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Answers of MATH1012 Lecture Notes 03

The lecture notes cover inverse functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions. It explains how to find the inverse of one-to-one functions, the laws of exponents and logarithms, and the properties of exponential and logarithmic functions. Examples are provided to illustrate solving equations and determining the domain and range of functions.

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21 views3 pages

Answers of MATH1012 Lecture Notes 03

The lecture notes cover inverse functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions. It explains how to find the inverse of one-to-one functions, the laws of exponents and logarithms, and the properties of exponential and logarithmic functions. Examples are provided to illustrate solving equations and determining the domain and range of functions.

Uploaded by

林逸崢
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH1012 Calculus IA (2023 Fall) Lecture Notes 02 (Phyllis LIANG)

MATH 1012 Lecture Notes 02


Topics covered in lecture 02:

1. Inverse function
2. Exponential and logarithmic functions

1. Inverse function

What you need to know:

• What is inverse function

• How to find the the inverse function of a one-to-one function

Definition(sloppily): Let 𝑓 be an one-to-one function with domain D and range R, its inverse function is
defined with domain R, and range D, by 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑥, where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦.
Remark:
1. Only one-to-one functions have inverse fnc.;
2. Range of 𝑓 −1 = Domain of 𝑓;
3. Domain of 𝑓 −1 = Range of 𝑓;
4. 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 in D;
5. 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑦)) = 𝑦 for all 𝑦 in R;
6. The graph of 𝑓 −1 is obtained by reflecting the
graph of 𝑓 about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥

Procedures to find the inverse function of a one-to-one function 𝒇:


1. Write y = 𝑓(𝑥)
2. Solve the equation for 𝑥 in terms of y (if possible)
3. To express 𝑓 −1 as a function of 𝑥, interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦, the resulting function is 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
Remark:
If you want to find the domain of 𝑓 −1 , you had better firstly find out the range of 𝑓, otherwise, maybe you
expand the domain of 𝑓 −1 .
Example 2.1 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2, find the inverse function of 𝑓(𝑥), and its domain and range.

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MATH1012 Calculus IA (2023 Fall) Lecture Notes 02 (Phyllis LIANG)
2. Exponential and logarithmic functions

What you need to know:

• Laws of exponents/ logarithms

• Exponential/ logarithmic function

• Graph of exponential/logarithmic function

Laws of exponents: If 𝑎 and b are positive numbers and 𝑥 and y are real numbers, then
𝑎𝑥
1. 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 2. 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑎𝑦 3. (𝑎 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
1 𝑥⁄ 𝑦
4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 5. 𝑎−𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 6. 𝑎 𝑦 = √𝑎 𝑥
Exponential function:
In general, an exponential function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 , where 𝑎 is a positive constant.
In particular, when 𝑎 = 𝑒, where 𝑒 = 2.71828 … , then we call 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 the natural exponential function.
Graph of exponential function:

Function

Domain
Range
Point
Monotonicity
asymptote
Laws of logarithms: If 𝑥 and y are positive numbers, then
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑥
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥 𝑟 ) = 𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥, where 𝑟 is any real number

Properties of logarithms:
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑎 ≠ 1; 𝑎, 𝑥 > 0)
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1; 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0 (𝑎 > 0)
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏
Change of base formula: for any positive number 𝑎 ≠ 1, we have 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑎
𝑐
for any positive number 𝑐 ≠ 1 .
𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥 (𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑎 > 0)

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MATH1012 Calculus IA (2023 Fall) Lecture Notes 02 (Phyllis LIANG)
Logarithmic function:
In general, the logarithmic function base 𝑎 (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1), denoted by 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 is the inverse of the
exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 .
In particular, when 𝑎 = 𝑒, where 𝑒 = 2.71828 … , then we call 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 the natural logarithmic
function.
Graph of logarithm function:

Function

Domain
Range
Point
Monotonicity
asymptote
Example 2.2 Solve each equation for 𝑥. (a) 5𝑥−5 = 8, (b)ln(𝑥) + ln(𝑥 − 1) = 1

Example 2.3 (a) Find the domain of function 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3)

2 +2𝑥+3
(b) Find the range of function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥

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