HIV/AIDS; scientists all over the world collaborate (f) Movement and locomotion- helps an organism look for

ok for 13. Name each of the following apparatus used in specimen

1. Describe the origin of the term biology in the fight against Ebola food; look for mates; escape danger; look for shelter collection and in each give examples of organisms that may
It is derived from two Greek words;  Through environmental conservation- the fight to be collected using the specimen
(g) Irritability- enables plants to obtain nutrients like
bios meaning life and logos meaning save the ozone layer through international
agreements e.g. Kyoto protocol; management of mineral salts, water etc.; enables animals to detect food and Apparatus Name; Function
knowledge
utilize it; facilitate mating in animals; enables the Sweep net; used for
2. Define the term biology resources through international treaties
organism to seek favorable conditions while avoiding catching flying insects
It refers to the scientific study of living organisms  Classification- scientists are using the same system of
unfavorable ones such as grasshoppers,
3. State what the following branches of biology deals with naming organisms that is binomial system
a) Botany- study of plants 5. Define the 7 characteristics each living organisms posses bees, butterflies
(h) Reproduction- prevents extinction of a particular
b) Zoology-study of animals 3 main  Nutrition- it refers to the process by which living species of organisms; increases the number of organisms
c) Microbiology- study of microscopic organisms branches organisms acquire and utilize nutrients Fish net; used for trapping
of a particular species; enables a particular species of
d) Mycology- study of fungi  Gaseous exchange- it refers to the process by which organisms to be existent in one generation to another; small fish and other small
e) Biotechnology- involves development of techniques for respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon (IV) Oxide) improves quality of species water animals such as
application in biological processes pass across respiratory surfaces along a crabs, shrimps
f) Ichthyology- study of fish concentration gradient 8. Define the term stimuli- it refers to responses by
g) Entomology- study of insects organisms to changes in the environment(singular-
 Respiration- it refers to the chemical breakdown of
h) Ornithology- study of birds food in all living cells to yield energy, carbon (IV) stimulus)
i) Herpetology- study of snakes and reptiles Oxide, lactic acid, ethanol and water 9. Define the term specimen- it refers to the body or a part
j) Virology- study of virus  Excretion- it refers to the process by which living Pair of forceps; used for
of the body of a living organism being studied
k) Cytology- study of the cell organisms separate and eliminate waste products of picking up small stinging
l) Eurology- study of excretory organs metabolism from their bodies 10. State 4 precautions to take while collecting specimen animals such as
m) Embryology- study of development  Growth and development- growth refers to the centipedes, spiders,
n) Physiology- study of body functions  Collect the number required number to avoid scorpion
irreversible increase in the size and mass of the body wastage
(o) Anatomy- study of internal structures of an organism of a living organism; development refers to the Specimen bottles; used for
(p) Morphology- study of external structures of an  Do not destroy the habitat of the organism
irreversible increase in complexity in the structures keeping collected
organism  Do not injure the organism because some parts may specimen
of a living organism
(q) Genetics- study of inheritance and variations be distorted
 Movement and locomotion- movement refers to the
(r) Taxonomy- study of grouping and sorting of organisms  Harmful specimens should be handles with care to
change in position of a part of an organism;
avoid being injured. use of a pair of forceps is
(s) Ecology- relation of an organism and their surrounding locomotion refers to the change in position of the
encouraged
whole body of an organism
(t) Biochemistry- chemistry of materials in tissues  Live organisms after the study should be returned to 14. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
 Irritability- it refers to the ability of an organism to
their habitat follow
(u) Histology- structure of tissues perceive changes in the environment and respond
accordingly  Highly mobile organisms should be immobilized
using chemicals such as chloroform
(v) Phylogeny- study of evolutionary relationships between  Reproduction- it refers to giving rise to a new
organisms individual of the same kind 11. Name 2 chemicals used to immobilize highly mobile
6. Differentiate between the following terms organisms when collecting specimen
(w) Bacteriology- study of bacteria (a) Growth and development
(x) Phycology- study of algae (b) Movement and locomotion  Chloroform (tetrachloromethane)
*Refer to the answers from the previous questions  Diethylether (ethoxyethane)
(y)Evolution- study of origin of organisms and their
progressive changes over a long period of time 7. State the importance of the following characteristics of 12. State 5 differences between plants and animals
(a) Giving a reason name the apparatus above and state its
living organisms function
4. State 4 importance of studying biology Plants Animals
(a) Nutrition- it enables metabolic activities to take place  Able to make their own depend on readily made Hand lens/magnifying lens; it has a lens enclosed
 Enable learners acquire skills useful in daily life food food in a frame attached to a handle
 It is useful in solving environmental problems such (b) Gaseous exchange- it enables organisms to obtain It is used to enlarge objects
 Most have chlorophyll lack chlorophyll
as pollution, poor health services, food shortage, oxygen necessary for respiration; carbon (IV) Oxide a (b) Name parts A, B, C
waste product eliminated  have cellulose in cell Lack cellulose in cell walls
environmental degradation A- Frame
walls
 It enables us to understand the body functioning B- Convex lens
(c) Respiration- it yields energy useful in growth and  have limited movement Move freely
 It enables us acquire knowledge useful in pursuing C- Handle
movement  growth is only at the Growth is all over the body
careers such as medicine (c) State 3 maintenance practice for this tool
meristematic tissues (intercalary growth)  Clean the lens using a soft tissue socked in ethanol
 It enables us to acquire scientific skills such as (d) Excretion- facilitates elimination of waste products
which would otherwise accumulate and become toxic  do not have complex Have complex excretory  Do not touch the lens with dirty fingers
analyzing data excretory organs organs
 It enhances international co-operation as explained hence causing harm to the organism’s health  Avoid any chances of scratches on the lens
 respond slowly to Respond quickly to (d) Write the formula for calculation of magnification
below (e) Growth and development- Growth enables the organism changes in the changes in the
4. Explain 3 ways in which biology enhances international using the tool above
to acquire maximum size and mass necessary for proper environment environment Image/drawing length
cooperation body functioning and for defense; development readies the
 Through medicine- scientists from all over the world Object/actual length
organism for reproduction
have come together to develop a vaccine for
15. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that Classifying, analyzing data, measuring, evaluating data, l) A honey bee carrying pollen from one flower to
follow recording data, observing, identification, drawing another
(CAMEROID)
26. Define a dissecting kit and state its use- it refers to a
21. Motor vehicles use energy and produce carbon (IV) biological set which consists of apparatus used to cut
Oxide and water. Similar characteristics occur in living through an organism’s body or organ for the purpose of
organisms yet motor vehicle are not classified as living. List anatomic studies; cut through an organism’s body or
the other characteristics of living things that do NOT occur organ for the purpose of anatomic studies
in motor vehicles Living things grow and develop,
reproduce, respond to stimuli(irritability) 27. List 4 tools found in a dissecting kit- scalpel, scissors,
(a) Name the apparatus above and state its function dissecting needle, safety pins, hand lens scalpel holder, pair
Pitfall trap; it is used for catching crawling 22. State the importance of irritability to plants- enables of forceps
animals plants to obtain essential products such as water and
(a) Name the apparatus above and state its function – (b) Name 3 organisms which may be collected using the mineral salts 28. Explain the necessity of specimen collection in biology
pooter; used for sucking small animals from rock apparatus above- spider, ant, cockroach, millipede
23. What sort of biological knowledge would be useful to;  To facilitate comparative studies of different
surfaces and tree barks (c) State 2 roles of Y organisms from different environments
(b) Name 2 organisms which may be collected using the  keeps rain out (a) Game warden- ecology  It saves time during biological investigations in the
tool above- ants, termites  prevent collected organisms from escaping
(c) Name Y and state 2 of its functions laboratory
(d) Name 2 precautions that should be taken into account (b) P.E teacher- locomotion and movement
Mosquito net; it prevents dirt from entering the  Facilitates conservation and management of
when setting up the apparatus (c) Tour guide- ecology organisms since a specimen may be used repeatedly
suction tube; it prevents the already collected  Choose a site where rain water will not run into the jar
organism from entering the suction tube ad over a long period of time
 The jar should be covered with a wood or a tile to keep (d) Fisheries biologist- ecology  Enhances detailed study of biological principles
subsequently into the mouth
rain out and prevent collected organisms from
(d) State the role of X- Allows the organism to get into (e) Bee keeper- entomology 29. State 4 methods of collecting insects’ specimen
escaping
the pooter
(e) State 2 ways in which the efficiency of the above setup (f) Plant breeder- genetics, botany
(e) Explain how collection of specimen using the tool  Sucking from barks of trees or rock surfaces
can be improved
above works 24. How do plants compensate for their inability to locomote  Physical picking using a pair of forceps
 By adding an immobilizing liquid so that the
The opening of tube X is put into cracks in rocks or  Using a sweep net to catch flying insects
organisms does not move out  They are autotrophic i.e. they manufacture their
tree barks where the organisms are; the user then  Trapping crawling insects using a pitfall trap
sucks in air through the opening of tube Z; this  By camouflaging the apparatus i.e. covering with own food thus no need to locomote in search of
creates a partial vacuum inside the jar and air from vegetation food 30. Explain why it is important to preserve specimens
the outside rushes into the jar to occupy the 18. Differentiate between the following terms  Through tropic responses- by moving some parts of
 To enable reutilization of specimen to avoid wastage
vacuum; this forces the organisms into the jar they are able to respond to stimuli i.e. roots
through tube X (a). Autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition- growing towards water, light  To reduce the frequency of disturbance of the habitat
autotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where living of an organism
 Most are bisexual thus to facilitate self-fertilization
16. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that organisms manufacture their own food using simple hence reproduction
follow 31. Name 2 chemical reagents that can be used to preserve
substances such as caron (IV) Oxide, water, mineral salts  Plants have the ability to absorb localized nutrients specimen
and energy while heterotrophic nutrition is a type of thus no need to move around
nutrition where living organisms feed on already  They have pollination mechanisms that ensures Formalin/formaldehyde/chloroform; alcohol
manufactured food reproduction occurs without the need to move in 32. State one use of each of the following tools in biology
(b) Partial/localized movement and locomotion/whole search for mates
movement- partial/localized movement refers to change in a) Pair of forceps- used for picking harmful
25. Name the characteristics of living organisms displayed organisms during specimen collection
position of a part of an organism while locomotion/whole by each of the following
movement refers to change in position of the whole body of Used to hold specimen during dissection
an organism a) Cow drinking water- nutrition b) Pair of scissors- cutting animal tissues during
b) Germinating maize grain- growth and development dissection
(a) Name the apparatus above and state its use- Bait (c) Sexual and asexual reproduction- Sexual reproduction is c) Scalpel- cutting longitudinal and cross sections
trap; it is used to attract and trap small animals c) Bacterial spore dividing- reproduction
a type of reproduction that involves gametes while asexual d) Cheetah chasing after a gazelle- locomotion and during dissection
(b) Name 2 organisms which may be collected using the reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve
apparatus above- rat, mouse movement 33. Name 3 industrial processes that depend on the
gametes e) Football fan watching a game and cheering-
(c) Name X- bait knowledge of biology
(d) Aerobic and anaerobic respiration – aerobic respiration irritability
17. Study the diagram below is a type of respiration that occur in presence of oxygen f) Cow giving birth to a calf- reproduction  Bread baking industries
while anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration that g) Vine climbing up a tree- movement  Brewing industries
occur in absence of oxygen h) Athlete panting at the end of a race- gaseous  Manufacture of drugs in pharmaceutical industries
exchange  Manufacture of milk products such as yoghurt
19. List 4 career opportunities in biology-dentistry, i) Mango tree producing juicy mangos-
medicine, agriculture, public health, horticulture, j) Seed producing heat during germination- respiration 34 State 2 characteristics of living organism specific to
pharmacy k) Bursting of a sporangium in the Rhizopus sp- plants- autotrophic nutrition; localized movement
reproduction
20. List 8 skills acquired while studying biology- 35. Name a branch of biology that deals with the study of
(a) Understanding the differences between plants and their 44. State 2 differences between plants and animals in terms (a) Name and state the functions of the parts labelled  A light microscope can be used to view both alive
offsprings- genetics of irritability with letters or dead specimen while an electron one’s only
 A- eye piece lens/ocular lens- it has lenses that used to view dead specimen
(b) Relationships between antelope and gazelle in their  Plants respond slowly to changes in the contribute to the magnification of the specimen  Electron microscope produces only white and
environment- ecology environment while animals respond quickly to  B- body tube/burrel- it holds the ocular lens and black images while a light microscope produces
changes in the environment the revolving nose piece coloured images
(c) Solving parentage disputes- genetics
 Plants respond to changes in the environment  C- Revolving nose piece/ turret- enables one to  In a light microscope the image can be viewed
36. Which scientist would suit your interest best if you are through tropic responses while animals respond to change from one objective lens to another directly while in an electron microscope a screen
interested in behaviour patterns in insects- ecologist changes in the environment through locomotion
 D- objective lens- brings the image of the is required to view the image
37. Name any 4 international research centers conducting 45. Highlight 4 processes in man which are dependent on specimen to focus and magnifies it 5. Define the term resolving power of a
biology related researches (institutions/organizations that respiration  E- clip- it holds the prepared glass slide in position microscope/resolution
may provide employment to biologists) on the stage It refers to the ability of a microscope to distinguish
 Secretion of substances such as enzymes  F- stage- is a platform where the slide containing between two close objects as separate entities
 International livestock research institute (ILRI)  Transmission of nervous impulses the specimen is placed 6. State 5 differences between a light microscope and
 International centre for insect physiology and  Growth and development  G- condenser- concentrates light on the specimen an electron microscope
ecology (ICIPE)  Digestion on the stage Light microscope Electron microscope
 Centre for disease control  H- diaphragm- used to regulate the amount of Uses light for illumination Uses beam of electrons for
46. Explain how a bean will attain nutrition illumination
 Institute of primate research light going through the condenser
It manufactures its own food through photosynthesis by  I- Mirror- it collects light from the source and Uses glass lenses for Uses electromagnetic lenses
38. State 2 differences between respiration and gaseous magnification for illumination
combining water and carbon (IV) Oxide using light energy reflects it on the stage for specimen illumination
exchange Low resolving power High resolving power
trapped by chlorophyll  J- hinge screw- used to incline the microscope
 Respiration refers to the chemical breakdown of into a required shape Low magnifying power High magnifying power
47. Define magnification- it refers to the ratio between the Specimen under view can Specimen under view is
food in all living cells to yield energy, carbon (IV)  K- Arm/limb- supports the stage and the body tube
image length and object length be dead or alive dead
Oxide, lactic acid, ethanol and water while gaseous  L- Base- provides firm and steady support
exchange refers to the process by which respiratory 48. State 2 potential risks that a biologist is exposed to  M- Fine adjustment knob- raises and lowers the Specimen are stained using Specimen are stained using
gases (oxygen and carbon (IV) Oxide) pass across during collection of animal specimen body tube over short distances bringing the image normal dyes complex stains
respiratory surfaces along a concentration gradient into a sharp focus Specimen is mounted on a Specimen is mounted in the
 Respiration is a chemical process while gaseous  Some of the animal specimen are stinging and can  N- coarse adjustment knob- raises and lowers the slide and placed on the grid and placed in a vacuum
exchange is a physical process cause potential harm body tube over long distances bringing the image stage in the open
 Some of the animals have viruses that can be into a rough focus 7. Name the building block of organisms- cells
39. Plants do not have complex excretory organs like transmitted to the biologist (b) Give 2 reasons why the apparatus above should be 8. Name the living substance in cells in which other
animals. What could be the reason for this organelles are suspended- cytoplasm
49. Define the term biologist handled with care
 It is expensive 9. State 3 principles of the cell theory
 Plants produce less toxic waste compared to
50. Name the study of functioning of cells, tissues and organ  It is delicate  The smallest unit of a living organism is the cell
animals
(c) State 4 precautions to observe when using the  All living thigs are made up of one or more cells
 Plants reuse some of their wastes unlike animals
apparatus above  All cells arise from preexisting cells by cell
 Plants deposits some of their wastes unlike TOPIC 3
 Always use both hands when carrying the division
animals 1. Define a cell
apparatus above. One hand holding the base and 10. Explain why it is possible to see finer details using a
40. What is likely to happen if waste products are not It refers to the smallest basic and functional unit of light microscope other than a hand lens
an organism the other holding the arm
removed from bodies of living organisms  Do not place the apparatus at the edges of This is because a light microscope has higher
2. Study the diagram below of a light microscope resolving power
They would accumulate and become toxic thus poisoning benches
11. Define the term field of view
cells  Do not wet any part of the microscope to avoid
It refers to the white patch of light observed under
rusting of the metallic parts
41. Name 3 structures that may enable an organism to detect the eye piece lens when light is concentrated on the
 Make sure the low power objective lens click into
changes in the environment- eyes/ears/tongue/skin stage of a light microscope
position before and after use
12. Explain why it is not advised to use the high-power
(d) State 2 precautions to observe in order to care for
42. State 2 ways in which growth differs in plants and objective lens together with the coarse adjustment
the lenses of the apparatus above
animals knob
 Do not touch the lens with your fingers to This is because the coarse adjustment knob may
 In plants growth only occurs at meristematic tissues avoid making them dirty or wet ram the objective lens against the prepared glass
while in animals’ growth occurs all over the body  Dirty lenses should be cleaned using a special slide as it moves the body tube over long distances
 In plants growth is indeterminate i.e. takes place over lens tissue or tissue paper moistened with ethyl thus may cause damage to the Lense or even crush
a long unspecified period of time while in animals’ to avoid scratching the slide
growth is determinate i.e. takes place over a specified 3. What is the formula for calculating magnification 13. Where is the image projected onto when using an
period of time using a light microscope\ electron microscope
Magnification= Eye piece lens magnification x Photographic film/fluorescent screen
43. what is sensitivity- it refers to the ability of an organism objective lens magnification 14. Explain why an electron microscope has a high
to detect changes in the environment and respond 4. State 3 advantages of a light microscope over an resolving power than a light microscope
appropriately electron one
 An electron microscope uses beam of electrons  Transports lipids within the cell  Food vacuole The outer membrane is smooth while the inner
which have a shorter wavelength compared to the  Performs detoxification i.e. breakdown of 25. Explain why cell membrane is also referred to as membrane has infoldings called cristae (singular-
light used by alight microscope foreign substances such as drugs bilayer crista)
15. Explain why when using an electron microscope, the  Synthesis steroids It consists of two protein layers sandwiched 39. In relation to mitochondria state 2 differences
specimen under view must be dead (h) Golgi apparatus between two lipid layers between active cells such as muscle cells;
This is because the specimen is placed in a vacuum  Secretion of substances such as proteins, 26. Describe the structure of the cell membrane spermatozoa and ess active cells such as fat cells
16. Explain why the specimen under view is placed in a hormones and enzymes  It consists of two protein molecules sandwiched  Active cells have more mitochondria while less
vacuum when using an electron microscope  Manufacture of glycoproteins through the between two lipid layers active cells have less mitochondria
To prevent the electrons from scattering modification of carbohydrates and proteins  The lipids occur in two layers with their  Mitochondria of active cells have more cristae
17. Explain why a light microscope produces clear  Packaging and transport of cell secretions molecules facing away from each other while the mitochondria of less active cells have
images limited to a magnification of 1000times  Some protein molecules occur in the inner and less cristae
 transport of substances out of the cell thus is
This is because above this magnification the outer surfaces while others transverse the 40. State one adaptation of lysosomes (note that
found close to the cell membrane
images loses clarity membrane lining forming pores through which lysosomes are dark and spherical)
 synthesis of lysosomes
18. List the cell organelles observable when using a light substances pass  They have hydrolytic enzymes which destroy
microscope  facilitates processing of cisternae
(i) mitochondria Note that the membranes of other organelles such worn out cell organelles and old cells
Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, sap as mitochondria and the smooth ER share the xtic 41. Name the cell organelle which breaks down large
vacuole, tonoplast, chloroplast  Offers site for aerobic respiration
structure typical of the cell membrane molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates ad lipids
19. Name the suitable stain to be used when one wants (j) Lysosomes
27. Name the chemical compound which makes up the into simpler compounds- lysosome
to observe starch grains in a cell- iodine solution  Supply enzymes that destroys worn out cell
cell wall of plant cells- cellulose 42. Explain how lysosomes destroy old or damaged cells
20. Explain why the resolving power of a light organelles
28. Name the chemical compound which enables cell When a cell is old or damaged the membrane of
microscope cannot be increase by increasing the  Kills bacteria in white blood cells
walls to serve a supportive function in some trees lysosomes rapture releasing enzymes which then
number of lenses at very high magnifications the  Digest food materials in vacuoles (intracellular proceed to digest the contents of the cell
Lignin
image produced losses its clarity digestion) 29. Study the diagram below of a plant cell and its 43. Describe how a lysosome destroys a damaged
21. Draw well labelled diagrams of the following cells (k) Centrioles (rod shaped and found close to the mitochondrion
adjacent cells and answer the questions that follow
when observed under a light microscope nucleus) A membrane forms around the mitochondrion
(a) Name part X and state its function
(a) Animal cell  Forms spindle fibers that facilitates cell  Plasmodesmata (minute channels which enclosing it in a vacuole
(b) Plant cell division by pulling chromosomes apart The lysosome fuses with the membrane and
transverse the adjacent walls of cells)
22. What are cell organelles  Forms cilia and flagella in organisms where  They allow direct flow of substances between discharges digestive enzymes into the vacuole
It refers to structures found within the cell these structures occur The enzymes then digest the mitochondrion
neighboring cells
Below are diagrams of plants and animal cells as (l) Chloroplasts releasing its building blocks into the cytoplasm
30. Name the continuous motion exhibited by the
seen under an electron microscope  Traps light used in photosynthesis cytoplasm- cytoplasmic streaming Below are steps of how a lysosome destroys a worn-
23. State the functions of the following cell organelles  Stores pigment in plants(chlorophyll) 31. Differentiate between eukaryotes and prokaryotes out cell organelle
(a) Cell wall (m) Vacuoles Prokaryotes are organisms whose nucleus or 44. Name the membrane that encloses a vacuole
 Gives the cell its definite shape i. Sap vacuole nuclei are not enclosed in a membrane while Tonoplast
 Protects the cell against mechanical damage  Storage of cell sap for osmotic function eukaryotes are organisms whose nucleus or nuclei 45. Explain how a large central vacuole in a plant cell is
 Allow entry and exit of substances in and out  They create a turgor pressure contributing to are enclosed in a membrane formed when the plat is young the cells have smell
of the cell support especially in herbaceous plants 32. Name 3 components of the nucleus vacuoles which as the plant matures, they merge to
(b) Cell membrane  Storage of food substances such as sugars and  Nucleolus form the large central vacuole
 Selectively allow movement of substances in mineral salts  Chromosomes 46. State 3 components of cell sap in vacuoles of plants
and out of the cell  They store pigments that give various parts of the  Nucleoplasm Sugar, salts, waste products
 Encloses the cell contents plant their color e.g. petals 33. State 4 cell activities controlled by the nucleus 47. State 3 functions of sap vacuole in plants
(c) Cytoplasm  They may accumulate waste products and by Respiration, protein synthesis, cell division, RNA  Enables the plant cell to maintain optimum
 Offers site for chemical reactions products of metabolism thus providing a means of synthesis, DNA replication osmotic pressure
 Carries other cell organelles and inclusions excretion 34. State the role of nuclear pores in eukaryotes  It maintains the shape of the plant cell
(d) Nucleus ii. Contractile vacuole Are channels of communication between the  It contributes to support of the plant
 It controls cell activities such as protein  Osmoregulation nucleus and the cytoplasm 48. Briefly describe the appearance of Golgi apparatus
synthesis  excretion Note the plural of nucleolus is nucleoli They appear as stacks of flattened vesicles
 The nucleolus synthesize ribosomes iii. Food vacuole 35. Name the diffuse tangle of threads found in the surrounded by a unit membrane with spherical
 Nucleolus synthesis RNA  Storage of food nuclear sap of the nucleus- chromatin vesicles at their ends which are pinched off from
 Carries genetic information in form of DNA  Digestion of food 36. Name 2 components of the chromatin the flattened vesicles
(e) Endoplasmic reticulum (n) Ribosomes  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 49. State the role of the spherical vesicles found at the
 Transport substances such as lipids and proteins  Synthesis of proteins  Some proteins end of Golgi apparatus
within the cell (o) Pinocytic vesicle 37. State 2 functions of the nucleolus Facilitates exocytosis by transporting packaged
(f) Rough ER  Enables the cell to obtain solid substances  Synthesis ribonucleic acid (RNA) substances to the cell membrane fusing with it then
discharging its contents
 Transports proteins from the surrounding  Synthesis ribosomes
24. Name the 2 type of vacuoles in unicellular Transports packaged substances such as proteins
 Offers site for the attachment of ribosomes 38. State the main difference between the inner
organisms and lipids within the cell
(g) Smooth ER membrane of a mitochondrion and that of the outer
50. Name the most abundant cell organelle found in
 Synthesis lipids  Contractile vacuole
glandular organs such as liver. Explain your answer
 Golgi apparatus. They are involved in the to allow making of thin sections  It prevents the microscope’s objective les  Has a thin flexible cell wall to facilitate penetration
processing and release of secretions to prevent distortion of the cell structure from coming into contact with the trough the soil particles
51. With examples define the term secretion (c) Cutting thin sections specimen  Has a cell sap with dissolved sugars and salts to
It refers to a substance made in a specific tissue or To allow light to pass through Note that 1 millimeter is equal to 1000 facilitate osmotic uptake of water from the soil
organ and taken to other tissues where it perform (d) Moistening of the prepared section micrometers  Thin cell wall to allow it to penetrate through the
fixations a specific function e.g. Digestive enzymes To prevent drying which would distort the cells I micrometer is equal to 1000 nanometer soil particles
manufactured in various glands such as salivary Achieved by dipping the cut section in water 69. Define the term cell specialization
glands which are then released to the alimentary (e) Mounting It refers to the structural modification of newly
canal to digest food To make it convenient and allow light to pass through formed cell in an organism in order to perform
52. Study the diagram below and state what it represents (f) Fixation specific functions
It shows the process of formation of Golgi Usually involves passing the slide with the preparation 70. With examples define the following terms
apparatus and the release of secretions by spherical slowly under a mild flame (a) Cell- it refers to the basic structural and
vesicles through exocytosis To kill the living tissue and make the preparation functional unit of an organism e.g. palisade
53. Name 3 cells in plants that contain chloroplast permanent cell, red blood cell, nerve cell
Palisade cells, spongy mesophyll cells, guard cells 60. Explain why it is easier to make microscopic (b) Tissue- it refers to a group of cells modified to
54. Describe the appearance of endoplasmic reticulum specimen of plants than of animals perform the same function e.g. epithelial,
A system of parallel- flattened cavities and tubes This is because animal tissues are usually more muscular, nervous and bone tissues in (c) Palisade cell
which are lined by a unit membrane delicate than those of plants animals; phloem, xylem, palisade mesophyll  Have numerous chloroplast that contain
55. State 2 structural differences between the smooth ER 61. Differentiate between longitudinal sections and and epidermal tissues in plants chlorophyll to trap light for photosynthesis
and the rough ER transverse sections (c) Organ- it refers to a group of tissues  Are tightly packed to trap maximum light for
 Smooth ER has no ribosomes on its surface Longitudinal sections are those cut along the performing one or more functions e.g. kidney, photosynthesis
while the rough ER has ribosomes on its surface length of an organism’s structure while transverse liver and heart in animals; leaves, stem, roots
 Smooth ER is more tubular than the rough ER sections are those cut across the structure of an in plants
56. State 5 differences between a plant cell and an organism (d) Organ system- it refers to several organs
animal cell 62. List 4 common dyes used to stain specimens before coordinated to bring about an effective action
Plant cell Animal cell viewing together with their colors in an organism e.g. circulatory, digestive,
Has cell wall Lacks a cell wall  Iodine solution- brown respiratory and reproductive systems
Usually, large Often smaller  Methylene blue- blue (e) Organism- it refers to a collection of organ
Regular in shape Irregular in shape  Eosin- red/pinkish systems
Has no centrioles Has centrioles  Fast green/ green 71. Discuss the adaptations of the following specialized
Some have chloroplasts Lacks chloroplast  Haematoxylene- purple/deep blue cells
Stores starch oil and proteins Stores glycogen and 63. Explain the difference between the 2 types of (a) Guard cell
fats mounts that can be used when preparing slides  They have thick inner walls and thin outer walls
Has a large central vacuole Has no vacuole but Wet mounts are the most commonly used in school to allow differential expansion hence opening (d) Nerve cell
when present is small laboratories where the specimen is placed on a the stomata
 Have extensions called axons and dendrites that
and found within the slide over a drop of water or any other liquid while  They have chloroplast which enable them to transmits nervous impulses
cytoplasm fixed mounts are those made to make the specimen photosynthesize
Cytoplasm and nucleus are Cytoplasm and nucleus hard/stiff for sectioning and to maintain the  They are bean shaped and are two to create an
located towards the periphery occupy the central structure of the specimen by use of chemical aperture hence stoma
position fixatives such as 70%ethanol
57. Distinguish between mounting and staining in 64. State 2 roles of fixation
microscopy  Makes the specimen stiff/hard
Mounting refers to the placing of a prepared slide  It helps maintain the structure of the specimen
on their stage of a microscope while staining refers 65. Explain the reason why plants specimen are usually
to process of applying dyes on the specimen for placed over a drop of water when preparing slides (e) Sperm cell
clear observations The water ensures that the cells remain turgid  It has a long tail-like extension for propulsion to
58. Distinguish between magnification and resolution of hence maintaining their shape reach the egg
a microscope 66. Explain why fixation is mainly done on animal  It has an acrosome that contain lytic enzymes
Magnification of a microscope refers to the ability specimen and not plants which digests the membrane of the ovum allowing
of a microscope to enlarge tiny objects while One of the roles of fixation is to make the seaman (b) Root hair cell the head to penetrate into the egg
resolution refers to the ability of a microscope to stiff. Plant materials are already naturally stiff  It has an extension called root hair which provides  It has numerous mitochondria which yields
distinguish between two close objects as separate 67. Give 3 examples of fixatives used in the school a large surface area for absorption of water and energy for propulsion
entities laboratory mineral salts  It has a nucleus which carries the genetic material
59. Explain the essence of the following during  70% ethanol  It has a large sap vacuole to raise its osmotic of the parent
microscopy  99% ethanol and 1% glacial pressure allowing absorption of water through
(a) Staining  Ethanoic acid osmosis
To enhance visibility of the cell organelles as the living 68. State 4 roles of a cover slip in microscopy  Are thin walled to reduce the distance of movement
cells are almost colorless and translucent  It holds the specimen in position and forms of water and mineral sats during absorption
(b) Using a sharp razor blade an even surface
 Protect inner delicate tissues are responsible for locomotion and other
74. Name the tissue in animals equivalent to epidermal voluntary movements.
tissue in plants- epithelial tissue (b) Smooth muscle
75. Epidermal cells in stems and leaves of plants are Their contraction helps in movement of
covered by a layer of wax. Name this layer and state materials along tubular structures such as the
its function- cuticle; it prevents excessive loss of digestive tract
(f) Red blood cell water through evaporation (c) Cardiac muscle
 Are bicon cave in shape to provide a large 76. Name 2 type of cells found in the photosynthetic Their continuous contraction and relaxation
surface area for packing of hemoglobin tissue of plants without fatigue helps to pump blood from the
Palisade cells, spongy mesophyll cells heart throughout the person’s life
 They lack a nucleus when mature to provide (f) vascular bundle
77. Name 2 locations of the nervous tissue in man 82. Explain the role of the following type of tissues in
more room for packaging of hemoglobin  phloem translocate photosynthetic products
Brain, spinal cord, nerves an organism
 They contain haemoglobin which has a higher  xylem translocate water and mineral slats
78. State 2 functions of dendrites in a nerve cell (a) Epithelial tissue
affinity for oxygen enabling them to transport  xylem serves a supportive function
 Connects the nerve cell to other nerve cells  Is a thin continuous layer of cells that forms the
oxygen
 It facilitates transmission of nervous impulses external covering of the body of an organism and
 Are pliable to be able to squeeze between blood
79. Define a muscle various organs in the body
capillaries
It refers to a contractile tissue responsible for  It lines and protect internal surfaces of various
various kinds of movements in animals tubular structures in the body of an organisms
80. Explain the 3 different types of muscles in e.g. alimentary, respiratory, reproductive and
vertebrates urinary tracts
 Skeletal muscles- these muscles are attached to (b) Blood tissue
bones and are responsible for locomotion and  Transports oxygen from the lungs to other body (g) meristematic tissue
other voluntary movements. They are made up of tissues  apical meristem brings about primary
cylindrical cells  Transports carbon IV oxide and waste materials growth/increase in height/growth at the tips of
(g) White blood cell
to various excretory organs roots and shoots
 Have a large prominent nucleus which enables
 Fight diseases causing germs  lateral meristem is responsible for secondary
them to control cellular activities
(c) Connective tissue growth/growth of the girth
 They exhibit amoeboid movement which enable
 Connects other tissues and organs holding
them to reach pathogens
them in position (h) skeletal tissue
 It fills spaces between organs  supports the animal off the ground
 enables an animal to move
 Smooth muscles are found in the walls of the
 protects vital organs such as heart, brain and
digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract,
lungs
reproductive tract and the blood vessels. They are
(i) reproductive tissue
made up of long, spindle-shaped cells with a
responsible for the production of gametes, the
single nucleus. Their contraction helps in
sperms and ova
movement of materials along these tubular
83. state 3 different types of epithelial tissues
structures
(h) Muscle cell columnar, cuboidal, squamous
 It has contractile fibrils which contract and 84. Differentiate between simple epithelium and
relax bringing about movement stratified epithelium
 It has numerous mitochondria to yield energy (d) Epidermal tissue Simple epithelium consists of one layer of cells
for movement  Protects inner delicate tissues from mechanical while stratified epithelium consists of two or more
damage layers of cells
 Cardiac muscles are the ones found in the walls  It prevents excessive loss of water through 85. Explain the following types of epithelial tissues in
of the heart. Their continuous contraction and evaporation animals
relaxation without fatigue helps to pump blood  Protects inner tissues from infections (a) Epidermis
from the heart throughout the person’s life. (e) parenchyma tissue It refers to the epithelial lining of the skin which
Their cells have single nucleus and are joined  offers storage site for food in most plants covers the whole body and protects it from
(i) Epidermal cells end to end forming long cylindrical muscle fibers mechanical damage, entry of pathogens and loss of
 forms packing tissue in some plants filling
 They are transparent to allow light to reach the spaces between other tissues moisture. It is made up of stratified epithelium
photosynthetic cells (b) Endodermis
 is partly responsible for maintaining the shape
 Some lie guard cells have chloroplast for of a plant It is the epithelium that lines the internal surface of
photosynthesis blood and lymph vessels. It is made up of simple
 partly responsible for maintaining the firmness
72. Name 2 type of cells found in the epidermal tissue in epithelium
in some plants
plants (c) Mucous membrane(mucosa)
Epidermal cells, guard cells, root hair cells (in It lines the internal surface of the alimentary,
roots) 81. State the roles of the following types of muscles respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts. It is
73. State the role of the epidermal tissue in plants (a) Skeletal muscle made up of simple epithelium
86. Name 2 parts of the human body where microvilli 102. In many microscopic preparations of animal So that the objective lens can move the slightest 119. the diagram below represents a cell
are found and state their role tissues, it is difficult to make out cell boundaries and distance preventing any chances of contact and organelle
Small intestine, kidney tubules yet the disposition and number of cells can usually hence breakages of the slide and objective lens
Increases the surface area for absorption be determined, which cell structures make this (e) Focusing should never be done downwards with
87. Name 2 parts of the human body where cilia is possible the eye on the ocular Lense
located Nucleus To avoid any chances of the objective lens
Respiratory epithelium (it propels mucus and dust 103. Name the only cell organelle without a making contact with the glass slide as this would
particles along it) membrane- ribosomes lead to damage of both the lense and the slide
88. State 2 adaptations of the connective tissue 104. All cell organelles appear to be membranous 113. A microscope had the following
 Has strong fibers which enables it to connect in nature (except ribosomes). What could the specifications
other tissues and organs significance of this common feature be? Low power magnification= x100 (a) name the cell organelle above
 It has a matrix/ground substance in which Membranes tend to provide large surface area for High power magnification=x500 Golgi apparatus (not Golgi bodies)
various types of cells and connective fibers are reactions in the organelles Under low power the field of view is 1500 microns. (b) give 2 reasons for your answer in (a) above
embedded 105. State 2 factors that determine the choice of calculate the field of vie under high power of the  has flattened stacks of membrane bound
89. Name the ground substance in a connective tissue microscope during biological investigations microscope cisternae
Matrix  Size of the object to be viewed  has spherical vesicles at its ends
90. Name 2 cells in the human body that lack a nucleus  Degree of details required (c) name parts A, B, C
when mature  Nature of the specimen  A-Golgi body
Red blood cell, platelet 106. Name the cell organelle that would be  B- Golgi vesicle
91. Name the type of connective tissue in man that abundant in goblet cells. Explain  C- Golgi complex
forms a rigid framework called skeleton Golgi apparatus. Goblet cells are involved in the 120. Name the part of a plant cell that performs
Skeleton tissue secretion of substances and Golgi apparatus are Which combination above would give a wider field of view. the following
92. Name 2 kinds of skeletal tissue in animals incolved in secretion of substances Explain x100; the lower the magnification the greater the (a) Synthesize glucose- chloroplast
Bone, cartilage 107. State 2 functions of nuclear membrane in field of view (b) Secrete enzymes- Golgi body
93. State one adaption of the bone as a skeleton tissue in eukaryotes 121. Give 3 examples of semi permeable
animals  Allow for communication between the nucleus 114. What name is given to a photograph taken membranes in cells
It has calcium salts which makes it very hard and the cytoplasm by an electron microscope Nuclear membrane, tonoplast, cell membrane
94. Name the mineral element responsible for the  Encloses the contents of the nucleus Electron micrograph 122. State the role played by the following in
hardness of a bone- calcium 108. State the structural modification of a 115. State 2 differences between the following protein synthesis
95. State 2 adaptations of the parenchyma tissue Euglena cell (a) Mitochondrion and chloroplast (a) Nucleus- releases ribosomal RNA used by the
 Has cells with large sap vacuole for storage of  Flagella for locomotion (b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough ribosomes to synthesize proteins
food  Eyespot for photosensitivity endoplasmic reticulum (b) Ribosomes
 Has thin-walled cells to offer more room for 109. What might cell of the liver and glands have (c) Ribosomes and lysosomes Offers site for proteins synthesis
packaging of food in common 123. State 3 adaptations of the mitochondrion to
96. Name 2 parts in a plant where meristematic tissues They are all secretory its functions
are found 110. What would happen if an organism lost  The inner membrane is greatly folded to form
Cambium of stems and roots, the tip of stems and control of its lysosomes cristae which offers a large surface area for
roots All its tissues would be destroyed due to excessive respiration
97. Define the term phagocytosis production of lysosomes which would lead to self-  Have organic matrix that provides a suitable
It refers to the process of ingesting and digesting a lysis medium for respiratory reactions
pathogen 111. If we could control lysosome activity at  Bound by 2 membranes to protect the inner
98. Name 3 cell organelles present in plant cells but different tissues how could this help in the treatment delicate parts from external mechanical damage
absent in animal cells of cancer and to maintain the shape of the cell
Chloroplast, cell wall, large central vacuole This could be used in destruction of tumors
99. A researcher was examining cells of an unidentified  Has respiratory enzymes in the matrix to catalyze
112. Give a reason for each of the following respiratory reactions
animal organ under an electron microscope and (a) A microscope should never be put to close to the 116. State 2 roles of ribosomes on the RER
found most cells rich in RER and Golgi bodies. State  Synthesis proteins  The membranes are semi permeable to allow for
edge of the working bench during practical
the function of the organ. explain  Release proteins into the RER selective entry and exit of materials into the matrix
It could easily topple over and fall leading to
Secretion of substances; Golgi apparatus produce 117. Explain how sap vacuole of plants 124. In an experiment to determine the habitat of
damages and breakages
secretions such as enzymes while RER transports contribute to support in herbaceous plants two plants a leaf from each was obtained and
(b) The microscope mirrors and lenses should never
them They vacuoles tend to absorb water by osmosis and smeared with nail varnish on the upper surface and
be touched with the fingers
100. Name the cell organelle that stores enzymes therefore swells, pushing the cytoplasm against the left for 3-5 minutes to dry. The thin film of nail
 to avoid any scratches on the lenses varnish was peeled off with the leaf surface
Lysosomes; Golgi apparatus  to avoid any dirt on the Lenses which would cell wall. This makes plant cells turgid hence
101. The diagram below is a structure found in support impressions. The small part of the film from each
lead to blurred images leaf was mounted on a microscope glass slide
living organisms (c) The microscope should never get wet at all costs 118. Give 2 reasons why the cell above is
(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C palisade cell stained with methylene blue covered with a cover
To prevent metallic parts from rusting slip and observed under a light microscope at x100.
A- Protein layer; B- phosphate group; C- lipid (d) When using the high-power objective lens, only  Has tightly packed abundant chloroplast
bilayer The number of stomata within the field of view was
the fine adjustment knob should be used for  It is cylindrical in shape
focusing
 counted and recorded and the results tabulated as reticulum and Golgi bodies. What does this tell high temperatures denatures the cell membrane It refers to the difference in concentration between
shown below about the organ as it is proteinous in nature the region of high concentration and the region of
specimen No of stomata within  Polarized/possess electric charges- it has a net low concentration
the field of view It is a glandular organ involved in processing and release positive charge on the outside and a net negative 14. What is a visking tubing
of secretions charge on the inside. The charges enables it to It refers to an artificially made cell membrane
B 80
C 35 129. State 3 differences between cell membrane attract materials into the cell and also detect which represents a cell membrane
(a) Give a reason why nail varnish was smeared on and cell wall changes in the surrounding 15. Studt the diagram below and answer the questions that
the upper surface of the leaves  Cell walls are thick, tough and rigid while cell 8. State 2 advantages of the cell membrane being follow
To get the impression of the stomata membranes are thin and delicate polarized
(b) The impression was stained with methylene  Cell walls consist mainly of cellulose while cell  It enables it to detect changes in the
blue. Explain. membranes consists mainly of lipids and proteins surrounding
To color the specimen and create contrast  Cell walls are fully permeable while cell membrane  It enables it to attract materials to the cell
between various parts of the stomata hence are partially permeable 9. Name 2 substances that are
enhance visibility 130. state the role of cilia on epithelial tissues (a) Able to go through the cell membrane
125. Name the tissues that carry out the following Water, vitamins, mineral salts, glucose
functions in mammals Move materials over the epithelium (b) Are too large to go through the cell membrane
(a) Supports the animal's body off the ground. - Skeletal Starch, protein molecules
131. Name 2 mammalian organs where the
tissue 10. Define the following terms
epithelium has cilia
(b) Is responsible for movement. - muscular tissue (a) diffusion- it refers to the process by which (a) State and explain 2 observations made in the
(c) Transports oxygen throughout the body. - blood  Trachea particles move from a region of high
 Oviduct experiment
tissue concentration to a region of low concentration
 The contents in the visking tube turned blue
(d) Transmits impulses- nervous tissue along a concentration gradient
TOPIC 4: CELL PHYSIOLOGY black while the contents in the beaker remained
126. The figure below is a diagram of a cell as (b) Osmosis- it refers to the movement of water
1. Defne the term cell physiology brown
seen under the light microscope. molecules from a dilute solution to a
It refers to the study of cell functions  This is because the wall of the visking tube is
concentrated solution across a semipermeable
2. Name 3 substances that the cell requires to perform its semipermeable thus allowed small iodine
membrane/it refers to the movement of water
functions molecules to move from the beaker where they
molecules from their region of high
Water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, mineral are highly concentrated into the visking tubing
concentration to a region of low concentration
salts, gases (O2& CO2) where they are lowly concentrated. The iodine
across a semipermeable membrane
3. What are physiological processes the reacted with the starch to form a blue-black
(c) Active transport-it refers to the movement of
It refers to processes that involve movement of complex compound. On the other hand, the
molecules/ions from a region of low
substances in and out of the cell starch molecules are too large to move out of the
concentration to a region of high concentration
4. Name 4 physiological processes tubing thus the iodine in the beaker remained
against a concentration gradient by use of energy
Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, pinocytosis, brown
(d) Phagocytosis- it refers to the process by which
phagocytosis, exocytosis 16. State 4 factors affecting the rate of diffusion
specialized cells take in solid materials
5. State 2 functions proteins in the cell membrane Diffusion gradient, temperatures, type of diffusing
(a) Name the fluid found in the part labelled B and state (e) Pinocytosis- it refers to the process by which
 Forms the pores through which substances enter medium, size of diffusing molecules, diffusion
its functions specialized cells ingest vesicles containing liquid
or leave the cell distance, surface area to volume ratio
 Cell sap which has dissolved substances
 Some serves as carriers which transport 17. Explain how the following factors affect the rate of
(f) Exocytosis – it refers to the process by which a
 It stores salt and sugars substances in and out of the cell diffusion
cell releases secretory materials
 It helps maintain an osmotic gradient for 6. Study the diagram below of a cell membrane and (a) Concentration gradient
11. A potassium permanganate crystal was introduced to
osmoregulation answer the questions that follow The greater the concentration gradient the faster the
the bottom of beaker containing water using a straw.
 Helps to regulate the shape and turgidity of the cell rate of diffusion and vice versa
State and explain the observations made
(b) Name the structure that contains most of the DNA (b) Temperatures
After sometime a uniform purple solution was
 Nucleus Increase in temperatures result in an increase in the
observed. The crystal dissolved and its particles
(c) Use the scale shown to determine the magnification rate of diffusion as this increase the kinetic energy of
spread from their region of high
the diffusing particles hence, they move faster and vice
1 cm on the diagram represents 5 micrometer on the object concentration(crystal) to their region of low
versa
(a) Name parts labelled A, B, C concentration(water) to form a uniform purple
Since 1 cm = 10000 micrometer magnification is x2000 (c) Type of diffusing medium
A- Phospholipid molecule solution
Gases diffuse faster compared to solids and liquids
B- Bilipid layer 12. A student placed a perfume in one corner of the class
127. State 3 roles of parenchyma cells in a plant because the particles in gases are far apart thus face
C- Pore and stood in the other corner. State and explain the
 Storage of water least resistance. On the other hand, solid particles are
D- Protein molecules observations made
 Storage of food closely packed with together thus experience the
7. Explain 3 properties/characteristics of the cell The perfume will smell at the other corner because
 Fills the spaces between tissues maximum resistance
membrane the perfume particles spread from their region of
 Some like chlorenchyma cells photosynthesize (d) Size of particles
 Semipermeable- they selectively allow movement high concertation to other parts of the room where
Smaller and lighter particles diffuse faster than larger
128. when examining cells from an unidentified of substances in and out of the cell they are lowly concentrated using kinetic energy
rabbit organ under an electron microscope you find and heavier particles
 Sensitive to pH and temperatures changes- 13. Define the term concentration gradient
that most of the cells are rich in Rough endoplasmic (e) Distance of diffusion
extreme pH conditions such as high basicity or Diffusion rate is slower when diffusion distance is ling
acidity denatures the cell membrane. Moreover, and faster when the diffusion distance is short
(f) Surface area to volume ratio 23. Explain why osmosis is a special type of diffusion rose until pressure it exerted prevented further It refers to the firmness of a plant cell after
Diffusion rate s faster when the surface area to volume Because it involves movement of water molecules net uptake of water drawing in water by osmosis wen place in a
ratio is high and slower when the surface area to from a region of high concentration to a region of (b) State one precaution to be observed during the hypotonic solution
volume ratio is great low concentration across a semipermeable experiment 4. Plasmolysis
18. State 4 roles of diffusion in membrane There should be no leakages at the base of the It refers to the process by which a plant cell loses
(a) Animals 24. Differentiate between osmotic pressure and osmotic thistle funnel water by osmosis and becomes flaccid after being
 It facilitates gaseous exchange across respiratory potential (c) In relation to the experiment above define the placed in a hypertonic solution
surface Osmotic pressure refers to the pressure exerted term hydrostatic pressure 5. Flaccid/limp cell
 It facilitates absorption of digested food from the against a semipermeable membrane to stop It refers to the height difference between the It refers to a plant cell whose cell membrane has
gut osmosis/water molecules from the dilute solution original level of solution in the stem and the shrunk away from the cell wall after losing water
 It facilitates the elimination of waste from cells entering the concentrated solution while osmotic final level by osmosis when placed in a hypertonic solution
 It facilitates exchange of materials between the potential refers to the hidden force of a (d) Explain what happens when 6. Deplasmolysis
mother and fetus concentrated solution which only becomes real i. Hydrostatic pressure is applied on the surface of the It refers to the process by which a flaccid plant cell
 It facilitates transmission of nervous when the solution is separated from distilled water original solution column in the stem gains water and becomes turgid after being placed
transmission through the nervous system by a semipermeable membrane This would prevent uptake of water from the in a hypotonic solution
(b) Plants 25. Name the instrument used to measure osmotic beaker 7. Incipient plasmolysis
 Absorption of mineral salts from the soil pressure- osmometer ii. Pressure higher than the hydrostatic pressure is It refers to the point at which plasmolysis occurs
26. Explain how the following changes when a plant cell applied on the surface of the original solution 33. Explain what happens when a plant cell is placed in
 Gaseous exchange
draws in water column in the stem distilled water
 It contributes to the transportation of
photosynthetic products from the leaves to their
(a) Osmotic pressure Water will flow from the solution into the  The distilled water is hypotonic to the plant cell
Osmotic pressure increase because the water beaker a phenomenon called reverse osmosis thus the plant cell draws in water by osmosis
plant parts
being drawn in dilutes the cell sap 28. A sample of RBCs was placed in distilled water in a  this increases the volume of the sap vacuole
 It facilitates removal of excess water from plants
(b) Osmotic potential beaker. State and explain the observations made after which expands and pushes the cytoplasm and the
through transpiration
It decreases because the water being drawn in sometime cell membrane against the rigid cell wall
 Diffusion of fragrances produced by flowers to dilutes the cell sap (osmotic potentials when A reddish color was observed in the distilled water  as more water is gained the sap vacuole exerts
attract pollinators dealing with water is also called water after some time turgor pressure on the cell wall and on the other
19. Explain the importance of the flattened body of a potential) The red blood cells were hypertonic to the distilled hand the cell wall exerts an opposite and equal
flatworm or leaves in plants 27. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that water thus drew in water by osmosis and became force (wall pressure) which prevents the bursting
It provide a large surface area for diffusion follow swollen and eventually burst as they lack a rigid of the plant cell
20. Multicellular organisms have a small surface area to cell wall(hemolysis)
volume ratio thus diffusion occur slowly. Explain 2  when the plant cell is full/turgid wall pressure is
29. Explain what happens when a red blood cell is placed equal to turgor pressure
ways in which the problem of diffusion of materials in a a concentrated solution
has been resolved in these organisms 34. name one instance when wall pressure is equal to
The concentrated solution is hypertonic to the red turgor pressure in a plant cell
 The development of highly folded respiratory blood cell thus the red blood cell loses water by
and absorptive surfaces over which diffusion when the plant cell is turgid
osmosis to the concentrated solution, shrinks and 35. explain what happens when a plant cell is paced in a
has to take place reduces in size(crenation) concentrated solution
 The body of some organs mat be flattened to 30. Differentiate between hemolysis and crenation/laking  the concentrated solution is hypertonic to the
increase the surface area to volume ratio Haemolysis refers to the process by which an plant cell thus water is drawn from the plant cell
21. State the main role of diffusion in living organisms animal cell swells and burst after drawing in water into the concentrated solution through osmosis
Gaseous exchange by osmosis when placed in a hypotonic solution
22. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that  this causes the cell membrane to shrink and pull
while crenation refers to the process by which an away from the cell wall as the volume of the cell
follow animal cell shrinks and reduces in size when after sap decreases
losing water by osmosis when placed in a
 the cell shrinks and is said to be
A solution of sucrose/common salt and some hypertonic solution
flaccid/plasmolyzed
methylene blue was added to the thistle funnel 31. State one way in which the body ensures that crenation
36. name the condition responsible for holding leaves of
whose opening at the base was covered with a sheet or haemolysis does not occur in cells
plats in a horizontal position- turgidity
of a visking tubing. The solution of sucrose/common Balancing of ions 37. explain what is responsible for holding a tomato plant
salt was added slowly using a teat pipette. It was 32. Define each of the following terms erect
then clamped as shown and placed inside a beaker of 1. Turgor pressure
tomato plant is an herbaceous plant. It is remains
water. It refers to the pressure acting against the
erect as it is filled with fully turgid cells tightly
(a) State and explain the observations made cytoplasm and the cell membrane of a plant cell
(a) State the main aim of the experiment packed together
 The level of solution in the stem of the thistle when the plant cell draws in water after being
To demonstrate osmosis using a visking tube
funnel rises for some distance and then levels placed in a hypotonic solution
(b) State and explain the observations made in the
off 2. Wall pressure
experiment
 Water molecules moved from the beaker where It refers to an inward pressure equal to turgor
 Volume of the contents in the visking tube
their concentration was high across the pressure exerted by the cell wall to prevent bursting
increase and the viscin tube becomes firm
semipermeable visking sheet into the thistle of the plant cell after drawing in water when place
 Salt solution is hypertonic to the distilled in a hypotonic solution
water hence draws in water by osmosis swells funnel where their concentration was low. The
column of water in the stem of the thistle funnel 3. Turgidity/turgor
and becomes firm
 i. Set up 1  Both depend on a concentration gradient  extreme pH conditions such as high acidity or
 Sugar crystals dissolves 45. State 2 differences between diffusion and osmosis alkalinity results in low rates of energy production
 Level of water in the petri dish drops  Diffusion involves movement of any type of thus slower rates of active transport/stoppage
ii. Set up 2 molecules while osmosis involves movement of 50. state the roles of active transport in
 No observable change water molecules (a) plants
iii. Set up 3  Osmosis occurs across a semi permeable  Absorption of mineral salts from the soil
 Sugar crystals do not dissolve membrane while diffusion may occur in absence of  Translocation of photosynthetic products from
 Water level in the petri dish remains the same semi permeable membrane the leaves to other plant parts
(c) Explain the observations made in 46. Iodine is in high concentration in sea weed than in the (b) animals
i. Set up 1 soil. Name the process by which the sea weed draws in  absorption of digested food from the alimentary
 The sugar crystals in the unboiled potato cube are the iodine canal to the blood stream
moistened by the cell sap making a strong solution Active transport  excretion of waste products from cells
 Water is extracted from the cells adjacent to the 47. State and explain 2 factors affecting the rate of  transmission of nerve impulses
cavity by osmosis. osmosis  reabsorption of sugar and salts in the kidney
 The cell saps of this cells become concentrated and  Temperature- as temperature increase the rate of tubules
extract water from the inner cells osmosis increases as the water molecules gain 51. name the process being described below
 The inner cells extract water from the cells at the more kinetic energy (a) white blood cell ingest pathogens such as bacteria
periphery of the potato cube which then become  Osmotic gradient- the higher the osmotic gradient phagocytosis
concentrated and extract water from the distilled the faster the rate of diffusion and vice versa (b) white blood cell feeds on microscopic organisms
water in the petri dish 48. State 4 factors affecting the rate of active transport such as plasmodium- pinocytosis
ii. Set up 2  Oxygen concentration 52. Give 3 roles of phagocytosis in living cells
 In the unboiled potato without sugar crystals  Substrate concentration  Enables WBCs to ingest and destroy pathogens
water does not get into the cavity since there is no  Temperatures  Enables feeding in single celled organisms such
38. Define wilting osmotic gradient between the cavity and the potato  Enzyme inhibitor as amoeba or protozoa
It refers to a condition in plants during dry weather in cells  pH  Enables fertilization in some single celled
which pants droop as a result of losing excess water by iii. Set up 3 49. explain how the following affects the rate of active organisms
evapotranspiration making the cells flaccid  In the boiled potato water does not get into the transport 53. Describe how a WBC or Amoeba carries out
39. During the day plants droop. However, at night they cavity since the structure of the potato cells is (a) oxygen concentration phagocytosis
become firm. Explain. During the day plants droop as destroyed and they are no longer able to carry out  oxygen is required for energy production where it  When a WBC or Amoeba comes into contact with
a result of losing excess water by evapotranspiration osmosis oxidizes glucose to yield energy for active transport the solid material e.g. food particle in the case of
making the cells flaccid. At night there is little or no 43. State the importance of osmosis in  high oxygen concentration will result in more Amoeba or bacteria in the case of a WBC; it sends
transpiration hence the cells become deplasmolysed (a) Microorganisms energy being produced hence a faster rate of active out fingerlike projections which surround the
and become firm hence he plant becomes firm It facilitates uptake of water from the transport and vice versa material.
40. At night plant cells become deplasmolysed after being surrounding medium to the cells of (b) substrate concentration  The material together with the surrounding
being flaccid during the day making the plant droop. microorganisms  glucose is required for energy production where it membrane forms the phagocytic/food vacuole
Explain an instance in which a plant dies due to (b) Plants is oxidized to yield energy from active transport  The surrounding membrane cuts off g=from the
wilting  It facilitates absorption of water from the soil  lack of glucose results in low energy production cell membrane and the vacuole migrates to the
If the water supply from the soil is insufficient the  Transport of water from the epidermal cells of the thus a slower rate of active transport and vice versa centre of the cytoplasm
plant dies due to permanent wilting roots to the cells at the centre of the root (c) temperatures  The vacuole fuses with one or more lysosomes
41. State 2 possible causes of wilting n plants  Movement of water from the veins of leaves  respiration is an enzyme-controlled reaction which discharge its digestive enzymes into it
 If a plant loses more water than it gets from the through the leave cells to the atmosphere through which are affected by temperature changes  The soluble materials are absorbed into the
soil through transpiration transpiration  at optimum temperatures active transport is faster surrounding cytoplasm
 if a plant is exposed to a concentrated salt solution  Closing and opening of stomata due to sufficient energy production resulting from  In Amoeba undigestible materials are egested by a
42. Study the set up below and answer the questions that  It contributes to support by making the cells turgid optimum enzyme activity reversal mechanism where the vacuole moves to
follow in herbaceous plants and in non woody parts of  temperatures below optimum inactivates the surface and fuses with the cell membrane and
the plants lie leaves and flowers respiratory enzymes leading to low energy discharges the undigestible materials to the
 Feeding in insectivorous plants production hence a slower rate of active transport outside
(c) Animals  temperatures beyond optimum denatures 54. Explain how a cell benefits from pinocytosis
 Reabsorption of water at the kidney tubules respiratory enzymes hence low rates of energy Once the pinocytic vesicle is in the cytoplasm it either
 Absorption of water at the intestines production thus a slower rate of active transport raptures to release the dissolved substances of these
 Reabsorption of tissue fluid into the blood stream (d) enzyme inhibitors are released after being broken down to smaller
at the venous side of the capillaries  presence of enzyme inhibitors e.g. cyanide slows molecules by digestive enzymes from lysosomes
44. State 2 similarities between diffusion and osmosis down the rate of active transport as it interferes 55. Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate diffusion
 Both involves movement of molecules from a with respiratory enzymes in energy production of a solute
region of high concentration to a region of low and vice versa  Materials: A beaker of water and a crystal of
(a) State the aim of the experiment concentration (e) power of hydrogen(pH) potassium permanganate.
To demonstrate osmosis in plant cells  Both are passive processes i.e. do not require  optimum pH conditions result in more energy
(b) State the observations made in energy production thus faster rates of active transport
  Procedure: Gently drop the permanganate crystal water is very important for maintaining the structural and  Repair worn out body tissues Below is an internal structure of the leaf
into the water. Leave the beaker undisturbed and metabolic integrity of plants, its deficiency leads to death of 3. Explain the difference between autotrophic and
observe what happens. the plants. heterotrophic nutrition
 Observation: The permanganate gradually autotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where
dissolves and the purple colour spreads until it is 61. Name four processes in living things that depend on living organisms manufacture their own food
uniformly distributed in the water. active transport. such as vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates using
 Conclusion: Molecules of permanganate diffuse  Absorption of soluble products of digestion, e.g. simple substances such as caron (IV) Oxide,
from the crystal and spread throughout the water glucose and amino acids across the epithelial water, mineral salts and energy while
forming a solution. lining of the intestinal villi. heterotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition
56. With reference to cells distinguish between a freely  Absorption of some mineral salts from the soil by where living organisms feed on already
permeable structure and a semi-permeable structure plant roots. manufactured food
giving one example of each. 4. Explain the 2 different types of autotrophs and give
 Reabsorption of glucose, amino acids and
 A freely permeable structure is one that allows their examples
inorganic salts from the kidney tubules.  Photosynthetic organisms- they manufacture
the free flow of molecules of different sizes across
it. An example is the plant cell wall.  Pumping of sodium and potassium ions across the their own food using energy from sunlight e.g.
 A semi-permeable structure is one that allows nerve cell membrane during the transmission of an algae, green plants
certain molecules to flow across it but prevents impulse.  Chemosynthetrophs- they manufacture their 10. State 3 functions of the following parts of a leaf
others from doing so. An example is the plasma 62. In an experiment, equal volumes of blood were own food using energy from chemical (a) Epidermis
membrane of all cells. incubated for one hour with different salt reactions/oxidation of inorganic compounds  Protects inner cells and tissues of the leaf from
57. Define the following terms in relation to a cell concentrations. After the incubation, the number of red e.g. non-green plants, some bacteria mechanical damage
 (a) Isotonic solution blood cells in each setup was determined. The results 5. Give 2 examples of chemosynthetrophs  Gives rise to the cuticle
 (b) Hypotonic solution were as follows: No-green plants, some bacteria  Allows light to penetrate to reach the
 (c) Hypertonic solution 6. Define photosynthesis photosynthetic cells
Final saltNumber of red blood cells after It refers to the process by which plants
 An isotonic solution is one whose solute Set up  Prevents the leaf from entry of disease-causing
concentration incubation manufacture food using carbon IV oxide, water
concentration is similar to that of the cell contents. organisms
 A hypotonic solution is one whose solute and energy from sunlight (b) Cuticle
A 0.9% Normal
concentration is lower than that of the cell 7. Explain how a mushroom manufactures its food (refers  Protects inner cells and tissues of the leaf from
contents. B 0.5% Fewer than normal to classification II) mechanical damage
 A hypertonic solution is one whose solute 8. Name one by-product of photosynthesis  Allows light to penetrate to reach the
concentration is higher than that of the cell C 0.3% None oxygen photosynthetic cells
contents. 9. Write both a word and a chemical equation to  Prevents the leaf from entry of disease-causing
58. Name five processes in living things that depend on  (a)Account for the results in setup: (i) A (ii) C summarize the process of photosynthesis organisms
osmosis.  (b) In what way would you expect the cells in setup
B to differ from those in set up A?  Waxy to prevent excess water loss from the leaf
 ·Uptake of water from the soil into the root hairs of
plant roots.  (c)What observations would you expect to make
with regard to the number and shape of red blood (c) Veins
 ·Transport of water from the epidermal cells of the  Consists of xylem vessels which translocate water
root to the cells at the centre of the root. cells if the experiment was repeated with a salt
solution at a final concentration of 1.4%? Below are external structures of a leaf and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves
 ·Reabsorption of water from kidney tubules.  Consists of the phloem tissue which translocate
 (a) (i) 0.9% salt solution is isotonic to red blood
 ·Reabsorption of tissue fluid into the bloodstream products of photosynthesis from the leaves to
cells.
at the venous side of the capillaries. other parts of the plants
 (ii) 0.3 % salt solution is hypotonic to red blood
 ·Transpiration  Contains strengthening tissues which enables it to
cells. Water moves into the cells by osmosis causing
59. Explain why:-(a) red blood cells burst when placed in support the leaves (surrounded by tissues such as
them to swell and burst, a process called
distilled water while plant cells remain intact. parenchyma tissue, sclerenchyma tissue and
haemolysis.
 The red blood cells take in water by osmosis. They collenchyma tissue which strengthen it)
 (b) Cells in setup B would appear larger than those
swell and exert pressure on the fragile plasma  Spreads the lamina enabling it to absorb light
in setup A.
membrane which then breaks. efficiently
 (c)The number would be normal. However, the
 Plant cells take in water and swell but do not burst. (d) Intercellular air spaces
cells would appear smaller in size and wrinkled
This is because, their tough cell wall can only Allow efficient diffusion of gases and water vapor
(crenated).
stretch to a limited extent. Once fully stretched, the between the leaf and the atmosphere
cell wall resists further expansion of the cell and 11. State 4 features/adaptations of the leaf epidermis
no more water is taken up.  It is transparent to allow light to penetrate and
60. Addition of large amounts of salt to soil in which TOPIC 5: NUTRITION reach the photosynthetic cells
plants are growing kills the plants. Explain. 1. Define nutrition
 It has close fitting cells surrounding the whole leaf
It refers to the process by which organisms
 It has stomata which facilitates gaseous exchange
Plants normally grow in soils whose solute concentration is acquire and utilize nutrients
 It has guard cells which control the opening and
lower than that of the cell sap. This enables the plants to 2. State 4 importances of nutrition in organisms
closing of the stomata
take up water by osmosis. Addition of large amounts of salt  Growth and development
12. State 4 adaptations of the cuticle
to the soil plants lose water to the soil by osmosis. Since  For energy production
 To fight diseases
  It is transparent to allow light to penetrate and (c) State the importance of the organelle above in 31. Explain the term mosaic pattern/leaf mosaic and state
reach the photosynthetic cells taxonomy its importance to plants
 It is impervious to water and gases thus prevents Used to distinguish some pans cells from all other It refers to the leaf arrangement in most plants where
excessive loss of water through evaporation cells there is minimum overlapping of the leaves; this
 It is tough and therefore helps to protect the leas (d) Name all the parts labelled with letters allows maximum absorption of light energy
from mechanical damage and entry of disease- A- Thylakoid disc 32. State 2 conditions for photosynthesis to occur
causing microorganisms B- Lamella (plural- lamellae)  Sunlight
 It is shiny and therefore reflects heat preventing C- Stroma  chlorophyll
overheating of the leaf D- Lipid droplet 33. State 2 requirement/ raw materials for photosynthesis
13. Name 2 mesophyll layers in a leaf E- Lamella (plural- lamellae)  Water
(a) Explain the difference between the two F- Granum (plural- grana)
 Spong mesophyll layer  Carbon IV oxide
22. Name 2 parts of the plants where photosynthesis may G- Starch grain
 Palisade mesophyll 34. Give 2 reasons why leaves of most plants appear green
occur H- Free ribosomes
14. State 4 adaptations of the palisade cells in color
Leaves, green parts of the stem I- Outer membrane
 They are closely packed for maximum absorption 23. State 3 importances of photosynthesis  Presence of chlorophyll
J- Inner membrane  Chlorophyll absorbs the blue and red wavelengths
of light energy  It is the ultimate source of almost all organic K- Chloroplast envelope and most of the yellow and green wavelengths are
 They have large number of chloroplasts from matter in nature. The organic compounds (e) Name the background material for the organelle reflected
maximum absorption of light hence manufactured by green plants are consumed by above- stroma 35. Name the 2 stages of photosynthesis and name the part
photosynthesis animas either directly or indirectly by feeding on (f) Using letters name the part were of chlorophyll where they occur
 The chloroplast move within the cytoplasm animals which have fed on the plants. Thus, green i. Oxygen is produced- A
depending on the amount of light available plants are major sources of food in nature hence  Light stage/light dependent stage- granum
ii. CO2 fixation takes place- C
15. Explain why chloroplasts in the cytoplasm of spongy called producers  Dark stage/light independent stage- stroma
iii. Enzymes that facilitate light reactions of
palisade cells would be more on one side than the  It is the only process that adds substantial 36. Define the following terms
photosynthesis are attached- F
other amounts of oxygen to the atmosphere in the air (a) Photolysis
iv. Enzymes used in the dark stage- C
During dim light they move to the upper parts of the which is used by other organisms in aerobic It refers to the process by which light energy trapped by
v. ATP is broken down to ADP and a
cell allowing maximum absorption of light energy respiration chlorophyll is used to split a water molecule to form
phosphate molecule- C
and in bright light they move to the lower parts of the  It utilizes carbon IV oxide thus helping maintain hydrogen atoms and oxygen gas
28. What is the general shape of a chloroplast
cell which protects them from bleaching effects of its normal concentration in the atmosphere (b) Carbon IV oxide fixation
Biconvex shape
intense eight intensities 24. What are mesophytes It refers to the process by which hydrogen atoms
29. State the functions of the following part of the
16. State 2 features of the spongy mesophyll layer These are plants which grow on well-watered soil combine with carbon IV oxide forming simple
chloroplasts
 It is composed of spherical/irregular shaped cells 25. State the role of lamina in lives sugars such as glucose
(a) Grana
 The cells are loosely packed to create air spaces Offers a large surface area for absorption of light 37. Describe the following stages of photosynthesis
 Offers a large surface area for the attachment (a) Light stage
 Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis energy and gaseous exchange of chlorophyll
17. Explain why the lower parts of the leaf is usually light 26. State 3 functions of the guard cells Occurs in the grana in presence of sunlight
 Offers a large surface area for the attachment Chlorophyll traps light energy which is then used to
in color than the upper side  Controls the opening and closing of the stomata of enzymes required for the light reactions of
This is because palisade cells closer to the upper breakdown water molecules into hydrogen ions and
 Controls gaseous exchange photosynthesis
epidermis have more chloroplasts than the spongy oxygen gas in a process called photolysis
 Controls the rate of water loss in a leaf (b) Starch grain The hydrogen ions are used in the dark stage during
mesophyll cells closer to the lower epidermis 27. Study the diagram below ad answer the questions that Storage of starch
18. Name 3 tissues that strengthens the veins in the leaves carbon IV oxide fixation while the oxygen is released
follow (c) Stroma into the atmosphere while some is used in respiration
of plants
 Has photosynthetic enzymes which speeds up ATP is also produced in this stage
 Parenchyma tissue the rate of photosynthesis
 Collenchyma tissue (b) Dark stage
 Offers site for CO2 fixation Energy absorbed in light stage is stored in form of ATP
 Sclerenchyma tissue (d) Lamellae which is then used in the dark stage
19. State the fate of the glucose manufactured during Joins the grana Hydrogen ions from the light stage combine with
photosynthesis (4mks) 30. Explain how chloroplasts are adapted to their functions carbon IV oxide to form glucose in a process called
 Some is converted to sucrose and transported to  Have chlorophyll pigment which traps light carbon IV oxide fixation
other parts of the plant energy used in photosynthesis Some glucose is used in cell respiration; some
 Some is converted to starch and stored in the leaf  Has stroma where enzymes that speeds up converted to sucrose and transported toother parts of
in form of starch granules photosynthesis are located the plant and some converted to starch and stored in
 Some is used in respiration  Has granum for attachment of chlorophyll the leaf in form of starch granules
20. With an example state the fate of starch stored in the  Has grana which forms the main site for light 38. Name 3 products of the light stage of photosynthesis
leaf reactions Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), hydrogen ions,
It is reconverted back to glucose when need arises
 They have stroma which provides the favorable oxygen gas
e.g. at night when photosynthesis is not taking place (a) Name the cell organelles above and give a reason for
site for dark reactions 39. State the fate of the following products of the light
some is converted to glucose and used in formation your answer
 Has starch grains for storage of starch stage
of cellulose Chloroplast; it is egg shaped; presence of grana
 It is double membrane to ensure adequate (a) ATP
21. Study the diagram below showing the movement of (b) State the role of the organelle above
protection of the inner delicate tissues  Used during the dark stage in carbon IV oxide
chloroplasts in response to light intensity in palisade Offers site for photosynthesis
 Has lipid globules for storage of lipids fixation to combine carbon IV oxide and hydrogen
mesophyll cells
ions
 (b) Hydrogen ions (d) Name one suitable control experiment
 Used in dark stage in carbon IV oxide fixation Similar setup without sodium hydroxide
where it is combined with carbon IV oxide (e) Explain what observations would have been made if
(c) Oxygen gas the flask had sodium hydrogen carbonate instead of
 Some is released into the atmosphere sodium hydroxide
 Some is used in cell aerobic respiration On addition of iodine a blue-black coloration
40. Write both word and chemical equations to show the would have formed. This is because sodium
following processes hydrogen carbonate releases carbon IV oxide thus
(a) Photolysis photosynthesis would have occurred
(f) Name an alternative substance that can be used
instead of sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide; calcium hydroxide
(a) State the aim of the experiment 47. Study the experimental setup below and answer the (a) State the aim of the experiment
To determine the gas produced during photosynthesis questions that follow To investigate the effect of varying light intensity on
(b) Carbon IV oxide fixation (b) Why was a water plant used the rate of photosynthesis
It can carry out photosynthesis under water using (b) State the difference that would be observed if the setup
dissolved carbon IV oxide and at low light intensities is placed in sunlight and when placed in an open
(c) Why was sodium hydrogen carbonate added to the cupboard
water Many gas bubbles are released when the apparatus is
It provides Carob V oxide necessary for placed out in the sun the least number of bubbles is
photosynthesis by absorbing atmospheric carbon IV produced when the setup is placed in an open
oxide cupboard. This is because the rate of photosynthesis
41. What is the importance of light stage in the process of (d) State the observations made is dependent on light intensity
photosynthesis Production of air bubbles which collected at the top (c) State the how light intensity is varied in the setup
Hydrogen ions and ATP is produced useful in the of the test tube above
dark stage during carbon IV oxide fixation (e) Name the gas being produced- oxygen By varying the distance between the light source and
42. List 4 products of light independent stage of (f) State the role of the following in the setup the bulb
photosynthesis i. Wooden support (d) Explain the shape of the graph that would be obtained
Glucose, water, fatty acids, amino acids Creates space between the funnel and the flow of (a) State the aim of the experiment if the results are plotted of light intensity versus the
43. Explain why plants store food inform of starch and not the beaker thus allowing free circulation of water To investigate whether light is necessary for rate of photosynthesis determined by the number of
glucose ii. Funnel photosynthesis bubbles produced
Glucose is soluble and osmotically active thus will Directs the air bubbles into the glass tube (b) State one precaution that should be carried out before At low light intensities the light intensity is directly
interfere with the osmotic pressure of cells thereby (g) State the likely identity of water plant X the beginning of the experiment proportional to the rate of photosynthesis. However,
affecting cell functions while starch is insoluble and Canadian pondweed; Elodea Destarching the leaves by placing the plant in the plot levels out at higher light intensities as other
osmotically inactive thus will not interfere with the 46. Study the experimental set up below and answer the darkness for 48 hours factors become limiting
osmotic pressure of the cells thus efficient cell questions that follow (c) State and explain the observations that would be made (e) State the role of the thick glass
functions if leaf A is tested for starch Helps to absorb heat from the lamp as heat also
44. Explain why the following is done when testing for The uncovered parts would turn blue black with influences the rate of photosynthesis
starch in a leaf addition of iodine while the covered part would 49. What is a variegated leaf? It refers to a leaf with some
(a) Using a leaf that has been exposed to light for 5 hours remain brown on addition of iodine. This is because parts of its lamina lacking chlorophyll hence has
The leaf has photosynthesized thus starch is present the parts covered by the aluminium foil did not different colors
(b) Dipping the leaf in boiling water receive light energy thus no photosynthesis occurred 50. How can we confirm that photosynthesis has occurred
To rapture the starch granules hence no starch is present while the uncovered parts in a leaf
(c) Dipping the leaf in methylated spirit’ received light thus photosynthesis occurred hence By testing for starch
To decolorize it for clear observations to be made presence of starch 51. State 4 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
(d) Spreading the leaf on a white tile and flooding its (d) State the role of leaf B in the set up  Carbon IV oxide concentration
surface with dilute iodine solution It serves as a control experiment  Light intensity
To test for the presence of starch. A blue-black (e) State the conclusion made at the end of the experiment  Temperature
(a) State the aim of the experiment
coloration would form showing the presence of Light is necessary for photosynthesis to occur  Water
To investigate if carbon IV oxide is necessary for
starch 48. Study the experimental setup below and answer the 52. Explain how the following factors affect the rate of
photosynthesis
(e) State 2 possible control experiment for the above questions that follow photosynthesis
(b) In the setup above a destarched leaf is used. What is
 Using a leaf from a non-green plants the meaning of destarching a leaf a) Carbon IV oxide concentration
 Using a leaf that has been in darkness for sometime Removing starch from a leaf usually by placing the When carbon IV oxide concentration increases the rate
45. Study the experiment setup below and answer the plant in the dark or sometime of photosynthesis increases up to a certain level where
questions that follow (c) If leaf B was tested for starch state and explain the it slows down and levels off because at this point other
observations that would have been made factors become limiting
Brown iodine color persists
No starch produced since sodium hydroxide absorbed
caron IV oxide hence photosynthesis did not occur
  Light duration (how long)  Under this conditions the rate of sugar production is  Fructose
 Light intensity(type) lower than the rate of its utilization  Galactose
 Light wavelength(strength) 60. Explain why it is not safe to have potted plants in your All have 6 carbon atoms per molecule. They
56. Explain how water affects photosynthesis indirectly room at night only differ in the arrangement of atoms in their
Slight water deficiency in a plant leads to closure of (Refer to the notes above) structure
the stomata thus preventing carbon IV oxide from 61. State the law of limiting factor 7. What is the general formula for monosaccharides
getting into the plant It states that a process influenced by several factors is (CH2O) n where n= 6
57. Explain how light wavelength affects photosynthesis governed by the factor that is in its lowest supply 8. State 4 properties of hexose sugars
Chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue and red 62. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that  They are soluble in water
wavelengths and these are the ones used for follow  They have a sweet taste
b) Light intensity photosynthesis. Therefore, the wavelength of light  They are crystalline in form
The rate of photosynthesis increases with increase in falling on a plant will influence its rate of  They are reducing sugars e.g. they reduce
light intensity. At higher light intensities the rate of photosynthesis e.g. copper II ions to copper I ions
photosynthesis slowdown and levels off. At very high In forests leaves on tall trees absorb most of the red 9. When glucose is added to Benedict’s solution and
light intensities chlorophyll is damaged and the rate of and blue wavelengths and the light that filters warmed for some time the color changes from blue to
photosynthesis falls through is of low intensity and in the green orange. Explain
wavelengths. This reduces rate of photosynthesis in Glucose is a hexose sugar/monosaccharide thus
plants growing in the forest floor thus only few is a reducing sugar. It reduces the blue soluble
shade-tolerant plants are able to survive in forest copper II sulphate present in Benedict’s solution
floors to copper I oxide which appears as an orange
58. Explain why only a few shade tolerant plants are able precipitate
to survive in forest floors (a) Name the limiting factor between the following 10. State 2 functions of simple sugars
Refer to answer above regions
 They are oxidized to yield energy in
59. Explain the term compensation point in relation to A- Light intensity
respiration
photosynthesis B- Temperature/ carbon IV oxide concentration
 They are building blocks of disaccharides and
It refers to the light intensity at which the rate of 63. Explain why plants at their natural environment rarely
polysaccharides
carbon IV oxide production by a plant in respiration if ever photosynthesize at their maximum potential
11. Differentiate between condensation and hydrolysis
is equal to the rate of carbon IV oxide consumption This is because at any one point one or more of the
Condensation refers to the process of chemically
c) Temperature by the plant in photosynthesis and at this point all the various factors of photosynthesis become limiting
combining two simple molecules to form a
The reactions of photosynthesis are driven by enzymes. sugar produced is used up in respiration 64. Explain how yields of plats in greenhouses are
complex molecule with the product of a water
Enzymes work best in temperatures ranging from 35-40℃. increased
molecule while hydrolysis refers to the
At lower temperatures enzymes become inactive hence By increasing the rate of photosynthesis. This is
breakdown of a complex molecule to its
slows down the rate of photosynthesis. If the temperatures through increasing factors such as carbon IV oxide
constituent simple molecules in presence of water
goes beyond 40℃ the enzymes are denatured thus concentration and temperature artificially by use of
12. What is the general formula for disaccharides/double
photosynthesis stops methane burners
sugars
C12H22O11
Chemicals of life
13. Write an equation to show the formation of a
1. Define chemicals of life
disaccharide
These are chemical compounds that make up
bodies of living organisms
2. With examples differentiate between the two types of
chemical of life
Organic compounds are those composed of 14. Name the bond that holds two monosaccharides
carbon in their structure e.g. carbohydrates, together
 During daylight green plants carry out both proteins, lipids, vitamins and some hydrogen Glycosidic bond
photosynthesis and respiration. The relative rates of carbonates while inorganic are those that lack 15. Write equations to show the formation of the following
d) Water both processes is greatly influenced by light intensity carbon in their structure e.g. water, mineral salts, (a) Sucrose
Plants with low amounts of water carry out  When light intensity is high photosynthesis proceeds at acids, bases, buffers and some hydrogen (b) Lactose
photosynthesis slowly while those with sufficient water a higher rate than respiration carbonates (c) Maltose
supply carry out maximum photosynthesis if other  Under these conditions carbon IV oxide production by 3. State 2 main functions of carbohydrates
factors are optimum respiration is lower than the rate at which it is Storage of food
53. State the role of light in photosynthesis consumed by photosynthesis thus the plants must take Production and storage of energy
It provides the energy required to drive the process of in carbon IV oxide from the atmosphere. In addition, 4. State the ration of the components of carbohydrates
photosynthesis. sugar production exceeds the rate of sugar utilization C:H:O=1:2:1
54. Explain why photosynthesis will proceed faster on a  When light intensity is low respiration proceeds at a 5. State the general formula of carbohydrates
bright sunny day than on a cloudy day higher rate than photosynthesis thus more carbon IV (CH2O) n where n represents the number of Write the process on the arrow
Due to higher light intensity on a sunny day than on oxide is produced than it is being consumed and the carbon atoms 16. Write an equation to show the hydrolysis of sucrose
a cloudy day excess is released into the atmosphere. 6. Give 3 examples of hexose sugars
55. State 3 qualities of light that affects the rate of  Glucose
photosynthesis
 30. Name 3 plant products of economic importance Glyceride bond 52. Explain why fats provide a convenient way in which
composed mainly of cellulose 46. Write equations to show the formation of the following energy yielding molecules can be stored for use when
Paper cotton, hemp lipids need arises
31. Name the polysaccharide described below (a) Triglyceride They are compact and insoluble
Write on the arrow the process and the enzyme. Do (a) Found in chloroplasts in form of granules- starch 53. State the main function of oil in plants
also for the above (b) Stored in liver and muscles- glycogen It is the main storage food in plant seeds
17. Name 2 plants which stores their carbohydrates in (c) Found in plant cell wall- cellulose 54. State the main advantage of fat to desert animals like
large quantities in form of sucrose (d) Found in cell wall of some fungi and exoskeleton kangaroo rat and camel
Sugar can, sugar beet of arthropods- chitin When oxidized the fats release metabolic water which
18. Name the carbohydrate found in 32. State 2 functions of cellulose in plant cell walls can then supplement body water requirements
(a) Milk- lactose  Plays a supportive role 55. State 3 differences between lipids and proteins
(b) Germinating seeds- maltose  Proteins have nitrogen in their structure while lipids
 Plays a structural role (b) Phospholipid
(c) Stem of a sugar cane- sucrose do not
33. State 4 functions of exoskeleton in arthropods
(d) Stored in mammalian muscles- glycogen
 Gives the organism its shape  Some proteins have Sulphur in their structure while
(e) Most abundant in human blood- glucose
 Protects inner tissues from mechanical damage lipids do not
19. State 2 ways in which hydrolysis can be achieved
 Protects the organism from desiccation  lipids have a higher ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
 Boiling the solution in a dilute acid e.g.
 Gives the organism their shape 47. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that than proteins
hydrochloric acid (in the lab)
34. State 4 functions of polysaccharides follow 56. name the building blocks/basic structural units of
 By action of enzymes (in living systems) proteins
20. Name the enzyme found in the small intestine that  Are storage carbohydrates e.g. starch in plants
 Are structural carbohydrates e.g. cellulose amino acids
hydrolyses sucrose to glucose and fructose 57. name the structural elements in proteins
Sucrase  When hydrated they form monosaccharides which
can be oxidized to yield energy carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes
21. State 3 properties of disaccharides Sulphur, sometimes phosphorus
 They are soluble in water  Cellulose has commercial importance in formation
58. name the organic compound which is the most
 They are crystalline in nature of cotton, paper and cello tape (a) State what the diagram above represents abundant in the bodies of animals
 They have a sweet taste 35. State 2 ways of hydrolyzing polysaccharides to Formation of a triglyceride proteins (makes of 50% of their dry weight)
 Lactose and maltose are reducing sugars monosaccharides (b) Name A, B, & C 59. show the structure of the following
while sucrose is a non-reducing sugar  Boiling them in presence of a dilute acid A- Glycerol (a) amino acids
22. State 2 functions of disaccharides  Through the action of enzymes B- 3 fatty acids
 They can be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides 36. Give 2 differences between monosaccharides and C- Condensation
and oxidized to yield energy polysaccharides 48. State one function of phospholipids
Get them from properties Forms a structural component in cell membranes of
 They are forms in which carbohydrates are
transported in plants 37. State 2 differences between fats and oils cells
23. State 2 reasons why carbohydrates in plants are  Fats are found in animals while oil is found in plants 49. State 3 properties of lipids (b) glycine
transported in form of sucrose  Fats are solids at room temperature while oil is liquid  Fats change to oil when temperatures are increased (c) alanine
 Sucrose is soluble at room temperature and vice versa
38. Name the building blocks of lipids  Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
 Sucrose is inert
24. What is the general formula for polysaccharides Fatty acids, glycerol  Lipids are inert thus are stored in tissues
39. State the main difference between carbohydrates and 50. State the main reason why lipids are stored in tissues
(C6H10O5) n where n is a large number resulting into a
large molecule lipids They are inert/unreactive
25. State 4 properties of polysaccharides Lipids have a lower concentration of oxygen per 51. State 4 functions of lipids
molecule than carbohydrates  They are sources of energy. E.g. fats and oils are
 They are insoluble
40. For each lipid molecule there is one glycerol molecule oxidized to yield energy
 They are not sweet
and 3 fatty acids hence called a ___________ The R-group is called the side chain and is one that
 They are not crystalline  They are sources of metabolic water when oxidized
Triglyceride distinguishes one amino acid from another
 They are non-reducing sugars which can then supplement body water
41. Give examples of fats and oils In glycine the side chain has one hydrogen atom and in
26. State 2 differences between starch and glycogen requirements
Fats-beef fat, butter fat, lamb fat alanine the side chain has a CH3 group
 Starch is a storage carbohydrate in plants while  They serve as shock absorbers thus protects vital
Oil- corn oil, sunflower, groundnut oil There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids in
glycogen is a storage carbohydrate in animals organs such as lungs, heart, kidney and behind the
42. Name 2 chemical compounds that make up fats and proteins and just like the letters of alphabets can be
 Starch appears in cells in form of grains while eyeball
oils- fatty acids, glycerol used to make many words these amino acids can also
glycogen appears in form of granules  They form structural components e.g. phospholipids
43. Give 3 examples of lipids in plants and animals be used to make thousands of different kinds of
27. Name 2 enzymes found in germinating seeds which in cell membrane
Plants- phospholipids, oil proteins. Some contain all the 0 types while others
hydrolyses starch to glucose Animals- cholesterol, steroids, fats, wax  They offer insulation against heat loss especially in
contain only some
Amylase/diastase; maltase 44. If glycerol is the same in all lipids explain why coconut animals living in cold climates where they have
60. name 3 components that plant use to manufacture their
28. State the role of enzyme diastase/amylase oil is different from corn oil large quantities of fat (subcutaneous fat layer)
amino acids
Hydrolyses starch to maltose They consist of different types of fatty acids combined under the skin
carbon IV oxide, water, mineral salts
29. Name 2 parts of the alimentary canal where enzyme to the glycerol  They facilitate buoyancy as they are less dense than 61. differentiate between essential and non-essential amino
amylase/diastase is found 45. Name the bond between glycerol and fatty acid in water hence floating in aquatic animals such as acids
Mouth; duodenum lipids hippos, seals and whales which store a lot of fat in
their bodies
 essential amino acids refers to those types of amino Actin, myosin; they are found in muscle fiber and are  They are proteinases in nature thus are affected by
acids manufactured by only plants and thus animals responsible for movement extreme pH and high temperatures
obtain them through diet while non- essential amino 79. Give 3 examples of structural proteins  They are very efficient thus are required in small
acids refers to those which can be manufactured by Keratin, collagen, elastin quantities
animals and thus, they do not obtain through diet 80. Highlight 2 methods through which proteins are 88. Explain how enzymes are affected by temperature
62. With examples differentiate between first class and hydrolyzed Temperatures above 40℃ denatures enzymes as they
second-class proteins  Through heating in an acid are proteinous in nature. This is irreversible.
First class proteins refers to those that contain all the 70. State what determines the biological activity of a  Through the action of enzymes Enzymes work best in temperatures between 35-40℃
essential amino acids e.g. beef, milk, egg, beans while protein 81. What are enzymes- these are proteinous substances while low temperatures inactivate enzymes hence
second class amino acids are those that lack some The pattern in each protein molecule determined by that speed up biological reactions slows down their rate of reaction. However, this is
essential amino acids e.g. maize, millet, sorghum bonds linking part of the molecule together 82. State 4 functions/roles of enzymes reversible by reverting the temperatures to optimum
Note that a good protein diet should contain one or 71. Explain why enzymes are denatured in temperatures of  Speeds up breakdown of food substances chemically range
more of the animal proteins or a mixture of plant over 40℃. during digestion 89. A piece of liver of about 30g was dropped into a 250ml
proteins This is because some bonds in the molecule are  Catalyzes respiration beaker containing 50ml hydrogen peroxide.
63. State 4 properties of proteins broken at these temperatures leading to a change in (a) State and explain the observations made
 Speeds formation formation photosynthetic products
 They dissolve in water forming colloidal the structure of the proteins and thus loss of activity A lot of fizzling and frothing is observed. This is due to
during photosynthesis
suspension(slippery) 72. State 2 factors that can denature proteins the rapid production of oxygen gas as hydrogen
 Facilitates detoxification through the breakdown of
 They are sensitive to high temperatures  Temperatures above 40℃ peroxide is broken down to water ad oxygen by
harmful substances to form harmless one
 They are amphoteric egg have both exhibit both  Extreme pH conditions e.g. high alkalinity or enzyme catalase found in liver cells
83. Name one enzymes that performs detoxification
acidic and basic properties acidity Enzyme catalase (b) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs
 Are sensitive to extreme pH conditions 73. Name the most abundant and important proteins in the
84. Describe 2 methods of naming enzymes with examples
64. Name the property of proteins that enables to form human body
 Trivial naming which involves adding the suffix -
conjugated proteins (when they combine with non- Enzymes
in to the name of the person who first discovered
proteins) 74. Name 4 groups of enzymes in the human body and 90. Enzyme catalase is known to have the highest turnover
the enzyme e.g. ptyalin, pepsin
They are amphoteric their functions number of all known enzymes. Explain what is meant
 Naming enzymes according to the substrates they
65. State 4 functions of proteins  Enzymes- they catalyze biological reactions by turnover number
digest or the processes they catalyze e.g. lipase
 They facilitate the growth and repair of cells  Transport proteins- they are found in blood where digests lipids and oxidase catalyze oxidation It refers to the number of substrate molecules
 They yield energy when oxidized they bind and transport specific molecules or ions converted to products per minute by a molecule of an
reactions
 they form respiratory pigments e.g. haemoglobin from one part of the body to another e.g. enzyme
 Group name e.g. proteases are groups of enzymes
haemoglobin 91. Name 2 parts of the human body where enzyme
 they make antibodies which destroy disease causing which digest proteins
microorganisms  Antibodies- they bind to and destroy disease 85. Differentiate between intracellular and extracellular catalase is present
 they form structural components e.g. in cell causing microorganisms that invade the body e.g. enzymes and give examples in each Skeletal muscles, liver cells
membrane bacteria, viruses Intracellular enzymes refers to enzymes which 92. During a reaction an enzyme remains unchanged.
 they form enzymes which speed up (catalyze)  Hormones- are proteins that regulate certain catalyze reactions in cells in which they are produced Explain why new ones needs to be formed’
metabolic processes metabolic processes in the body e.g. insulin which e.g. enzyme catalase, respiratory enzymes while Enzymes are proteinous and they become continually
regulates the metabolism of sugar in the extracellular enzymes refers to enzymes which destroyed
66. name the proteinous respiratory pigment found in
(a) Red blood cell mammalian body catalyze reactions outside cells in which they are 93. Reactions catalyzed by enzymes are easily reversible
Haemoglobin  Contractile proteins- are components of produced e.g. lipase, maltase, rennin as shown below
(b) Muscles contractile tissues e.g. myosin found in muscle 86. State the roe of the following enzymes
Myoglobin fibers responsible for movement (a) Ptyalin- digest starch in the mouth
67. Define the following terms  Structural proteins- are important components of (b) Pepsin- digests proteins in the stomach
(a) Dipeptide various supportive tissues in the body such as the (c) Rennin- hydrolyses soluble milk protein
A combination of two amino acids bone, cartilage and connective tissue. Examples caseinogen into insoluble casein Explain why the reaction would proceed in the direction x
(b) Pentapeptide are collagen, keratin (d) Trypsin- digests proteins in the duodenum and y
A combination of five amino acids  Energy release- proteins can be used in respiration (e) Lactase- digests lipids If the substrates A and B are in high concentration the
(c) Polypeptide to provide energy but only under conditions of (f) Urease- acts on urea reaction will proceed in the direction x which is towards
A combination of many amino acids extreme starvation. Under these conditions tissue (g) Dehydrogenases- catalyze reactions which the formation of the products C and D. if the products C
(d) Tripeptide proteins are broken down leading to emaciation involves removal of hydrogen from a substance and D are in high concentration then the reaction will
A combination of three amino acids 75. Name the transport protein in man that transports iron (h) Oxidases- catalysis oxidation reactions proceed towards the direction y which is towards the
68. Name the bond between two amino acids to various parts of the body (i) Reductase- catalyze reduction reactions formation of substrates A and B
Peptide bond Transferrin 87. State 4 properties of enzymes 94. Define an active site/catalytic site
69. Show a diagrammatic representation of formation of a 76. Give 2 examples of transport proteins in man  They are substrate specific e.g. each enzyme has a It refers to a precise place on the surface of an
peptide bond Haemoglobin, transferrin specific substrate that it acts on e, g, lipase only acts enzyme to which the substrates molecules get
77. Name the disease caused by the deficiency of hormone on lipids attached
insulin  Enzymes are not affected by the reactions they 95. Name the product formed when an enzyme and a
Diabetes Mellitus catalyze hence can be reused substrate molecule combine
78. Give 2 examples of contractile proteins and state their Enzyme-product complex
 Most reactions catalyzed by enzymes are reversible
role 96. What are enzyme inhibitors
 It refers to chemical substances capable of slowing between the enzyme and the substrate. The rate of presence of co-enzymes result in an increased rate Thus, metabolic processes breakdown resulting in
down enzyme activity or completely stopping it enzyme action doubles after every 10℃ increase. of enzyme activity as they activate enzymes deficiency diseases
97. Differentiate between competitive enzyme inhibitor  At temperatures above 40℃ enzymes are denatured (h) product concentration 112. Name one vitamin manufactured by animas and how
and non-competitive enzyme inhibitor thus enzyme reaction falls and at 60℃ the reaction increase in product concentration slows down the it is manufactured
Competitive enzyme inhibitors are chemical stops as all enzymes have Benn denatured. enzyme action rate because the product becomes Vitamin D; it is manufactured when the skin is
substances that compete for the active site of the  At temperatures below 0℃ enzymes are inactivated inhibitors exposed to sunlight
enzyme together with the substrate molecules thus therefore enzyme reaction decreases 105. name the enzymes that work best in 113. What are nucleic acids
slowing down enzyme activity while non-competitive (a) acidic conditions These are complex nitrogen containing organic
enzyme inhibitors refers to chemical substances that pepsin, rennin compounds found in all living things
permanently combine with the enzymes hence (b) neutral conditions 114. Describe an experiment in which an enzyme is used
changing the structure of the active site of the enzyme salivary amylase/diastase/ptyalin to breakdown a non-reducing sugar to reducing
98. Explain how competitive inhibition can be reduced (c) alkaline conditions  To a test tube place 3ml of starch solution
 Increasing substrate concentration trypsin, pancreatic amylase  Add 1cm3 of amylase/diastase solution
 Increasing enzyme concentration 106. with examples differentiate between enzyme  Warm the contents in a water bath whose
99. Explain how competitive inhibition can be reduced if cofactors and coenzymes temperature is maintained at 35℃ for 6 minutes
other factors remain constant enzyme cofactors refers to non prtoeinous  Add benedicts solution and heat
Increasing substrate concentration components of the enzyme which enhance enzyme  Color changes from blue to green to yellow and
100. Give 3 examples of non-competitive inhibitors (b) pH/hydrogen ion concentration activity e.g. iron, magnesium, zinc, calcium, orange
Mercury, lead, cyanide, silver, organophosphates  enzymes work best at optimum pH conditions manganese while coenzymes refers to organic 115. Describe a test that can be used to confirm
101. Explain why non-competitive inhibition cannot be  some enzymes work best in acidic conditions such as molecules from food substances such as vitamins emulsification in lipids
decreased by increasing substrate concentration pepsin; some in neutral conditions such as salivary which activate enzymes e.g. vitamin D, vitamin C and  Pour a little amount of cooking oil into test tube
Non-competitive inhibition is permanent thus cannot amylase/diastase/ptyalin and some in alkaline nucleic acid labelled A and B
be decreased by increase the substrate concentration conditions such as trypsin 107. below is a graph showing the effect of substrate  Add 2cm3 of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution to
102. Below are diagrams showing the two cases of  extreme pH conditions denatures enzymes thus concentration on the rate of enzyme catalyzed reaction test tube A
enzyme inhibition decreased enzyme activity  Rinse the measuring cylinder
 most intracellular catalyzed reactions occur at  Add 2cm3 of water into B
neutral conditions  Shake the contents in both test tubes thoroughly and
record your observations
116. State the role of the following we=hen testing for
non-reducing sugars
(a) Hydrochloric acid
Hydrolyses the non-reducing sugar into reducing
(a) explain the shape of the graph between the following sugar
points (b) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
i. A and B Neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid
Increase in substrate concentration results in an 117. Explain what happens during the emulsion test for
increase in the reaction rate because active sites of lipids
enzymes are available for the substrate molecules  Lipids are soluble in ethanol but insoluble in water
(c) substrate concentration
increase in substrate concentration results in an to bind  Water is miscible with ethanol
increase in enzyme reaction up to a certain point ii. B and C  When ethanol with dissolved fats is mixed with
where it slows down and levels off as all the active The rate of the reaction slows down and levels off water it releases tiny fat droplets which then forms
sites have been occupied. The leveling off can with increase in the substrate concentration the white emulsion
reversed by increasing enzyme concentration because all active sites have been occupied 118. Describe an experiment used to test for the presence
(d) enzyme concentration 108. What are prosthetic groups in relation to enzymes of enzyme catalase in a food substance
increase in enzyme concentration results in an These are non-protein components of enzymes which  Put 2ml of hydrogen peroxide in a test tube
Name the type of inhibition A and B increase in the rate of enzyme action up to a certain enhance enzyme activity  Drop the food substance into hydrogen peroxide
A- Competitive inhibition point where at slows down and levels off as other 109. Explain how hydrolase enzyme slows down water re and observe
B- Non-competitive inhibition factors become limiting absorption  Effervescence confirms the presence of enzyme
103. Name 4 factors affecting enzyme activity (e) inhibitors By increasing water use in hydrolysis catalase
Temperatures, pH/hydrogen ion concentration, presence of inhibitors slows down or completely 110. What are vitamins 119. Define emulsification
substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, slops an enzyme catalyzed reaction as they occupy They refer to complex organic compounds required in Breakdown of lipids into tiny droplets done by enzyme
inhibitors, product concentration or alter the structure of the active site small quantities in bodies of plants and animals for lipase
104. Explain how the following factors affect enzyme (f) enzyme cofactors proper health 120. Give a reason why emulsification is important
activity presence of enzyme cofactors enhance enzyme 111. Explain how deficiency of vitamins in our bodies  For easy absorption of lipids
(a) Temperatures activity thus increases the rate of the enzyme results in diseases  Increase the surface area for enzyme action
 Enzymes work best at optimum temperatures i.e. 35- reaction Vitamins are coenzymes which activate enzymes and 121. Give any other substance that can be used instead of
40℃. At optimum temperatures there is increased (g) co-enzymes thus their absence causes the enzymes to be inactive. ethanol in the laboratory
enzyme activity due to increased chances of contact Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
 122. Explain how emulsification increase enzyme action 127. Differentiate between denaturation and inactivation  (c) Because the starch had been hydrolyzed by case. digestion of starch would not take place. This
When lipids are broken down there is increased of enzymes. amylase and maltase released by the activated shows that the mobilization of enzymes require that
surface area of contact with the enzyme thus seeds. the seeds be activated by the germination process.
increased enzymes action Denaturation is the destruction of an enzyme leading to a  (d) A positive Benedict’s test gives an orange 132. Three tubes each containing 1 ml. saliva and 1 ml.
123. Amino acids are said to be the alphabet of proteins. complete loss of enzymatic activity. It is brought about by precipitate. It shows the presence of reducing water were incubated in water baths at different
If the letters A and B represent two different amino exposure to high temperature or extreme pH conditions. sugars. temperatures as shown in the diagram below for 30
acids write down the sequence of all possible Inactivation is temporary loss of enzymatic activity and is  (e) The seeds had to be soaked to initiate the minutes. Another tube containing 1 ml. starch solution
tripeptides that could be made from them brought about by exposure to low temperatures. germination process which mobilizes the enzymes. was incubated for the same length of time in each
128. What is the optimum temperature of an enzyme  (f) Control experiments: water bath. The contents of the tubes in each water
AAA. AAB. ABA, ABB, BBB. BBA, BAB, BAA.  ·A suspension of the food sample is incubated with bath was then mixed and incubated for a further 30
124. What are the major functions of proteins in the It is the temperature at which the reaction proceeds at the crushed seeds which had been killed by boiling. In minutes. The contents of each tube was then tested for
mammalian body? Give at least one example in each maximum rate. this case, hydrolysis of starch would not take place. starch using iodine solution.
case. This shows that the hydrolysis observed in the test
129. With reference to enzymes, explain what is meant by
 Catalysis: Many proteins function as enzymes samples is brought about by a substance which is
the "lock and key hypothesis”.
catalyzing chemical reactions in the body, e.g. denatured by heat.
amylase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch. Enzymes have a precise site on their surface called the  ·A suspension of the food sample is incubated with
 Transport: Certain proteins which are found in active site or the catalytic site. It is here that substrate crushed seeds which had not been soaked. In this
blood bind specific substances in one part of the molecules bind. The shape of the active site and the  (a)What was the aim of the experiment?
body and transport them to another part, e.g. presence of various chemical groups ensures that only  (b)why was it necessary to incubate the tubes for 30 minutes before mixing the contents
haemoglobin which transports oxygen. those substrates with a complimentary structure can bind  (c) State the colour changes you would expect to observe after adding iodine solution. (d) Account for the expected
 Defense: Certain proteins called antibodies bind to it. For this reason. only specific substrates or a group of observations.
and destroy microorganisms that invade the body. closely related substrates can bind to a particular and open  (d) Account for the observations made
 Regulation: Certain proteins act as hormones it, only specific substrates will fit into an enzyme's active  (a)To investigate the effect of temperature on the activity of salivary amylase.
which help to regulate metabolic processes in the site. Once the substrate dissociates to release the product  (b) To ensure that the contents of each tube attained the temperature of the water bath.
body.e.g. insulin which regulates carbohydrate and the enzyme. The free active site can bind other  (c) Tube A - Blue-black, Tube B- Brown. Tube C-Blue-black.
metabolism. substrate molecules.  (d) Tube A - no digestion of starch as the enzyme was inactivated by the low temperature.
 Tube B - digestion of starch took place as the incubation temperature was within the optimal range.
 Movement: Certain proteins are able to contract 130. Catalase has a turnover number of six million at 37  Tube C -no digestion of starch as the enzyme was denatured by the high temperature.
and to relax and are involved in movement. °℃. Explain what this means. 133. In some plants, smearing the leaves with Vaseline on the lower surface will completely prevent photosynthesis. Suggest a
Examples are actin and myosin which are found in
One molecule of catalase catalyzes the decomposition of six reason for this.
muscles.
 Structural: Certain proteins, e.g. collagen, are million molecules of hydrogen peroxide per minute. The leaves have stomata on the lower surface only. Therefore, smearing the lower surface with Vaseline completely blocks
important components of various supportive tissues 131. A food sample was made into a suspension and a entry of CO2 which prevents photosynthesis from taking place.
such as bone, cartilage and connective tissue. few drops of iodine was added into it. A blue-black
125. List the important functions of water in living 134. State the adaptations of the following parts of a leaf
color developed. A benedict’s test on the sample gave (a) Epidermis
organisms. a clear blue solution. Another sample of the same food
 ·It is the solvent in which all biological reactions (b) Spongy mesophyll
was made into a suspension with warm water (about (c) Palisade mesophyll
take place. 35°℃). suspension. some millet seeds which had been
 ·It is a reactant in many biological reactions. soaked for 48 hours were crushed and mixed with the Adaptations of A:
photosynthesis. hydrolysis of food molecules such suspension. The mixture was incubated in a warm
as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. water bath for 6 hours. After incubation, the sample  ·It is impervious to water and gases and therefore helps to reduce excessive loss of water by evaporation.
 ·It is the solvent in which raw materials like gave a negative test with iodine and a positive test with  ·It is tough and therefore helps to protect the leaf from mechanical damage and entry of disease-causing
mineral salts and finished products like sucrose are Benedict’s solution microorganisms.
transported in plants.  (a) What does the dark blue colour developed on  ·It is shiny and therefore reflects heat preventing overheating of the leaf.
 ·It helps in the maintenance of a constant body addition of iodine indicate?  ·It is transparent and therefore allows most of light to pass through.
temperature in warm-blooded animals because of  (b) What is a negative iodine test?
its high specific heat capacity. Adaptations of I:
 (c)Explain why the iodine test was negative after the
 ·It is responsible for the turgidity of plant cells and  ·Its cells are irregularly shaped and loosely attached thus creating large intercellular air spaces which allow efficient
incubation.
hence the maintenance of an erect posture. diffusion of gases and water vapour between the leaf and the atmosphere.
 (d)What is a positive Benedict's test and what does it
 ·It is a habitat for many plants and animals.  ·The walls of its cells are normally saturated with water, which allows transpiration to take place.
show?
126. Explain why enzymatic reaction rate increases with  ·Its cells have chloroplasts, which enable them to carry out photosynthesis.
increase in temperature  (e) Why was it necessary to soak the millet seeds
first? Adaptations of J:
As the temperature increases, the rate of the reaction also  (f)Suggest two control experiments for this
increases. This happens because an increase in investigation.  ·It has columnar cells, which enables many of them to be packed together for efficient absorption of light.
temperature increases molecular movement thus  (a) The dark-blue colour indicates the presence of  ·The cells have a very large number of chloroplasts.
increasing the chances of collision between the enzyme and starch.  of the cell allowing maximum absorption of light. In bright light they move to the lower parts of the cell which protects
substrate molecules.  (b) A yellow or brown coloration. them from the bleaching effects of intense light.
 ·Its cells are arranged on the upper surface of the leaf where they are exposed to abundant light.
 135. When plants are exposed to very hot and dry weather, the rate of photosynthesis falls. Suggest an explanation for this.
The stomata close to reduce the rate of transpiration. This reduces the rate of CO2uptake and hence the rate of photosynthesis.
136. What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
To supply hydrogen atoms which are used to reduce carbon dioxide.
137. The carbon dioxide concentration in the air of a tropical forest was measured during the course of a 24-hour period from
midnight to midnight. The graph below shows the results of the measurements. Examine it carefully and answer the
following questions:

 (a) What is the name given to the point marked X?

 (b)With reference to carbon dioxide exchange state what happens at point X.
 (c) Explain how the effect observed at point X occurs.
 (d) Explain why there is a net uptake of carbon dioxide at light intensities above X.
 (e) What would happen to the plant if light intensity falling on it were maintained at X throughout?
 (f)What can you say about the exchange of oxygen between the plant and the surrounding air at light intensities below X?
 (a) Compensation point.
 (b) There is no net uptake or release of carbon dioxide by the plant.
 (c) The rates of respiration and photosynthesis in the plant are equal. Therefore, all the carbon dioxide released by
respiration is used in photosynthesis.
 (d) At light intensities beyond X, the rate of photosynthesis is higher than the rate of respiration. This requires a net
 (a) What is the carbon dioxide concentration at (i) 3.00 a.m. (ii) 12.00 noon (iii) 4.00 p.m.?
uptake of carbon dioxide.
 (b) Describe the pattern of carbon dioxide concentration as represented by the graph.
 (e) Growth would cease because all the products of photosynthesis would be utilized in respiration.
 (c) Account for the carbon dioxide concentration between (i) 6.00 a.m. and 1.00 p.m. (ii) 6.00 p.m. And midnight.
 (f) The plant will take up oxygen from the surrounding air since the rate of respiration is higher than the rate of
 (d) Give a word equation for the process that utilizes carbon dioxide in the forest.
photosynthesis
 (e) Besides light, name four other environmental factors that would affect the carbon dioxide concentration in the forest.
 (f)What would happen if all the trees in the forest were cut down? FOOD TYPE PROCEDURE OBSERVATION INFERENCE/CONCLUSION
 (a)(i) 0.0425 (ii)0.0295 Starch Add 2ml of the food substance into a Color change from brown Presence of starch
 (b) After midnight, the carbon dioxide concentration falls gradually until about 4.00 a.m. Thereafter, the concentration clean test tube to blue-black
falls rapidly reaching the minimum level at about 1.30 p.m. Then the concentration increases, gradually at first and Add 3 drops of iodine solution to the
then rapidly reaching the maximum level at about midnight. food substance and shake
 (c) (i) As light intensity increases so does the rate of photosynthesis. This is accompanied by an increase in the uptake Observe the color change and record Brown color of iodine Absence of starch
of carbon dioxide lowering its concentration in the surrounding air. your observations solution persists
 (ii) During darkness photosynthesis ceases taking place but respiration continues. Respiration releases carbon dioxide
into the surrounding air resulting in an increase in its concentration. Reducing sugar Put 2ml of the food substance into a Color changes to green with Food substance contains a
 (d) Carbon dioxide +Water →Glucose + Oxygen clean test tube no further change on little amount of reducing
 (e) Temperature, Air currents (wind), Soil water, Humidity. Add an equal amount of Benedicts’ heating sugars
 (f) Carbon dioxide level would remain constant at about the atmospheric level of 0.03% throughout the day. solution to the food substance and Color changes to yellow Food substance contains an
138. Why does leaving a plant in the dark for 48 hours result in destarching of the leaves? shake average amount of reducing
Photosynthesis does not take place in the dark. However, respiration continues with glucose being broken down to carbon Note the color of the mixture sugars
dioxide and water. As glucose gets depleted, stored starch is hydrolyzed to glucose which is used in respiration or converted to Heat the mixture in a water bath Color changes to orange or Food substance contains a
sucrose and transported to other parts of the plant. This eventually depletes the starch stored in the leaves. Observe and record the color change brown high amount of reducing
sugars
139. The diagram below shows the effect of varying light intensity on the exchange of carbon dioxide between the leaves of a Blue color of Benedict’s Absence of reducing sugars
green plant and the atmosphere. solution persists
Non reducing Put 2ml of the food substance into a Final color is yellow, Presence of reducing sugars
sugar clean test tube orange or brown
Add 4 drops of dilute hydrochloric
acid to the food substance and shake
Heat the mixture in a water bath for 3
minutes
 Remove the test tube from the water Final color is blue Absence of reducing sugars It refers to the physical and chemical breakdown of  it is composed of collagen, calcium salts, and
bath large complex food molecules into smaller and simpler water
Add sodium hydrogen carbonate molecules for easy absorption into the body 10. name 2 substances that hardens the enamel
dropwise until fizzing stops (c) Absorption calcium phosphate, keratin
Add Benedict’s solution whose It refers to the uptake of soluble food materials from 11. dentine has a similar structure with the bone. Explain
amount is equal to that of the food the lumen of the digestive system through the lining of why it is harder than the bone
substance the gut and finally into the blood stream it has a higher mineral content
Heat the mixture in a water bath (d) Assimilation 12. state the features and functions of the following types
Observe and record your observations It refers to the incorporation of absorbed food of teeth
Lipids Rub a little amount of the food Presence of a permanent Presence of lipids substances into cell metabolism (a) incisor
(grease/translucent substance on a filter paper translucent spot (e) Egestion  has one root
spot test) Hold the paper above a flame to dry It refers to the removal of undigested food substances  is chisel-shaped
Absence of a permanent Absence of lipids from the body
Hold the paper against light. Observe
translucent spot 5. Study the diagram below of mammalian teeth and used for gripping food or cutting them into small
what happens to the spot
Lipids (emulsion Put a little food substance into a test Formation of a white Presence of lipids and vice answer the questions that follow pieces
test) tube emulsion versa (a) Name the parts labelled with letters
(b) canine
Add 4cm3 ethanol to the food 6. Explain the following parts of the mammalian tooth in
 has one root
substance and shake thoroughly terms of composition and function
(a) Enamel  long
Transfers the contents of the test tube
 Composition- it is composed of calcium phosphate  are cone-shaped
into another test tube half filled with
crystals bound together by keratin. It also has iron  it is sharp pointed
water
 Role- it forms an efficient hard biting and chewing it is used for holding and piecing food
Proteins Put 2ml of the food substance into a A purple color forms Presence of proteins
surface. Prevents the dentine from wearing out (c) premolar
clean test tube
Add an equal amount of 10% sodium with use  has cusps/ridges on the surface to increase the
hydroxide solution and shake (b) Dentine surface area for chewing
Into the mixture add 1% copper II Blue color of copper II Absence of proteins  Composition- it has a high mineral content. It has  has 2 roots
sulphate dropwise and shake after sulphate is retained strands of the cytoplasm from the cells of the pulp chewing and grinding
every addition running through it (d) molar
 Role- has living cells which gives rise to the  has 3 roots
enamel  has ridges/cusps
(c) Pulp cavity chewing and grinding
Ascorbic acid To 2ml of dichloro indophenol Blue DCPIP is decolorized Vitamin C is present  Composition- has a soft connective tissue. It has 13. differentiate between dental formula and dentition
(vitamin c) (DCPIP) in a test tube add an equal blood vessels and nerve endings dental formula refers to the number and
amount of the sample solution and positioning of different types of te4eech in the jaws
DCPIP is not decolorized Vitamin C is absent  Role- the blood vessels supply the tooth with
shake of an animal while dentition refers to shape and
oxygen and nutrients and carries away waste
products. The nerve endings detect here, cold and specialization of teeth in an animal
pain 14. write the dental formula for the following animals
(d) Cement (a) human being
NUTRITION IN ANIMALS 2. Explain the following types of holozoic feeders and in (b) dog
each give an example Role- fixes the tooth firmly to the jawbone
1. Explain the 4 types of heterotrophic nutrition with (e) Gum (c) sheep
(a) Carnivores (d) goat
examples of organisms They feed on flesh only e.g. lion, cheetah, leopard Role- hold the tooth in place; prevents the tooth
 Holozoic nutrition- organisms feed on solid materials from bacteria entry 15. give reasons for the following in herbivores
(b) Omnivores (a) enamel coating is thicker at the front than at the back
obtained from plants and animals. it is carried out by They feed on both plants and flesh e.g. human (f) Periodontal membrane
mainly mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and in so that as the tooth wears out the sharp edge for
being, pigs, dogs Composition- has connective tissues
most invertebrates Role- is a fibrous tissue which holds the tooth in the cutting vegetation is maintained
(c) Herbivores (b) canines are reduced or absent
 Phagocytic nutrition- it is a type of nutrition were They feed on plants only e.g. cow, giraffe, zebra jaw
7. Name the hardest organic substance known to create a space called diastema which offer room
organisms feed on solid food materials by individual 3. With examples differentiate between browsers and
Enamel for manipulation of food by the tongue by
cells e.g. Amoeba grazers separating the freshy cut vegetation and the
 Saprophytic nutrition- organisms feed on dead or Browsers refers to herbivores that feed on trees and 8. State 3 features of the enamel
chewed vegetation
decaying matter e.g. fungi, bacteria shrubs e.g. giraffe, gazelle while grazers refers to  It is the hardest organic substance
(c) ridges of the upper teeth fit perfectly into grooves on
 Parasitic nutrition- an organism called a parasite herbivores that feed on short plants e.g. cow, zebra,  It is non living
the lower teeth
obtains foods from the living tissues of another wildebeest  It is composed of keratin to allow for sideway grinding of vegetation
organisms called the host and the host is usually 4. Define the following processes of holozoic nutrition  It has calcium phosphate crystals and iron (d) the teeth have a wide opening into the pulp cavity
harmed e.g. most fungi, bacteria, protozoa (a) Ingestion 9. State 3 features of the dentine (open roots)
 Symbiotic nutrition/ mutualism- in this mode both It refers to the process of taking food into the body  has a high mineral content (e) to ensure a continued supply of adequate food and
organisms benefit but one organisms benefits with through the mouth and swallowing it  has living cells oxygen to the constantly wearing out tooth for its
nutrients e.g. Rhizobium bacteria in roots of legumes (b) Digestion  has strands of cytoplasm running through it regrowth
obtain nutrients and shelter while the plant benefits (f) most have a horny pad
from nitrogen fixation carried out by the bacteria
 to offer surface against which vegetation is pressed it involves destruction of the pulp cavity and filling it refers to the chemical and mechanical 13. name the muscular valve through which food enters the
and cut by the lower incisors the space with artificial material breakdown of large complex food molecules into stomach-
(g) have teeth with an open enamel 26. state 2 possible causes of tooth decay smaller and simpler food molecules cardiac sphincter
to allow continuous growth to replace worn out  sugary foods 2. differentiate between intracellular and extracellular 14. define churning
surfaces to grinding  poor dental hygiene such as not brushing teeth digestion it refers to the mixing of the food together with the
16. explain the importance of grinding in herbivores after every meal intracellular digestion refers to the type of contents in the stomach by contraction and
it enables them to breakdown tough cellulose cell  low levels of fluoride digestion which takes place on cells while relaxation of circular and longitunal muscle layers
walls which enhances the subsequent chemical 27. state the effect of very high fluoride content in drinking extracellular digestion refers to the type type of in the stomach walls forming chyme
digestion water digestion which occur outside cells 15. define chyme
17. explain the reason for the following in carnivores it may cause browning of teeth (dental fluorosis) 3. differentiate between mechanical and chemical it refers to the porridge-like mixture...
(a) have closely fitting incisors 28. explain how low fluoride content may cause tooth digestion 16. describe the effect of arrival of food in the stomach
to seize prey decay mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown if arrival of food in the stomach stimulates hormone
(b) have long curved and pointed canines it results in weakening of the enamel thus food without its chemical nature being altered gastrin which then stimulates gastric glands which
to pierce and tear flesh as well as for attack corrosion by bacterial acids while chemical digestion refers to the breakdown of then release gastric juice into the stomach
(c) have longitudinally ridged premolars and molars 29. state 4 signs of gingivitis/ periodontal disease food by digestive enzymes thus the chemical nature 17. name 4 contents of the gastric juice
to increase the surface area for grinding  bleeding gum of food is altered hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, rennin, mucus
(d) have some teeth modified into carnassial teeth  sore gum 4. state 3 functions of the mucus found in the walls of the 18. name the cells which secrete the following
carnassial teeth  swollen gum alimentary canal (a) hydrochloric acid
for cutting flesh; crushing bones and slicing
 flabby gum  lubricates food for ease of movement down the parietal cells
meat gut (b) rennin
 reddened gum
(e) their teeth have closed roots with only a small  prevents corrosion of the stomach walls by peptic/chief cells
 soft gum
opening hydrochloric acid (c) mucus
30. state the effect of gingivitis
to allow food and oxygen supply to the tooth to  prevents autodigestion by digestive enzymes goblet cells
it results in destruction of periodontal membrane
keep the tooth alive 5. state 2 sources of enzymes that carry out digestion (d) pepsinogen
hence loosening of teeth and may eventually result
(f) jaws are connected to powerful muscles  from glands in the digestive system e.g. from peptic/chief cells
in loss of teeth
in order to move the jaws up and down by gastric glands 19. state the functional difference between rennin and
31. state the main cause of periodontal disease. Explain
snapping  from accessory glands e.g. liver pepsin
18. state 3 functions of carnassial teeth in carnivore how it causes the disease named rennin performs coagulation of milk while pepsin
dental plaque; if the bacteria multiply due to food 6. define accessory glands and give 3 examples
 cutting flesh these are glands found outside the digestive system breaks down proteins to peptides
particles if sugary foods in diet they invade the
 crush bones but secrete enzymes used in digestion e.g. liver 20. write an equation to show pepsins action on proteins
gums and eventually the periodontal membrane
 shearing flesh/skin/tendons pancreases, salivary glands hydrolysis
32. what is dental plaque
 serve as a pair of shears for slicing flesh 7. define mastication and give 2 of its roles proteins peptides
it refers to a soft invisible layer of bacteria which
19. state 2 adaptations of carnassial teeth in carnivores it refers to the physical breakdown of food by pepsin
forms on teeth and is present in all mouths
 have sharp edges for slicing flesh action of teeth 21. give a reason why pepsin is secreted in its inactive
33. state 4 general method of preventing tooth diseases
 has blades which overlap hence shearing it increases the S.A for enzyme action form
 dental hygiene e.g. brushing teeth after every to prevent digestion of the proteins, present in cells
 are enlarged for crushing bones meal it makes food easy to swallow
8. state the role of the tongue in digestion in which they are produced i.e. autodigestion
20. give the advantage of chewing food before swallowing  less sugary foods to reduce bacterial action in
it manipulates food by mixing it with saliva 22. what is coagulation and state 2 of its importances
 for easy swallowing the mouth
9. state 2 roles of saliva in digestion it refers to process of converting soluble milk
 to increase the surface area for enzyme action  taking oral antibiotics to reduce bacterial load in caseinogen to insoluble casein
21. give one modification of premolars and molars to their the mouth  provides suitable neutral or slightly alkaline
medium for enzyme action  pepsin can only act on milk when it is in casein
function in carnivores  visit a dentist regularly for dental checkup
 contains water that softens food form
 have cusps to increase the surface area for 34. explain how the following prevent teeth diseases
 contains enzyme ptyalin which breakdown starch  when milk is in casein form its stays longer in the
chewing (a) regular brushing of teeth
to maltose stomach thus more time for digestion
 have jagged edges to crack bones to remove food particles which may encourage the 23. state the 2 roles of the mucus present in the stomach
22. name 2 periodontal diseases in man growth of bacteria  lubricates food for easy swallowing
10. name 2 digestive enzymes found in the mouth  it prevents corrosion of the stomach walls by HCl
 dental caries/tooth decay (b) avoiding sugary food
ptyalin/diastase/salivary amylase, lysozyme, lingual  it prevents autodigestion by enzymes
 periodontal disease reduce the bacterial action in the mouth 24. state 4 roles of hydrochloric acid present in the
23. describe the cause of tooth decay (c) addition of fluoride into water lipase
11. name the types of salivary glands and their location stomach
bacteria in the mouth respire using sugars to control tooth decay
 parotid gland- found in the cheeks infront of the  activates pepsinogen to pepsin
producing acids which corrode the enamel and (d) see a dentist regularly
ears  kills bacteria present in food
may progress to the dentine if not treated early. so that small cavities or tooth decay can be detected
Corrosion of the dentine may cause collapsing and treated early  sub-mandibular gland- found under the jaw  begins hydrolysis of sucrose
hence exposure of the nerve endings thus heat, (e) eating tough fibrous foods  sublingual gland- found beneath the tongue  provides suitable pH conditions of 1.5-2.5 for
cold and pain can then be detected to exercise teeth thus encouraging proper blood supply 12. define the term peristalsis action of enzyme pepsin
24. state 2 possible solutions to tooth decay DIGESTION it refers to the involuntary propulsion of food down  breaks down nucleotides into nucleoproteins and
removal of the tooth, root canal treatment 1. define the term digestion the gut due to the rhythmic contraction and nucleic acids
25. explain how the root canal treatment works relaxation of the longitudinal and circular muscles  denatures proteins and softens fibrous
found in the walls of the gut connective tissues in food
25. describe the cause the heartburn
 after a heavy meal pressure in the stomach builds 34. name the excretory product of the breakdown of 50. Define chyle chlorine
up and causes some HCl to leak into the esophagus haemoglobin It refers to the resulting water emulsion after 68. State 4 functions of water in the body
and since the oesophagus has no mucus lining the bilirubin digestion in the ileum consisting of soluble end  Serve as a medium in which chemical reactions
HCl causes a burning effect producing pain hence 35. state what may cause absence of bile in the duodenum products of digestion ready to be absorbed occur
heartburn and its effect 51. Define the term absorption  Serves as a solvent in which materials are
26. explain why food does not enter the ileum directly blockage of the bile duct; this will result in very 52. Name 4 substances that are absorbed in the stomach transported in the body
while in the stomach little digestion of lipids and most of them will be Some water, medicine, alcohol, vitamins  Serves as a coolant due to its high latent heat of
due to the presence of a muscle valve called pyloric voided in faeces 53. Name 2 fat soluble vitamins vaporization
sphincter which closes the entry into the duodenum 36. name 2 nucleases present in the pancreatic juice Vitamin A, D, E, K  Takes part in chemical reactions such as hydrolysis
27. name the muscular valve in which food enters the ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease 54. Name 2 water soluble vitamins 69. Name the main carbohydrate present in the dietary
duodenum 37. name 2 contents of the bile Vitamin B, C fibre
pyloric sphincter bilirubin, bile salts 55. State the role of bile in digestion Cellulose
28. state 2 effects of entry of food into the duodenum 38. name 2 bile salts Enhances absorption of fat-soluble vitamins 70. Explain why dietary fibre has no nutritional value in
 it stimulates hormone secretin which then sodium taurocholate, sodium glycocholates 56. Define defaecation man
stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic 39. state 3 functions of bile It refers to the process by which rectum muscles Dietary fibre mainly contains cellulose and man does
juice into the duodenum and the gall blader to  neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach contract pushing out indigestible food substances out not secret enzyme cellulase to digest it
release bile through the bile duct  provides suitable alkaline medium... through the anus 71. Define constipation
 it stimulates hormone cholecystokinin which  carries out emulsification of lipids thus enhances 57. State the role of the bacteria and protozoa present in It refers to the difficulty in removal of undigested
stimulates the liver to secrete bile and the lipids digestion the large intestine food materials from the body through the anus
pancreas to release sodium hydrogen carbonate 40. state 2 roles of the Brunner’s glands They feed on undigested food materials 72. Explain how dietary fibre prevents constipation
29. where is hormones cholecystokinin and secretin  Secrete an alkaline fluid which neutralize acidic 58. State the effects of the bacteria and protozoa present in  It enhances peristalsis
secreted chyme and provides suitable alkaline... the large intestine
 It absorbs water from the alimentary canal thus
duodenal walls  Secretes mucus which lubricates duodenal walls Results in the synthesis of vitamins such as vitamin K
making faeces moist hence easy movement
30. list 5 contents of the pancreatic juice for easy peristalsis Leads to formation of gases like carbon IV oxide,
73. Explain how roughage enhances peristalsis
pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsinogen, 41. Name the enzymes that complete the process of methane and hydrogen sulphide
It adds bulk to food thus creating a grip for the gut
chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, sodium hydrogen digestion 59. Name 2 vitamins synthesized by microorganisms in the
muscles enhancing peristalsis
carbonate, nucleases Intestinal enzymes large intestine
74. State 2 main functions of energy in the human body
31. state the functions of the following contents of the 42. Name 2 parts of the gut where crypts of Lieberkühn are Vitamin K, B12
Mechanical work
pancreatic juice found 60. State the fate of glucose that is carried to the liver
Basal metabolism
(a) pancreatic lipase Duodenum, ileum  It is respired 75. What is basal metabolism rate
 breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in 43. Name the glands that secrete intestinal juice (succus  It is converted to glycogen and stored It refers to the minimum amount of energy required
presence of bile salts entericus) 61. State the use of absorbed amino acids in the body to drive vital life processes such as blood circulation,
(b) pancreatic amylase Crypts of Lieberkühn glands They are used by the body cells to form proteins breathing, active transport, thermoregulation
 breaks down starch which was not broken down in 44. State the effect of arrival of chyme in the ileum 62. What happens to excess amino acids in the body 76. Explain 6 factors that affecting energy requirements in
the mouth into maltose Stimulates the secretion of intestinal juice They are deaminated man
(c) trypsin 45. Name the enzymes present in intestinal juice 63. What happens to the residual compound after  Basal metabolism rate- this is the minimum amount
 activates chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin Maltase, lactase sucrase, peptidase, polypeptidase, deamination of energy required to drive vital life processes such
 breaks down proteins into peptides pancreatic lipase, nucleotidase, It is converted to glucose and respired as blood circulation, breathing, active transport,
 activates procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase 46. What is the other name sucrase 64. State the fate of absorbed vitamins and minerals such thermoregulation. A person at rest requires energy
(d) chymotrypsin Invertase as iron, calcium to drive this processes
 breaks down proteins and polypeptides into small 47. Name the digestive juice secreted in the mouth They are stored in the liver and released to the body
 Occupation- manual workers requires more energy
peptides Saliva according to its needs
than sedentary workers
(e) Carboxypeptidase 48. State the functions of the following intestinal enzymes 65. State the role of vitamins in the body
 Age- young people require more energy since they
 Breaks down some peptides into amino acids (a) Maltase They are responsible for proper growth and
are growing and hence have many actively dividing
(f) sodium hydrogen carbonate Breaksdown maltose to glucose development proper body functioning and
cells
(b) Sucsrase/invertase maintenance of metabolic processes in the body
 neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach  Body size- small sized people require more energy as
Breaksdown sucrose to glucose and fructose 66. Different between macro/bulk nutrients and micro/
 makes the contents of the duodenum slightly trace nutrients they have a larger surface area to volume ratio
alkaline thus optimum pH conditions for the (c) Lactase hence more heat is lost to the surrounding thus
Breaksdwon lactose to glucose and galactose Macronutrients refers to nutrients which are required
action of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in the body in large quantities while micro nutrients more energy required to regain the heat lost
(d) Peptidase
(g) nucleases
refers to nutrients in the body in small quantities  Sex- males are more masculine while females have
Breaksdown peptides to amino acids
 breaks down RNA and DNA into nucleotides 67. Give 3 examples of macronutrients and micronutrients more fats. Muscles burns more calories than fats
(e) Pancreatic lipase
32. name were enzyme enterokinase is produced and state macronutrients Micronutrients thus more energy is required in males
Breaks down lipids to glycerol and fatty acids
its functions
Potassium Iron  Environmental temperature- when temperatures of
(f) Nucleotidase
it is secreted by the cells of the duodenal walls; they the surrounding are low more energy is required in
Breaks down nucleotides into their constituents Calcium Iodine
activate trypsinogen to trypsin order to generate heat for thermoregulation
(g) Polypeptidase Sodium Copper
33. state the role of bile salts in digestion  State of health- sick people require more energy to
breaks down large fat droplets into small droplets; Breaskdown polypeptides into peptides Magnesium Manganese
49. Name 3 constitutes of nucleotides fight pathogens. Also lactating mothers require
emulsification Phosphorus Cobalt
Pentose sugar, nitrogen base, phosphoric acid more energy for breast feeding
Sulphur zinc
 77. State and explain the relationship between ruminants A, D, B12 , being chewed by cheek teeth and grass that is
and the bacteria in the caecum and appendix Iron, copper, calcium newly gathered by front teeth.
Symbiosis; the ruminants benefits from enzyme 93. what will happen if there is lack of bile in the body  (iii) Its premolars and molars have a large top
cellulase secreted by the bacteria while the bacteria it will lead to lack of fat-soluble vitamins in the body surface which is worn out unevenly forming cusps
benefits from shelter and nutrition due to poor absorption as their absorption is which help in crushing and grinding of vegetation.
78. Carnivores do not grind food but instead cut them into dependent on bile  (iv) The joints of the jawbones are loose allowing
small pieces and swallow them. Explain 94. name 2 inorganic ions and state their roles in the body up and down as well as sideways movements of the
The flesh they eat do not have tough cellulose walls  calcium lower jaw which aids in the grinding process.
thus mechanical digestion is not very important  formation of bone  (v) Its rumen contains microorganisms that
79. Carnivores eat less food and spend less time feeding.  necessary for muscle contraction ferment cellulose releasing simple fatty acids that
Explain  necessary for blood clotting are absorbed by the animal.
This is because most of their food they eat is digested  phosphorus  (vi) The abomasum or true stomach and the small
and absorbed  formation of bone and teeth intestine have a large variety of enzymes that digest
80. Describe the adaptations of rumen to their functions  potassium (a) Name the structure above proteins, carbohydrates and fats to soluble
 Highly folded to provide large surface area for  transmission of nerve impulses Villus molecules that can be absorbed.
absorption  zinc (b) What is the function of the part the part labelled E  (b) The dog has the following carnivorous
 Has numerous villi to increase the surface area  necessary for the proper functioning of many Crypt of Lieberkühn adaptations:
for absorption enzymes as well as taste buds and smell (c) Giving your reasons sate whether the villus is from  (i) It has well-developed leg muscles that enable it
81. Explain why rabbits and rodents ingest their feaces receptors the ileum or the duodenum to run swiftly after its prey.
Because there is very little absorption of products of  sodium Duodenum; presence of Brunner’s glands  (ii) It has a strong sense of smell and sight which
fermentation  maintenance of osmotic pressure of body (d) Name the labelled parts are important in hunting.
82. List 4 stomachs of an herbivore fluids A- Microvillus  (iii) It has chisel-shaped incisors that fit closely
 Rumen  transmission of nerve impulses B- Lacteal enabling it to grip and tear off pieces of flesh close
 Reticulum  iron C- Vein to the bone.
 Omasum  formation of haemoglobin in body cells D- Artery  (iv) It has long, curved and pointed canines which
 Abomasum  copper E- Crypt of Lieberkühn are used for piercing the prey, preventing its escape
83. Give a reason why the epiglottis closes the windpipe  necessary for proper utilization of iron F- Brunner’s gland and often killing it.
during swallowing  necessary for some enzymes to act G- Arteriole  (v) It has carnassial teeth (upper fourth premolar
To prevent choking by preventing the entry of food  manganese H- Capillary network and the lower first molar) which are large and
into the trachea  necessary for proper functioning of many cells I- Lymphatic system powerful. They overlap like the blades of scissors
84. State 3 reasons why the small intestine is highly folded  iodine J- Epithelial cell and are used for shearing and slicing flesh,
 To fit into the small abdominal cavity  formation of thyroid hormones K- Goblet cell tendons and skin.
 To slow down the movement of food thus giving  cobalt 98. What is balanced diet  (vi) The other premolars and molars have jagged
enough time for digestion and absorption  a constituent of vitamin B12 It refers to a diet containing adequate amount of edges that fit perfectly together making them ideal
 To provide a large surface area over which 95. Name 2 minerals whose deficiency causes anaemia carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and inorganic for cracking bones.
digestion and absorption of food occurs Iron, cobalt ions 101. Explain the role of the following organs in the
85. Give a reason why bile is alkaline 96. How is the enamel adapted to its function 99. What disease is caused by deficiency of the following digestion of food in a mammal:(a) Salivary glands (b)
Due to the presence of a basic salt; sodium hydrogen 97. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that (a) Vitamin niacin/Nicotinamide Pancreas (c) Liver.
carbonate follow pellagra  (a) They produce saliva. Saliva contains the
86. State the role of enzyme enterokinase (b) Iodine enzyme salivary amylase (ptyalin) which begins the
It activates trypsinogen to trypsin Goitre digestion of starch breaking it to maltose. It also
87. Explain why digestion of starch stops in the stomach (c) Vitamin B2/Riboflavin lubricates food making it suitable for swallowing.
Starch is digested into maltose by ptyalin which works Ariboflavinosis  (b) It produces pancreatic juice. This contains
best under neutral/slightly alkaline conditions. Thus, (d) Thiamine sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and several
the acidic conditions in the stomach denatures ptyalin Beriberi enzymes. NaHCO3 neutralizes the acid of chyme
88. State 3 factors that make the duodenum alkaline (e) Vitamin D and creates a pH of 7-8 which is the optimum pH
 Bile salts containing sodium hydrogen carbonate Rickets for the action of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes.
 alkaline fluid secreted by the Brunner’s glands (f) Calciferol Enzymes present in pancreatic juice are:
 pancreatic juice Osteomalacial (in adults)  ·Trypsin which digests proteins to peptides.
89. give a reason why lipids cannot be assimilated 100. Give an account of the adaptations of (a) a named  ·Amylase which digests starch to maltose
they have large molecules herbivore and (b) a named carnivore to its mode of  ·Lipase which digests fats to fatty acids and
90. state the role of amino acids feeding. glycerol.
 they are condensed to form proteins  (a) A sheep has the following herbivorous  (c) it produces bile. Bile salts carry out
91. state 2 ways of preventing constipation adaptations: emulsification. This increases the surface area of
 by taking enough water  (i) It has a thick horny pad on the upper jaw over the fat enhancing the action of pancreatic lipase.
which vegetation is pressed by chisel-like incisors 102. Why is eating a lot of sugary foods harmful to the
 eating food rich in roughage
and canines on the lower jaw during feeding. teeth?
92. give examples of vitamins and mineral salts stored in
the liver  (ii) It has a diastema which provides space for Sugar in the diet is fermented by bacteria in the
tongue movements that separate grass which is mouth leading to the formation of acid. The acid
 attacks teeth causing demineralization and eventual (6) Beriberi (f) Deficiency of proteins xylose 0.30 0.31
destruction of the enamel. This leads to dental caries.
In addition, the acid attacks and destroys the gums (7) Pellagra (g) Excess carbohydrates and fats arabinose 0.29 0.29
and the periodontal membranes leading to gum
disease (8) Scurvy (h)Deficiency of iodine 111. Comment on these results.
103. Describe the digestion of proteins in the alimentary Glucose and galactose are absorbed by both active transport
canal of an adult human being (9) Osteomalacia (adults)(i) Deficiency of vitamin A and diffusion. Fructose is absorbed by diffusion with active
Digestion of proteins begins in the stomach where the transport only playing a minor role. Xylose and arabinose
(a) A balanced diet is one that contains adequate amounts of
are absorbed by diffusion only.
enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins to polypeptides. In the carbohydrates, fats, proteins, inorganic ions. vitamins, water
small intestine, the pancreatic enzymes, trypsin and and roughage to meet the body's needs. Too much or too 112. In what ways is the mammalian small intestine
chymotrypsin break down polypeptides and proteins to little of any of these substances causes a nutritional
adapted for its functions?
peptides. The intestinal enzyme, called peptidase, completes imbalance leading to malnutrition.
 ·It is long and the inner lining is highly folded
the digestion of proteins by breaking peptides to amino (b) The non-nutrient components of a balanced diet are offering a large surface area for the digestion and
acids water and roughage. Water intake is necessary to
 Giving your reasons, state whether this villus comes absorption of food.
compensate for loses through sweat. urine, faeces, and
104. What is the role of HCl in protein digestion? from the duodenum or ileum. expiration in order to maintain a relatively constant volume  ·Its inner wall has villi and microvilli, which
 It converts pepsinogen to pepsin  It comes from the ileum as evidenced by the of the various body fluids. increase further the surface area for absorption
 It provides an acid pH (pH 1.5 - 2.5) which is the absence of Brunner's glands.  ·It has openings through which the pancreatic and
Roughage provides bulk to the intestinal contents especially
optimum pH for action of pepsin  What is the function of the part labelled E? bile ducts open.
in the large intestine. This stretches the intestine, stimulating
 It unfolds (denatures) proteins enabling pepsin to  Secretion of intestinal enzymes reflex peristaltic activity which helps in the movement of  ·It has goblet cells and Brunner's glands that
work on them. 108. (a) Describe the absorption of digested food in indigestible matter towards the rectum. In absence of secrete mucus for lubrication and protection of the
105. State any three functions of the mucus which is mammals. roughage. peristaltic movements are very slow or absent wall from digestive enzymes.
secreted along the wall of the alimentary canal leading to constipation.
(b) Name two nutrients that are absorbed in the mammalian  ·The Brunner's glands also secrete an alkaline
 (i) It lubricates food
gut without chemical digestion. (c)(1)g:(2) f;(3)h;(4)e;(5)i;(6)d;(7)b;(8)a;(9)c fluid which maintains a pH of 7-8 which is the
 (ii) It prevents digestion of the gut wall by
optimum pH for action of intestinal enzymes
proteolytic enzymes.  (a) The soluble products of digestion are absorbed 6.13 Explain the term phagocytic nutrition using a relevant
example.  ·It has intestinal glands that secrete digestive
 (iii) It makes food particles to adhere to one in the small intestine especially in the ileum.
another during swallowing and during egestion. enzymes
Monosaccharides, amino acids, vitamins and Phagocytic nutrition is a process through which cells take in
106. What triggers the secretion of gastric juice?  ·It has a rich vascular network that supplies oxygen
inorganic ions are transported across the epithelial solid food material and digest it intracellularly. It is carried
out by protozoa such as Amoeba. and removes digested food
(i) The hormone gastrin which is secreted into the lining by a combination of diffusion and active
transport into the capillaries of the villi. Fatty acids  ·The walls have muscles whose peristaltic
bloodstream by certain cells of the stomach in response to Once an Amoeba comes into contact with solid food contractions causes movement of food in the gut
the presence of food in the stomach and glycerol are absorbed into the epithelial cells material, it sends out finger-like projections called
of the villi and here they are re-assembled into pseudopodia. These surround the food material forming a and mixing of food with digestive enzymes
(ii) Sight, thought, taste or smell of food. neutral fats. The fats are then shed into the lacteals food vacuole. The vacuolar membrane pinches off from the  ·The villi have a thin epithelium that allows soluble
which shed their contents into the lymphatic vessels plasma membrane and the vacuole migrates to the centre of food materials to pass through easily
Mode of Exampl and thence into the bloodstream. the cytoplasm. The vacuole fuses with one or more lysosomes  ·The villi have numerous blood vessels to transport
Skull Special features
feeding e  (b) Vitamins and inorganic ions. which discharge digestive enzymes into it. These proceed to
absorbed nutrients and lacteals to transport
109. (a) What is a balanced diet? digest the contents of the vacuole. The soluble products of
Absence of incisors and canines digestion, e.g. Monosaccharides and amino acids diffuse absorbed lipids
A Herbivorous on upper jaw Presence of aSheep (b) Which components of a balanced diet are not nutrients and through the vacuolar membrane and get into the cytoplasm. 113. Name one nutrient that is only transported in small
diastema why are they required? Indigestible materials are expelled by a reversal of the quantities in the hepatic portal vein following
mechanism of food vacuole formation, i.e. the vacuole moves absorption
Presence of long, curved and (c)For each of the diseases in column A choose the matching to the surface and fuses with the cell membrane discharging  Fats
indigestible materials to the outside.
B Carnivorous sharp canines Presence ofDog cause in column B. 114. Why is it necessary that blood from the digestive
carnassial teeth 110. The table below shows the results of experiments on tract pass through the liver before entering the general
COLUMN A COLUMN B the rate of absorption of various monosaccharides by circulation?
107. The figure below is a diagram of an intestinal villus. pieces of living intestines and by pieces of intestines
(1) Obesity (a) Deficiency of vitamin C poisoned with cyanide. The rates are given as relative to The liver helps to regulate the level of nutrients entering
the rate of glucose absorption by living intestine the general circulation in such a way that they are
(2) Kwashiorkor relatively constant immediately after meals and during
(b)Deficiency of the vitamin niacin Rate of absorption
(children) fasting.
Sugar
(3) Goitre (c) Deficiency of vitamin D By living intestine By poisoned intestine 115. The enzymes pepsin and trypsin are secreted as
inactive precursors:
(d) Deficiency of vitamin B1 glucose 1.00 0.33
(4) Anaemia (a)What are the names of the precursors? (b) Why are they
(thiamine) galactose 1.10 0.53 secreted in an inactive form?
(5) Night blindness (e) Deficiency of iron fructose 0.43 0.37 Pepsinogen and trypsinogen.
(b) If they were secreted in an active form. they would (a)A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another (ii) It has a flattened body that offers a large surface area (b) (i) Rhizopus produces the enzymes responsible for
digest the cells in which they are formed and the lining of organism and obtains from its nutrients and sometimes for absorption of soluble nutrients across the body wall. digesting the food outside its body. While tapeworms rely
the glands that secrete them. shelter. on the host's enzymes to digest the food.
(iii) It secretes a lot of mucus and anti-enzyme substances
116. (a) Describe the role of the rumen in ruminants. (b) Ectoparasites are those parasites that live on the that protects it from the digestive action of the host's (i) Rhizopus obtains its food from dead materials while
surface of their host's body. Examples are lice and ticks. enzymes. tapeworms obtain their food from living organisms.
(b) How do non-ruminant herbivores make use of cellulose? Endoparasites are those parasites that live inside their
host's body. Examples are tapeworms and Trypanosomes. (iv) Each worm produces millions of eggs that remain MICROORGANISMS
 (a) It contains cellulase-producing microorganisms infective for long periods of time ensuring successful
that ferment cellulose to simple fatty acids. These (c)A primary host, also called a definitive host is the transmission to the next host. 116. To what structure in higher animals and plants does
are absorbed through the rumen wall and carried organism that harbors the adult stage of a parasite. An the nucleus correspond? What is their main similarity
by the bloodstream to various tissues where they intermediate host, also called a secondary host is the (v) It can respire anaerobically, enabling it to survive the and their main difference?
are used for respiration. The microorganisms also organism that harbors the larval stage of a parasite. low oxygen content of the human's gut. (vi) It is a
manufacture microbial proteins. Upon the death of hermaphrodite, which makes reproduction easier. It corresponds to the nucleus. They are similar in that both
the microorganisms which occurs in the 7.2 (a) Symbiosis is a physical association between two carry the genetic material of the cell. They differ in that;
abomasum. the microbial proteins are broken down different organisms whereby both benefit from the 7.4 (a) Ascariasis (b) Elephantiasis (c) Malaria (d) the nucleus is enclosed by a membrane while the nuclear
to amino acids and absorbed into the ruminant's relationship. Sleeping sickness (e) Potato blight. body is not.
bloodstream. 7.5 Adjustment of a parasite to its host ensures that a 117. List three ways in which a bacterial cell differs from
 (b) Non-ruminant herbivores contain cellulase- (b) (i) Ruminal microorganisms secrete the enzyme
cellulase which breaks down cellulose from plant materials parasite continues deriving nutrients and some-times an animal cell.
producing microorganisms in the caecum. These shelter from the host while inflicting minimum damage.  A bacterial cell has a cell wall which is absent in
absorbed in the colon and carried by the to glucose. The microorganisms ferment the glucose to
simple fatty acids. These are absorbed into the ruminant's This is important to the parasite in that it has time to grow, an animal cell.
bloodstream to other tissues where they are used reproduce and spread. A poorly adjusted parasite normally  ·In bacteria the nuclear material is not enclosed by
for Instead. They ingest their faeceswhich are bloodstream and carried to the tissues where they are
oxidized for energy production. The presence of such kills its host quickly. In the process the parasite may a nuclear membrane.
subjected to further digestion and absorption in the damage itself or lose its source of food.
microorganisms enables ruminants to utilize a wide variety  ·A bacterial cell has no membrane bound
stomach and small intestine. organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic
of plant materials as a source of food. The bacteria are in 7.6 The tips of some of their hyphae produce the enzyme
turn sheltered in a nourishing medium. reticulum.
cellulase. This digests the cellulose wall of host cells
118. Give an explanation for the following observations:
PARASITISM,SYMBIOSIS AND SAPROPHYTISM (ii) The protozoa Triconympha are found in large numbers enabling the hyphae to penetrate. Once inside, each hypha
 (a) A piece of meat placed in the open rots within
in the alimentary canal of worker termites. They secrete the swells into a haustorium. This secretes enzymes that digest
several hours while a similar piece placed in a deep
 (a) What is a parasite? enzyme cellulase which digests cellulose from plant complex organic materials in the cell. The soluble products
freezer stays fresh for several months.
 (b) Differentiate between ectoparasites and materials to glucose. Some of the glucose is absorbed and of digestion are absorbed into the cytoplasm of the fungi.
 (b)A piece of moist bread placed in the open
endoparasites. In each case give two examples. used by the termite. The presence of such protozoa enables 7.7 The tips of hyphae that grow into the food source develops a greyish-black growth on its surface while
 (c) With reference to parasites, explain the terms termites to feed on wood materials. The protozoa are in secrete enzymes. The enzymes soak into the dead material a piece of dry bread under similar conditions
primary host and intermediate host. turn sheltered in a nourishing medium. and proceed to digest its constituents into simpler remains fresh.
 7.2 (a) Define the term symbiosis
compounds. Proteins are digested to amino acids,  (c)Sealed pasteurized milk placed at room
 (b) What are the benefits of the following (iii) Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium invade the roots of
carbohydrates to monosaccharides and fats to fatty acids temperature will go bad within one day while sealed
associations? young leguminous plants and cause the root cells to
and glycerol. The amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty UHT (ultra heat-treated) milk remains fresh for a
 (i) Ruminants and ruminal microorganisms. multiply forming nodules. In the nodules, the bacteria fix
acids and glycerol are absorbed into the cytoplasm of the long period of time at room temperature.
 (ii) Worker termites and the protozoa Triconympha. atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. The ammonia is used
fungi.  (a)Meat provides a very good medium for the
 (iii) Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium and by both the bacteria and the plant to make amino acids.
growth of bacteria. When a piece of meat is placed
leguminous plants. The bacteria in return receive carbohydrates from the 7.8 Saprophytic bacteria and fungi that live in the soil and in the open, microorganisms from the air land on it
 (iv) Mycorrhizal fungi and forest trees. plant. This association enables leguminous plants to grow water bring about decay of dead animals and plants. The and multiply. They release enzymes that proceed to
 7.3 List five ways in which the pork tapeworm in soils that are poor in nitrates. When the plants die, the organic materials in the dead bodies are eventually broken digest complex organic compounds in the meat into
(Taenia solium) is adapted to life in human nodules release ammonia into the soil where it is converted down to simple inorganic compounds such as carbon simpler compounds causing decay. The process is
alimentary canal. to nitrates by nitrifying bacteria. The nitrates can be taken dioxide, ammonia and mineral salts. These are taken up by also aided by enzymes that are naturally present in
 7.4 Name the diseases caused by: (a) Ascaris up by other plants. plants and used to make new organic compounds. This the meat.
lumbricoides (b) Wuchereria bancrofti (c) way, saprophytes help in the recycling of nutrients in
(iv) Mycorrhizal fungi invade the roots of certain species of  When meat is placed in a deep freezer, the low
Plasmodium vivax (d) Trypanosoma gambiensis (c) nature. Were it not for their action of breaking down dead
forest trees forming a root-fungus complex called temperature inhibits multiplication of any bacteria
Phytophthora infestans. materials, essential nutrients would be locked in huge
mycorrhiza. The fungi are able to absorb essential that may be present. The low temperature also
 7.5 Explain the importance of adjustment of a moulds of dead animals, faeces, leaves, branches and logs
nutrients like calcium,phosphate,potassium and other ions inhibits the action of bacterial enzymes as well the
parasite to its host. which would be littered all over. The nutrients would be
from the soil better than the trees. Some of the nutrients action of enzymes naturally present in the meat.
 7.6 Explain how fungi that are parasitic to plants unavailable to subsequent generations of plants and
are used by the fungus and the rest are passed to the tree. Because of these reasons, the meat can remain
feed. animals and life as we know it would cease.
The fungus in return gets organic materials that are fresh for a long time.
 7.7 Explain how the fungi Rhizopus feeds.
manufactured by the tree through photosynthesis. This 7.9 (a) (i) Both are heterotrophic taking in ready-made  (b) Bread provides a very good medium for the
 7.8 Describe the ecological importance of
enables such trees to survive in areas where soils are food. growth of moulds. When a piece of bread is kept in
saprophytes.
relatively poor in mineral salts. the open, mound spores land on it from the air.
 7.9 (a) State two similarities in the modes of
(ii)Both never ingest their food but absorb soluble nutrients However. for the spores to germinate, moisture
nutrition of Rhizopus and tapeworms. 7.3 (i) It has suckers and hooks on its head for attachment from the surrounding medium. must be present. Moist bread contains the
 (b) State two differences in their modes of nutrition. to the intestinal wall of its host. necessary moisture and the spores germinate each
developing into a greyish mycelium or hyphae.