Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Goal 1 Indicators

Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day 1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day 1.2 Poverty gap ratio 1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people 1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed 1.5 Employment-to-population ratio 1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day 1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger 1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age 1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption Progress on MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger The Ministry of Agriculture formulated the Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (2004-2014) and developed a Strategic Plan (2008-2012) both of which put forward fairly elaborate interventions that could contribute very substantially to improved agricultural productivity at the household level thereby touching positively the food security of the poor. National initiatives such as Njaa Marufuku Kenya, Kilimo Biashara and others under the Economic Stimulus Package are aimed at achieving higher levels of

food sufficiency among participating households. If these initiatives are sustained, it is possible that the rate of growth in agriculture will peak at 10% in the medium term as projected, and bring the anticipated outcomes as envisaged in the MDGs. With regard to incidence and depth of poverty, the current national poverty levels remain high. However, the national incidence of food poverty declined marginally from 48.7% in 1997 to 45.6% in 2005/06.2 Whereas the urban and rural communities in Kenya demonstrate different socioeconomic characteristics, data available indicate that the rural poverty incidence declined from 50.7% to 42.2% between 1997 and 2006/2007, while the urban incidence increased from 38.3% to 40.5% over the same period. Overall, rural food poverty was 47.2%. Poverty incidence is expected to have increased during the period 2008-09 due to post-election violence, global economic crises as well as global increase in fuel prices. The indicators for the second target of MDG 1 include the reduction by half between 1990 and 2015 of the prevalence of underweight (low-weight for age) children and the proportion of the population whose food intake falls below the minimum level of dietary requirement (under-nutrition). Progress towards attainment of this indicator in the last ten years reveals a slight national improvement of the status of children under-five years. For instance the proportion of stunted children aged 6-59 months declined from 36.9% in 1997 to 34.7% by 2006, while a similar decrease from 22.3% to 20.9% of underweight children was noted within the same period. To sustain this progress there is need for Kenya to fast track interventions geared towards enhancing food availability through increased agricultural productivity so as to boost household access to food in sufficient quantity and quality as well as surplus for sale. Quality in this case implies access to nutritious food; meaning that for those households who rely on food production from their farms, emphasis should be put on the linkage between the food produced and nutritional status of that food. Similarly, for those who rely on purchases from the markets, boosting agricultural production definitely means greater supply and through the forces of demand and supply, lower prices translating to higher volumes of various foodstuffs at household level.

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Goal 2 Indicators Target 2a: Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling 2.1 Net enrolment ratio in primary education 2.2 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary 2.3 Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds, women and men

Status of MDG 2 in Kenya - Achieve Universal Primary Education Primary Enrolment Enrolment in both public and private schools increased by 2.3% from 8.6 million in 2008 to 8.8 million in 2009. The gross enrolment rate (GER) rose from 109.8% in 2008 to 110% in the year 2009. The net enrolment rate (NER) rose slightly from 92.5% in 2008 to 92.9% in 2009. There has been a consistent improvement of NER from 2005 to 2009. This is attributed to the introduction of the Free Primary Education which enabled children to begin schooling at the right school going age. The gross enrolment ratio for boys is still higher than that of girls, standing at 112.8% while for girls was 112.2% in 2009. Though there has been a marked general growth in enrolment rates and close gender parity especially with the introduction of FPE, the regional and gender disparities are evident especially in the ASAL districts, pockets of poverty and the urban slums. Enrolment, retention, completion and progression rates are a major challenge and a concern of the millennium goal on education. At the national level, the achievements are almost equal for both boys and girls as shown in the table below. The Primary Completion Rate (PCR) improved from 83.2% in 2008 to 97.8% in 2009, indicating reduction of wastage in the education system. The number of KCPE candidates rose from 701,000 in 2008 to 727,045 in 2009. The value for money audit revealed that majority of schools had attained an average text book pupil ratio of 1:2 in 2009 compared to 1:3 in 2008. Extracted from the Government of Kenya Economic Survey, 2010

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Indicators Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity at all levels by 2015 3.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education 3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector 3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

Progress on MDG3: Gender Equality and Women Empowerment The government's commitment to invest in social services to improve the welfare of the population has been consistent in the past 8 years. The total social sector expenditure increased by 19.8 per cent from KES 197,537.4 million in the 2008/09 to KES 236,578.7 million in the 2009/10 Financial Year. The ministry of Gender, Children and Social Services recorded the highest increase in expenditure of 82.3 per cent. The central government expenditure on social services in regard to Gender increased from KES 1,421.42 in 2008/09 to 3,049.36 million in the 2009/10 FY. The new constitution inaugurated in 2010 provides for 30% representation of women

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Indicators Target 4a: Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five

4.1 Under-five mortality rate 4.2 Infant mortality rate 4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles

To accelerate the achievement of MDG 4, the Government launched a Child Survival and development Strategy that is budgeted in 2009 as an effort to accelerate child survival and provide a framework to improve indicators for children. The strategy is guided by the National Health Sector Strategic Plan II (NHSSP II) and the Vision 2030 Medium Term Plan that aim to reduce inequalities in the health care services and improve on the child health indicators. In addition, the Ministry of Public and Sanitation has prioritized malaria control through the National Health Sector Strategic Plan (NHSSPII) and mandated the Division of Malaria Control (DOMC) to coordinate the implementation of the National Malaria Strategy. In collaboration with partners, the government has also developed the 8-year Kenyan National Malaria Strategy (KNMS) 2009-2017 which was launched on 4th November 2009. The National Malaria Strategy covering the period 20092017 has been developed in line with the Government's first Medium-Term Plan of the Kenya Vision 2030, Millennium Development Goals, as well as Roll Back Malaria partnership goals and targets for malaria control. The National Malaria Strategy is based on and carries forward an inclusive partnership between the Ministries of Public Health and Sanitation and Medical Services, other line Ministries of the Government of Kenya, development partners and all implementing agencies in malaria control. The Malezi Bora Strategy initiated in 2007 has provided a comprehensive package of services that includes child immunization, Vitamin A supplementation, de-worming of under fives and pregnant women, treatment of childhood illnesses, HIV Counseling & Testing, ITNs use in Malaria prevention and

improved ANC & FP Services. Malezi Bora provides an opportunity to provide children with a comprehensive and integrated package of services. Other Government efforts towards reduction in child mortality and in line with attainment of the MDG target are Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses which includes immunization, one of the most effective primary health interventions in reducing child mortality. Under this, the Ministry of Health continues to strengthen immunization activities throughout the country under the Kenya Expanded Programme on Immunization (KEPI) as well as management of childhood illnesses. Progress made Existing data reveals that in the 1990s, infant and childhood mortality declined rapidly in Kenya as a result of various global initiatives to improve child health. After many years of declining health indicators, recent data is showing an improvement in the mortality indicators for Kenyan children. The Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) 2008/09 shows that compared to the 2003 KDHS, the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) improved to 52 from 77 per 1000 live births and the Under Five Mortality Rate improving to 74 from 115 per 1000 live births. However, the neonatal mortality rate only reduced marginally from 33 to 31 per 1000 live births contributing to 42% of the under five mortality compared to 29% in 2003 (KDHS). Despite renewed focus and recent progress in child survival, achieving the Millennium Development Goal targets in under-five mortality (33/1000) and infant mortality (26/1000) by 2015 will be a challenge unless neonatal care, which is closely linked to maternal care, receives more attention. The maternal care indicators have stagnated with the deliveries by skilled attendants (increased slightly from 40 to 42%) and institutional deliveries (increased slightly from 40.1 to 43%). Skilled birth attendance is vital to protecting the health of newborns as the majority of perinatal deaths occur during labour and delivery or within the first 48 hours after delivery MDG News

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Indicators Target 5a: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio 5.1 Maternal mortality ratio 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Target 5b: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health 5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate

5.4 Adolescent birth rate 5.5 Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits) 5.6 Unmet need for family planning

Status of MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health Maternal mortality in Kenya has remained unacceptably high at 488 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (with some regions reporting MMRs of 1,000/100,000 live births) in 2008/9, an increase from 414/100,000 in 2003, 590/100,000 in 1998. Most maternal deaths are due to causes directly related to pregnancy and childbirth unsafe abortion and obstetric complications such as severe bleeding, infection, hypertensive disorders, and obstructed labor. Others are due to causes such as malaria, diabetes, hepatitis, and anaemia, which are aggravated by pregnancy. The proportion of women making the recommended number of antenatal care visits of 4 and above declined from 64 per cent in 1993 to 52 per cent in 2003 and to 47% in 2008/9, while the proportion receiving skilled care during delivery declined from 45 per cent in 1998 to 42 per cent in 2003. Skilled attendance at birth increased to 44% in 2008/9. The contraceptive prevalence rate for modern methods among married women increased from 32% to 39% between 2003 and 2008/ while at the same time, the use of 64 traditional methods decreased from 8 to 6% of married women. The unmet need for family planning, which is still considered high, has

remained at 24 percent since 1998. This has largely been attributed to inadequate service provision, poor access due to persistent family planning commodity insecurity and limited resource allocation. The Government has prepared the Contraceptive Security Strategy 2007-2012 with the aim of ensuring uninterrupted and affordable supply of contraceptives. The adolescent birth rate reduced from 114 per 1,000 women to 103 per 1,000 women between 2003 and 2008/09. The Government launched a Maternal and Newborn Health (MNH) Road Map in August 2010 whose goal is to accelerate the reduction of maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The National MNH Road Map offers a new and revitalized dimension of efforts of all stakeholders. It provides a framework for building strategic partnerships for increased investment in maternal and newborn health at both institutional and programme levels. Implementation will take a phases approach and the final reporting year will be 2015. To ensure all expectant mothers are safe and that they get quality health services, the government has abolished user fees in all public maternity hospitals and clinics. Mothers are being encouraged to deliver in the nearest maternity facility under the supervision of a skilled health worker. The government also committed to shifting budgetary resources from curative health to preventive health services (this shift was included in the 2010/2011 Budget). This will help deal with childbirth problems before they become serious. There are sustained efforts on decentralization of healthcare system to the districts to ensure local needs are better addressed More rural women are receiving skilled assistance during delivery, reducing long-standing disparities between urban and rural areas. Serious disparities in coverage are also found between the wealthiest and the poorest households. In the developing regions as a whole, women in the richest households are three times as likely as women in the poorest households to receive professional care during childbirth To reduce and bring down the high maternal mortality, the government has to address several challenges including the need to ensure the availability of adequate maternity services and skilled personnel to attend to complications caused by unsafe/induced abortion, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, among others.

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Indicators Target 6a: Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS 6.1 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years 6.2 Condom use at last high-risk sex 6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS 6.4 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years

Target 6b: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it 6.5 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs Target 6c: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases 6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria 6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets 6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs 6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis 6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course .

Status of MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS Malaria and other diseases

Recent studies indicate that whereas Kenya has made significant progress in the fight against HIV/AIDS, the national prevalence rates still raise concern.. The KDHS 2008/09 states that "in Kenya, HIV prevalence has not changed significantly in the past five years. The HIV prevalence is 6.3% for women and men aged 15-49, compared with 6.7% in the 2003 KDHS and 7.4% in the 2007 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey". The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey (KAIS) confirmed this trend pointing out that HIV prevalence among key adult age group rose while incidence remains high with an estimated 125,000 -133,000 new cases annually among adults and 32,000 new paediatric infections per year7. Surprisingly, there have been higher infection rates among married couples bringing a new challenge. Earlier efforts had been directed to commercial sex workers and single persons, but now the focus must change. On treatment and care, progress towards achieving universal access targets has been slower than expected. The Kenya National AIDS Strategic Plan (KNASP III) access target of reaching at least 80 percent of those in need is not expected to be achieved until 2013. This is partly due to the fact that whereas the number of people on ART has been increasing over time, those in need have been increasing at an even faster rate. The National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP) estimates that at least 68% of the nearly 570,000 people in need of ART were receiving it by end of June 2010. This chart illustrates KNASP III and NASCOP targeted number of people to be put on treatment over the current and upcoming four fiscal years. With regard to condom use, NACC estimated an increase in condom supply from 28.4 million in 2005 to 36.2 million in 2006 and further to 64.5 million in 2007. This was attributed to the increase in demand and availability

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Indicators Target 7a: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources Target 7b: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2015, a significant reduction in the rate of loss 7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest 7.2 CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP) 7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances 7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits

7.5 Proportion of total water resources used 7.6 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected 7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction Target 7c: Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation 7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source 7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility Target 7d: Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020 7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums

Status of MDG 7:Ensure Environmental Sustainability The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999 provides a comprehensive legislative framework for the management of the environment in the country. The legislation provided for the creation of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), a competent authority mandated to safeguard and enhance environmental quality through coordination, research, facilitation and enforcement. The organization has an important responsibility coordinating the preparation of Environmental Action Plans (EAPs) at district, provincial and national levels. The country has also ratified and domesticated various multilateral environmental agreements.

The Government has developed various national and sector plans to integrate environmental concerns into development planning in Kenya, e.g. Vision 2030, Medium Term Plan 2008-2012, and the Environment, Water and Sanitation sector plan for 2008-2012. In addition, environmental education and awareness creation continue to be undertaken countrywide. The Government has also developed a national climate change response strategy. Regulations have been developed and are being implemented on environmental management e.g. Air Quality 2009, Ozone Depleting Substances 2007, Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)/Environmental Audit (EA) 2003, Noise Control and Vibration 2009, and Biodiversity 2006. Forest cover in the country has continued to decrease due to enormous forest invasion. For instance, between 1990 and 2005 the proportion of forested land in sub-Saharan Africa dropped by 3% from 29% to 26%. At the same time Kenya's proportion of forested land decreased by 0.3 per cent10. Furthermore, between 1990 and 2003, 186,000 ha of forest land was converted to other uses. If this trend continues, the country will experience great loss in biodiversity, with irreversible consequences for ecosystem services, food security, and tourism, all of which make significant contributions to the Kenyan economy. Recent efforts by the government to restore forest cover in the country include the aggressive effort to reclaim 25,000 hectares of illegally settled land in the Mau Forest Complex. The Forest Mainstreaming Initiative was also launched in 2009 to integrate the principles of sustainable development in the country's policies and programmes through establishment of a satellite Forestry Resource Account for Kenya. However, these good initiatives face serious challenges as many poor households depend on forests for wood fuel. It is in this respect that the country must factor in the cost of household energy into the MDGs.

Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for development

Indicators Target 8a: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction both nationally and internationally Target 8b: Address the special needs of the least developed countries Includes: tariff and quota free access for the least developed countries' exports; enhanced programme

of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction Target 8c: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States (through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly) Target 8d: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. Official development assistance (ODA) 8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors gross national income 8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation) 8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied 8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national incomes 8.5 ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross national incomes Market access 8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty 8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries 8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross domestic product 8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity Debt sustainability 8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative) 8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives 8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services Target 8e: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries 8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis

Target 8f: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications 8.14 Telephone lines per 100 population 8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population 8.16 Internet users per 100 population Status of MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

The MDG goal 8 on developing a global partnership for development gives international trade indicators that are intended to improve market access of developing countries and least developed countries' exports to the developed economy markets. Trade has increasingly become the cornerstone of the Kenya's economic development in the 21st century. Kenya's trade share of GDP in 2007 stood at about 55.4%. In 2007, merchandize trade contributed about 60.6% of total exports while services constituted about 38.8%. Trade in services also continues to be critical in Kenya's quest for sustainable economic growth and development. In 2007, services accounted for about 60% of Kenya's GDP with leading contributors being Transport and communication, postal and telecommunications, and wholesale and retail trade. The volume of international trade between Kenya and the rest of the world has been increasing over the years. While exports and imports exhibit an increasing trend, imports have been increasing more rapidly than exports and hence the widening trade balance deficit. The increase in trade and the widening of the trade balance were not rapid until the year 2000 after which trade exhibited a rapid rise coupled with a widening trade balance.

Overall, the value of total exports has increased over the years from about Kshs 214,793 million in 2004 to Kshs 344,947 million in 2008. This implies that Kenya's efforts need to concentrate on deepening and widening access to traditional and emerging markets, respectively. Imports value increased over the same period from Kshs 364,557 million to Kshs 770,651 million. Consequently, the trade balance widened from about Kshs 149,764 million to Kshs 425,704 million over the same period. In 2008, the trade balance deficit deteriorated by 28.8% as a result of widening from Kshs 330,454 million in 2007 to Kshs 425,705 million in 2008. The export-import cover ratio declined from 45.4% in 2007 to 44.8% in 2008 showing that imports are increasing more rapidly than exports. The value of exports increased in 2008 by 23.3% compared to an increase in imports by 27.4%. Key export sectors that accounted for 51.3% are horticulture, tea, textile and apparels, and soda ash. Overall, Kenya's exports are mainly primary products from the agriculture sector. Manufactured products in Kenya's export basket include iron and steel, pharmaceutical products, cement and essential oils. This underpins Kenya's continued efforts towards value addition and product diversification in the manufacturing sector.