DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (4 credit)

Course Code: BEE1101

(1ST AND 2ND SEMESTER)

SYALLABUS

MODULE-I (10 HOURS)

DC Networks: Kirchhoff's laws, node and mesh analysis, Delta-star and star-delta
transformations. Superposition, Thevenin’s and Norton's theorem. Transients in R-
L, R-C and R-L-C circuits with DC Excitation.
Single Phase AC Circuits: Single phase EMF generation, average and effective
values of sinusoids, j operations, complex representation of impedances, phasor
diagrams, power factor, power in complex notation, solution of series and parallel
circuits. Introduction to resonance in series RLC circuit.
Three Phase AC Circuit: Three phase EMF generation, delta and star connection,
Line and Phase quantities. Solutions of 3-phase circuits with balanced load. Power
in 3-phase balanced circuits.
MODULE-II (10 HOURS)
Magnetic Circuits: B-H Curve, Hysteresis, Permeability and reluctance, solution of
simple magnetic circuits, Hysteresis and Eddy current losses.
DC Generator: Different types, Principle of Operation of DC generator, EMF
equation, methods of excitation. DC Motor: Back e.m.f., speed and torque of a DC
Motor, Conditions for maximum Power. Speed control of DC shunt motor.
Transformers: Construction and Principle of operation of single-phase transformer,
EMF equation, Single-phase autotransformer.
MODULE-III (10 HOURS)
Three phase Induction Motor: Construction and principle of operation, types; Slip-
torque characteristics.
Synchronous Machines: Construction & principle of operation of Synchronous
generator and motor. EMF equation, Voltage regulation, Applications and starting
of Synchronous motor.
Introduction to single-phase induction Motor.
MODULE-IV (10 HOURS)
Measuring Instruments: DC PMMC instruments, Extension of range by shunts and
multipliers. Moving iron ammeters and voltmeters, Dynamometer type Watt
meters, Induction type Energy Meter.
Power supply systems: Principle of generation - thermal, hydel and nuclear.
Transmission and distribution of electric energy. Introduction to Electric Heating
& Welding.
TEXT BOOK
[1]. Edward Hughes (revised by Ian McKenzie Smith). "Electrical & Electronics
Technology" Pearson Education Limited. Indian Reprint 2002.
REFERENCE BOOKS
[2]. H.Cotton, “Advanced Electrical Technology", CBS Publishers, New Delhi,
7th Edition.
[3]. C.L. Wadhwa, “Electrical Engineering”, New Age International Publishers.
[4]. D.Kulshreshtha, “ Basic Electrical Engineering” TMH
[5]. S. Parker Smith: “Problems in Electrical Engineering" Asia Publications.
 MODULE-I

D.C NETWORKS
1.1 Kirchoff’s Laws:-

1.1.1. Kirchoff’s current law or point law (KCL)

Statement:- In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the currents

meeting at a point is zero.
Σ I = 0 ……………………at a junction or node

Assumption:- Incoming current = positive

Outgoing current = negative

1.1.2. Kirchoff’s voltage law or mesh law (KVL)

Statement:- The algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances in

each of the conductors in any closed path (or mesh) in a network plus the
algebraic sum of the emfs in that path is zero.
Σ IR +Σemf = 0 …………………………..round the mesh
Assumption:- i) Rise in voltage (If we go from negative terminal of the
battery to positive terminal) = positive
ii) Fall in voltage (If we go from positive terminal of the battery to negative
terminal) = negative
iii) If we go through the resistor in the same direction as current then there is
a fall in potential. Hence this voltage is taken as negative.
iv)If we go through the resistor against the direction of current then there is a
rise in potential. Hence this voltage drop is taken as positive.
 Example:- Write the loop equation for the given circuit below
(Supplementary exam 2004)
E1
r1
i

r2

E2

r3
E3
Solution: Apply KVL to the loop,
− ir1 − E 1 − ir2 + E 2 − ir3 − E 3 = 0
⇒ E 1 − E 2 + E 3 = − ir1 − ir2 − ir3
⇒ E 1 − E 2 + E 3 = − i ( r1 + r2 + r3 )

1.2. MAXWELL’S LOOP CURRENT METHOD (MESH ANALYSIS)

Statement:- This method determines branch currents and voltages across the
elements of a network. The following process is followed in this method:-

• Here, instead of taking branch currents (as in Kirchoff’s law) loop currents
are taken which are assumed to flow in the clockwise direction.
• Branch currents can be found in terms of loop currents
• Sign conventions for the IR drops and battery emfs are the same as for
Kirchoff’s law.
• This method is easier if all the sources are given as voltage sources. If there
is a current source present in a network then convert it into equivalent
voltage source.
 Explanation:-

Consider a network as shown in Fig. below. It contains two meshes. Let I1 and
I2 are the mesh currents of two meshes directed in clockwise.

Apply KVL to mesh-1,

V1 -I1 R 1 - ( I1 -I 2 ) R 3 = 0

Apply KVL to mesh-2,

-I 2 R 2 -V2 - ( I 2 -I1 ) R 3 =0

When we consider mesh-1, the current I1 is greater than I2. So, current through
R3 is I1-I2. Similarly, when we consider mesh-2, the current I2 is greater than I1.
So, current through R3 is I2 – I1.

Example: Find I1, I2 and I3 in the network shown in Fig below using loop
current method

10Ω 40 V E 10Ω
A 20Ω G
B

10 V 50 V
20Ω
10 V I1 I2 I3
10Ω

D C F H

Solution:- For mesh ABCDA,

 - I1 × 1 0 - ( I1 - I 2 )× 2 0 - 1 0 = 0
⇒ 3 I1 -2 I 2 = -1 (1 )

For mesh BEFCB,

4 0 -I 2 × 2 0 + 1 0 - ( I 2 -I 3 ) × 1 0 - ( I 2 -I 1 ) × 2 0 = 0
⇒ 2 I 1 -5 I 2 + I 3 = -5 (2 )

For mesh EGHFE,

-1 0 I 3 + 5 0 − ( I 3 − I 2 ) × 1 0 − 1 0 = 0
⇒ I 2 -2 I 3 = -4 (3 )

Equation (2) x 2 + Equation (3)

4 I1 -9 I 2 = -1 4 (4 )
Solving eqn (1) & eqn (4)

I1 = 1 A, I2 = 2 A, I3 = 3 A

1.3. NODAL ANALYSIS

Statement:- This method determines branch currents in the circuit and also
voltages at individual nodes.

The following steps are adopted in this method:-

 Identify all the nodes in the network.

 One of these nodes is taken as reference node in at zero potential

 The node voltages are measured w.r.t the reference node

 KCL to find current expression for each node

 This method is easier if all the current sources are present. If any voltage
source is present, convert it to current source
  The number of simultaneous equations to be solved becomes (n-1) where ‘n’
is the number of independent nodes.

Explanation:-

At node ‘a’ I1+I2 = I3

E1 −Va E −V V
By ohms law, I1 = , I2 = 2 a , I3 = a
R1 R2 R3
Therefore, 1 1 1  E E
Va  + + − 1 − 2 =0
 R1 R2 R3  R1 R2
1 1 1  E E
or, Va  + + − 1 − 2 =0
 R1 R2 R3  R1 R2

1 1 1 E E
or, Va  + +  − 1 − 2 = 0
 R1 R2 R3  R1 R2
Hence,

 Node voltage multiplied by sum of all the conductance connected to this

node. This term is positive

 The node voltage at the other end of each branch (connected to this node
multiplied by conductance of this branch). This term is negative.
Example:- Use nodal analysis to find currents in the different branches of the
circuit shown below.

(Supplementary Exam July- 2004)

Solution:-

Let V1 and V2 are the voltages of two nodes as shown in Fig below

Applying KCL to node-1, we get

12 − V1 0 − V1 V 2 − V1
+ + =0
2 1 3
⇒ 36 − 3V1 − 6V1 + 2V 2 − 2V1 = 0
⇒ − 11V1 + 2V 2 = 36...............(1)
Again applying KCL to node-2, we get:-
V1 − V 2 0 − V2 6 − V2
+ + = 0
3 5 4
⇒ 2 0V1 − 4 7 V 2 + 9 0 = 0
⇒ 2 0 V 1 − 4 7 V 2 = − 9 0 ...............( 2 )

Solving Eq (1) and (2) we get V1 = 3.924 Volt and V2 = 3.584 volt

12-V1 12-3.924
Current through 2 Ω resistance = 2 = 2
=4.038 A

0-V1
Current through 1 Ω resistance = 1 =-3.924 A

V1 -V2
Current through 3 Ω resistance = =0.1133 A
3

0-V2
Current through 5 Ω resistance = 5 =-0.7168 A

6-V2
Current through 4 Ω resistance = =0.604 A
4

As currents through 1Ω and 5Ω are negative, so actually their directions are

opposite to the assumptions.

1.4. STAR-DELTA CONVERSION

Need:- Complicated networks can be simplified by successively replacing delta

mesh to star equivalent system and vice-versa.

In delta network, three resistors are connected in delta fashion (∆) and in star
network three resistors are connected in wye (Y) fashion.
 Fig. 1.4.1.

a) Delta connection b) Star connection

1.4.1. Delta to Star Conversion:- From Fig. 1.4.1 (a), ∆ : Between A & B,
there are two parallel path.
Resistance between terminal A & B = RAB ( RBC + RCA )
RAB + RBC + RCA
From Fig. 1.4.1 (b), STAR: Between A & B two series resistances are
there RA + RB. So, terminal resistances have to be the same.

R AB ( R BC + RCA ) .................(1)
RA + RB =
R AB + R BC + RCA

R BC ( RCA + R AB )
RB + RC = .................( 2 )
R AB + R BC + RCA

RCA ( R AB + R BC ) .................( 3 )
RC + R A =
R AB + R BC + RCA
Eq {(1)-(2)}+(3) & Solving,-

R AB × RCA
RA = .................(4)
R AB + R BC + RCA
R AB × R BC
RB = .................(5)
R AB + R BC + RCA
 RCA × R BC
RC = .................( 6 )
R AB + R BC + RCA

Easy way to remember:-

Pr oduct of two adjacent arms of delta

Any arm of star connection =
sum of arms of delta

1.4.2. Star to Delta conversion

Eq {(1) X (2)}+(2) X (3)+ (3) X (1) & Simplifying,-

R A R B + R B RC + RC R A R R
R AB = = RA + RB + A B
RC RC
R R
R B C = R B + R C + B C

R A

R R
R C A = R C + R A + C A

R B

Easy way to remember:- Resistance between two terminals of delta = sum of star
resistance connected to those terminals + product of the same to resistance
divided by the third resistance.
Example(delta to star):- Coonvert the following Delta Resistive Network int
nto an equivalent
Star Network.

N
NETWORK THEOREMS

• SUPERPOSITIION THEOREM
• THEVENIN’S THEOREM
• NORTON’S THHEOREM
• MAXIMUM PO OWER TRANSFER THEOREM

1. Superposition theoreem
Statement:- In a netw work of linear resistances containing more
m than one
generator (or source oof emf), the current which flows at any pooint is the sum
of all the currents wh
which would flow at that point if each generator
g were
considered separatelyy and all the other generators replaced for the time being
by resistances equal too their internal resistance.