTTP/HTTPS).
- Sending an email via Gmail (uses SMTP).

Devices & Protocols:


- Protocols: HTTP/HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, DNS.

Summary Table: OSI Model Layers


Layer Function Example
1. Physical Sends raw bits Ethernet, Wi-Fi
2. Data Link MAC addressing, error Switch, NIC
detection
3. Network IP addressing, routing Router, IP protocol
4. Transport Reliable/unreliable data TCP (reliable), UDP (fast)
transfer
5. Session Manages sessions Online banking session
6. Presentation Data formatting, SSL/TLS, JPEG
encryption
7. Application Network services HTTP, SMTP, FTP

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