Nationalism In India

India me Nationalism kaise spread

hua Itni Diversity ke Baad Bhi
Spread of Nationalism in India
Nationalism in India developed during the anti-colonial struggle.
Educated Indians demanded more autonomy in the mid-19th century.
The Indian National Congress led the nationalist movement.
Gandhi played a key role in mobilizing and uniting Indians.
Internal conflicts arose due to differing ideologies and strategies.

Effect of War
War led to a rise in defense spending financed by loans and higher
taxes.
Prices doubled between 1913 and 1918, causing hardship for people. Forced
conscription in rural areas caused anger among the population.
Crop failures and an influenza outbreak resulted in food shortages.
Between 12-13 million people died from famine and epidemic caused by
the war.
Mnemonic
L - Led to Increase in Defence Expenditure
I - Income Tax was introduced & Custom Duties were raised.
LIPSI P - Prices were increased
S - Supply of Soldiers & Forced Requirment
I - In India, Acute Shortage of Food & Spreading of Influenza

Satyagraha
Satyagraha focused on the importance of truth and the pursuit of it.
It advocated that physical force was unnecessary to fight against
injustice if the cause was true.
Through non-violence, a Satyagrahi could win without seeking
revenge or being aggressive.
The aim was to persuade people, including oppressors, to
see the truth, rather than imposing it through violence.
Satyagraha ensured that truth would ultimately
triumph.
 In January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. He
visited Champaran in Bihar in 1916 to motivate peasants to fight against
the oppressive plantation system. The following year, he led a Satyagraha to
support the demands of the Kheda district peasants in Gujarat to relax revenue
collection. In 1918, Gandhi organized a Satyagraha among cotton mill workers
in Ahmedabad.

Rowlatt Act (1919)

Rowlatt Act was passed hastily through the
Imperial Legislative Council despite strong
opposition from Indian members.
The Act granted the government broad
powers to suppress political activities.
Political prisoners could be detained without
trial for up to two years.
The Act led to the imposition of martial law,
with General Dyer appointed to enforce it.
Mnemonic
H - Hurriedly Passed
HOD O - Opposition of Indians But Passed
D - Detention of Political Prisoners without trial for 2 years

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

On April 13, 1919, a large crowd gathered in the
enclosed area of Jallianwalla Bagh.
Some came to protest the government's new repressive
measures, while others were attending the annual
Baisakhi fair.
Many villagers from outside the city were unaware of
the imposed martial law.
General Dyer blocked the exit points and ordered his
troops to fire on the unarmed crowd, killing hundreds.
Dyer's intention was to create a sense of terror and awe
in the minds of Satyagrahis by producing a moral
effect.
Khilafat Issue
Ottoman Turkey was defeated in WWI.
Muslims were concerned about the harsh peace treaty
Shaukat Ali
imposed on the Khalifa. Muhammad Ali
A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay to
defend the Khalifa's temporal powers.
Young Muslim leaders discussed a united mass action
with Gandhi.
Gandhi saw this as an opportunity to unify Muslims
under a national movement.
The non-cooperation movement was launched in 1920 to
support Khilafat and Swaraj.

NON CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT

Why, Non -Cooperation ?
Mahatma Gandhi's book Hindi Swaraj (1909) declares
that British rule in India was established with the
help of Indians.
According to Gandhi, the British dominion in India
survived solely because of Indian cooperation.
Gandhi believed that if Indians refused to cooperate,
the British rule in India would collapse within a year.
In his book, Gandhi envisioned Swaraj, or self-rule, in
India as a viable alternative to British dominion.

How can non-cooperation become a movement ?

Mahatma Gandhi proposed a staged approach for the
noncooperation movement.
The first stage involved surrendering government- The Non -Cooperation
Khilafat Movement
awarded titles and boycotting civil services, army,
began in January 1929
police, and foreign goods.
The second stage would be initiated if the government
used repression against the movement. The second
stage would involve a full-scale civil disobedience
campaign.
 Logo ne Movement ko

Differing Strands within the Movement Kaise Samjha.....?

The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement commenced in January 1921, with

the involvement of diverse social groups who attributed varying
interpretations to the term.
In Towns :-
The middle-class started the Non-Cooperation Movement in the towns.
Thousands of students, teachers, and hea
controlled schools and colleges dmasters left government- in support
of the movement.
Many lawyers also gave up their legal practices.
The boycott of foreign goods had a significant economic impact, with
the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms surging.
However, the movement lost momentum due to various factors such as
the high cost of Khadi clothes and limited options of Indian
institutions for students and teachers.
As a result, many students and teachers returned to government
schools.
Lawyers also rejoined government courts.
Mnemonic
S - Started by the middle-class in towns.
T - Thousands of students, teachers, and headmasters left
schools and colleges.
Stammp M - Many lawyers also gave up their legal practices.
M - Movement included the boycott of foreign goods.
P - Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms surged.

Rebellion in the Countryside:

The Non-Cooperation Movement extended to rural
areas where peasants and tribals were residing in
different parts of India.
The peasant movement emerged against talukdars
and landlords who imposed high rents and various
other cesses.
The peasant movement called for the reduction of
revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of
oppressive landlords.
 In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru visited the villages in
Awadh to comprehend their grievances.
In October, Nehru and a few others founded the Oudh
Kisan Sabha, which established 300 branches within a
month.
In 1921, the peasant movement expanded, and the
Baba Ramchandra
houses of talukdars and merchants were targeted,
markets were looted, and grain boards were taken
over.
In the early 1920s, a militant guerrilla movement
began in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, where
the government shut down forest areas, leading to a
detrimental impact on the livelihood of the hill people.
Eventually, the hill people rebelled, led by Alluri
Sitaram Raju, who claimed to possess a range of
Alluri Sitaram Raju
special powers.

Swaraj In Plantations:-
Plantation workers in Assam desired the freedom to move
freely in and out and maintain a connection with their
hometowns.
The Inland Emigration Act of 1859 restricted plantation
workers from leaving the tea gardens without permission.
Upon learning of the Non-Cooperation Movement, many
plantation workers left their jobs and attempted to
return home.
Unfortunately, the workers were apprehended by the
police and subjected to severe beatings, never reaching
their intended destinations.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn in 1922 due to its violent turn.
Some leaders wanted to participate in provincial council elections & formed the
Swaraj Party. The late 1920s saw the worldwide economic depression & falling
agricultural prices. The Statutory Commission was set up to review the
constitutional system in India & suggest changes. The Simon Commission was met
with the slogan "Go back Simon". In 1929, the Lahore Congress formalized the
demand for "Purna Swaraj" or full independence for India. January 26, 1930, was
declared as Independence Day.
Salt March
January 31, 1930: Gandhi sends a letter to Viceroy Irwin outlining eleven
demands, including the abolition of the salt tax.
March 11, 1930: Deadline for the British government to meet the
demands or face civil disobedience.
March 12, 1930: Gandhi begins the Salt March, accompanied by 78
volunteers.
Distance of the march: Over 240 miles, from Sabarmati ashram to
Dandi.
April 6, 1930: Gandhi reaches Dandi and breaks the salt law by making
salt from seawater.
Civil Disobedience Movement
The Civil Disobedience Movement, which started with the
Salt March, gained widespread popularity and led to the
breaking of the salt law in various parts of the country.
The movement also involved the boycott of foreign
cloth, refusal to pay revenue by peasants, and
violation of forest laws in several places.
In April 1930, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a follower of Mahatma Gandhi, was
arrested, followed by the arrest of Gandhi himself a month later.
This led to attacks on symbols of British rule across the country.
Witnessing the violent situation, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off
the movement and signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931,
agreeing to participate in a Round Table Conference in London.
However, when the conference failed to achieve its objectives, Mahatma
Gandhi returned to India disappointed and relaunched the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
The movement continued for almost a year, but by 1934, it had lost its
momentum.

Be the change you want

to see in the world
~Mahatma Gandhi
The Limits of Civil Disobedience
Dalits were not fully convinced by the concept of Swaraj and
were more focused on their own demands. They demanded
reserved seats in educational institutions and a separate
electorate.
After the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement declined,
Muslims felt alienated from the Congress, leading to
deteriorating relations between Hindus and Muslims.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate
electorates if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly
and representation in proportion to population in Muslim-dominated
provinces. The All Parties Conference in 1928 failed to resolve the issue as
M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at
compromise.
In short, Dalits and Muslims were not fully satisfied with the Congress's
handling of their demands, which led to increasing communal tensions.

Sense of Collective Belonging

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created
Bharat Mata as a visual representation of
Indian identity.
Abanindranath Tagore portrayed Bharat Bharat Mata By

Mata as a spiritual figure, strengthening the Abindranath Tagore

connection between culture and nationalism.

Nationalists recorded folk tales and songs,
preserving cultural heritage and uniting
people through shared narratives.
Tricolour flag with eight lotuses and a
crescent moon symbolized unity among
provinces and religious groups during the
Swadeshi movement.
Gandhiji's Swaraj flag with a spinning wheel
symbolized self-help and autonomy, becoming
an emblem of the independence struggle.