ATOMIC STRUCTURE same

Different
atomic number

mass number ↑
&
same mass

Different atomic number

number

<
-

-
40 A Yoa
-

in &Hi H
Fundamental Particles & Points ,

Isotopes Isobars

T
/
unit of distance
Relative charge Relative
charge
*
Particle Mass mass unit of
energy
9 Inm = 10 M
Isotones
X10"'kq 10 j

<
I 12V =
16 x 10
Electron O 1.6 X C
-

./
9 ISO-electronic
-

IA =
10 M

104 C 1 J 10
says I >
-
k
=

Proton 1 672x10-2kq I + 1 6 X I ISO-series

+

V
.
.

x10kq
I
Neutron 1 674 q O O same . 1A-21
of neutrons
Neutron-Chadwick
.

4
no
same no of electrons
.

T
J
40

k 3 k
cola N2 CO CN Si

of electron 55 Thomson = Discovery 14e-

Discovery
-

2 Isoesters Iso-diaphus
& Be "Hett OR
I Y
+ +

I V
↓
x-particle Neutron
cathode fast of proton
rays are
moving electrons
.
Discovery molecules same
Isotopic number (A-22)
having same no .
of atoms .

Direction is from cathode to Anode .

k and some electrons

.

Cathode
238y 23 Re
Rays CO N2 Ket
Anode
Rays are fast
moving tvely charged ions
.

consist of -vely charged particles electrons

.
Direction is from Anode to cathode
.
JJ Thomson or Watermelon model or Plum
Pudding model

Travel in a
straight line .
Anode Rays Representation of element ↓
cathode and penetration power.
way posseses mass
energy
When electric field is deflected
consists of
tely charged ions
.
↓ tvely charge and mass is
uniformly .
distributed

applied then
they are
travel in embedded between
straight line . in
,
e is
They a

NITESH DEVNANI
Towards the side of field Atomic number Rutherford
&
Drawback could not explain
-

Amode
.

A
-

mass
say posseses ,
energy
They produce X-Rays when
they strike
heavy nucleus No of protons
·

When electric field is applied they deflected ↓ particle scattering experiment

-
-

are Z .

like No of electrons in neutral atom

tungsten Molybdenum etc
.
.

side of field
.

,
towards -

ye .

·
Specific charge or
charge/mass or Ionic potential of all A Mass number No of Neutron
specific charge charge/ions potential
=

ratio ionic
·

or or

cathode
say is same irrespective of
gas present inside
Proton + neutron =
Nucleons =
A -

I
is not same . It depends on
gas discharge tube.
tube
inside
discharge .

anode known
Note In terms of
hydrogen rays are as
-

16 x 10"9
& = =
1 .

76X10"C/kg
ne 9 . X10-31 protons·

@niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnani194

ATOMIC STRUCTURE Electromagnetic
y
walles

↓
Plancks

Y
Quantum theory

(
·

E
E
>
-

Black
Body is an ideal body
Observation Conclusion -
C

> C which emits radiations Energy of photon (Ep)

-particle straight
-
Most of went Most of the
space inside atom is empty.
- propogation of wave . of all
frequencies . EpXf
Few -particles were deflected by small
angles A +vely charged sphere is present at center of atom
If
.

Ep
=

Very Few <-particle /1 in 2000) deflected by 180 :

called nucleus
. c =
f xx
M of

-
magnetic field and propogation
&
Electric field wave f
=
,

Black
Body L
Results
all perpendicular to each other
.
L
-
↓ =
Planck's constant

PG slit Ratom =
10 m Travel with speed of
light =
6 628 x
.
10 J/sec
>
.

Rutherford
-

x-particle experiment 15m

* & R nucleus =
10 c =
3 X 108 m/sec. Ep
= he
Photons +

I
Radius of nucleus
energy /
source
any can travel in vaccum (small pockets of
Gold foil
.

Ins
of x-particle R =
RoIA)
L
c =

fxx he
No trick

10 -
① =
hfo =

Ro 14 X To
E
=
M E 12400

-
=
el .

X(in A)
Limitations

could not
explain internal distribution of electrons
. Photoelectric effect
Dual nature of
light Emission of electron from surface of metal
V
explain stability
2
could not of atom

G/ by falling photon of suitable

↓
.

Ep > & -

Photoelectric effect
hoga energy .

Ep < 0 -

No Photoelectric .

Wave nature/continuous ( Electromagnetic spectrum

k
particle nature /Dis-continuous) Work function (0)
Plank's quantum theory Minimum
energy for photoelectric.
Reflection
Wavelength(X)
:
Distance between 2 consecutive erects or
troughs .

-
<Visible
Refraction Photo electric effect.
Cosmic <
X-Rays < X-Rays < UV
Rays Rays

NITESH DEVNANI
says
Wave number (U) Defined as no of unit
length
Threshold
frequency (fol Radiowaves

-
waves Infrared
Interference per Rays Microwaves >
-

Minimum
frequency for photoelectric.
Diffraction
Wave Nature of
light Frequency(f)
-

No of waves
passing through a
particular L
>
Y I BG Y O R

-
- point in 1 .
second H2 or see Threshold wavelength (10)
> X*

↑
wavelength
>
Maximum for Photoelectric
erect x erect
I C > I

-
>
I

"A
C 7
Amplitude (A) :
Height of erect or
depth of
trough.
X ↓A
-
> (v) Distance travelled for unit time
Trough Velocity by wave
:
.

@niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnani194

ATOMIC STRUCTURE 8
%
R 0 529 A 52 94 M E 13 6
22 ev - 2 18 x 10
= - . =
= .
= .
.

5 ↑ Hydrogen spectrum
K E ofejected electron Photocurrent - of electron
No 100 188 Formulas

cms
m/sec 2 18
-
V
E
or 2 18 x

- Intensity
=
x
.
. = .

Pattern
L >
-
depends on frequency ejected depend on intensity
.
i
↓
>

Light
of Infinite Shell Prism
Photocurrent or No of electron
-

ejected KE of ejected electron does Energy E = -

13 .

6
el EG =

does not depend on

frequency
not depend on intensity. Spectrum
screen
No of photons falling per
.

Ionisation
second on metal surface
. energy diff 6/W shells
Ratio of KE PE and TE Energy 2
when e-moves from GS to o

If H fo
2
=
+ KE
TE =
KE + PE
IE =
13 6
.

Zell AE hC
Bond conservation of -
=
on
energy kinetic of
< energy
A A PE T
=

+ K TE :
KE : =
-q : + 1 : -I

Ep
=
0+ KE
ejected electron
Note
-
orbit
Bohr model is for ne higher
applicable only single especies . X

Ground state n =
1 " *
AE

KE
H He 4 Bet Single-species .

Atom has infinite shell State

Excited any shell other than
Gs V
n ,
lower orbit

Angular momentum is .
quantized oth Excited State

-
n 6+ 1 <

L
= =

Intensity MVV = n =
1 2 3 4
difference 6/w consecutive shell
Energy 2
....
,

4
, ,
,

2π 62
AE =
13 I -
.

↑
>
from nucleus
* Boho model - decrease as we
go away .
ni M2
2

4
E2-E , > E3-Ez > Eq-E3)
(

NITESH DEVNANI
NO Of.
........

ejected RM22
#
e- &

Tr
=

=,4
e
- Intensity Energy of e-increases as we move
away from
Atom consist of 2 Parts

nucleus E < E2 Es Eco Nucleus >

-

center -> Proton + Neutron

RH =

Rhydberg's constant
.......

Graphs Extra nuclear part >

- e-revolve around nucleus
.
10'm +
On
absorbing energy e-jumps from lower orbit to =
1/ X
-

-
> KE
orbit
higher
On
releasing energy-e-jumps from
higher orb it to

to lower Orbit .

Frequency
@niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnani194
ATOMIC STRUCTURE Developed by Schrodinger
Schrodinger assumed e-to be wave
k
Wave mechanical model of atoms

Hydrogen spectrum f ↓
Discontinuous
I
x =
1
P F >* Ye
De-Broglie- Schrodinger wave
equation
a

↑ I wave function /
e

Line
I matter wave) -
> + G24 +
N +
84M (E -

**
x
I
=
L 3

from NO to
Emission
e-jumps 10
always nV
- Y
.

↓ =
VA
·

e-is used x numbers which tell us about

energy

3
series ni (CO) (HO)
Region
=
R2
Principle &N
,

Quantum numbers derived from

subshell orientation and spin of e-
Azimuthal
Schrodinger
Lymar 1 .3 4
2 , ,
....
O ultravoilet ,
QN
wave
equation
Balmer 2 3 4 5 ..... Visible
to find exact
Magnetic N

According to HUP it is
impossible
, , ,

Not derived from

Schrodinger
,

Paschen 3 4 5,6 Co Infrared Spin &N

position and momentum of e-around nucleus
.....
, ,

Represented by n. wave
equation.
Brackett 4 5 6, 7 . Infrared . z
simultaneously with
. . .
, ,

accuracy. Tells about shell/orbit Number

Principal Quantum
.

Pfund 5 6 7 8
, ... Infrared -
>
4 E 13 6
&
,
..

, =
-
.

Gives idea about

energy radius velocity k
I
, ,

Infrared
Humprey 6 7 8 , 9 ......

Heiserberg Uncertainty principle

.

R 0 529
& A
=

↓ ↓
.

Orbit Momentum
Angular
Lyman Series (n = 1) Balmer series (n I = 2) ↓ Max number of electrons in shell
MVV =
V =
2 18 .
x 100 m/sec
2n2
is
given by 2T
AEmin OX X max 2 + 1
AEmin OX X max 3 -2 If mass is constant ACCX AP
# K 2 ( 8 M 18
Amin
=
AP
=
&E
=

max Or c - 2 =
MAY Oroital Momentum
&E max Or Amin c - 1
Ax-uncertainty in position Angular Represented by1 .

1st line Balmer 3>2 -

&

NITESH DEVNANI
A X MAN >
1st line Lyman - I Number
2
4π
AP-
uncertainty in momentum .

YI(l + 1) 1 subsidary Quantum

2nd line Balmer 4 -> 2 2T
2nd line
Lyman 3 -> < Tells us about subshell
value of l
.

1x => 0 AP > C
+
-

nth line Balmer n + 2 - 2 1) to

nth line
Lyman n+ 1 <> 1
AP >
-

f Ax + Co
could not explain splitting of spectral lines in
1 =
0 -s
- spherical *
L K R
pressure of field and electric field
.
magnetic 1 =

1- p-Dumble bell
- Azimuthal QN
Number of spectral lines
I zeem an effect) I stark effect) l =
2-d-double dumb bell
Applicable on
single electron species .

y
nc - D,
↑ 1 3
- f-complex
&
=

Total no .
of
spectral lines
De-Broglie's hypothesis and HUP .

(n2-ni) /12 - h , + 1)
Limitations of Bohr model
2

@niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnani194

ATOMIC STRUCTURE Electrons

25 < 25 <
are filled in

< 35
Afbau Rule

increasing
< <45
order of

3d
energy
Chromium Cy
2p <
3p 3p <

E > > Energy 4 [Av] 45'345

Represented by n - No of orbitals in shell is
given by12
Magnetic &N
.

Tells about number and orientation of orbitals

. n 1 Orbitals 1 n 3 Orbitals 9 ↑ 444/44
>
= =

↓ Electronic
configuration
- Half filled -

Highly stable
L -
Can have two values value of m depends on value of 1 (-1 to + ) Pauli's Exclusion

No two electrons can have same

principle
value
↓ > copper Cl
l orbital
s +
+
s
- 0 -S-m 0 &
= = =
=

of all numbers Hund's Rule of maximum

multiplicity [AV] 45'3 & 10
4 Quantum .
l 1 -1 0 + 3 Orbital
P-M
= -
=

of e-is done
only /41
,

Anticlockwise when each orbital 1 16

Pairing
,

clockwise 11
, /k
l 2 -d =
- M =
-2 - 0 + 1 +2 5 Orbital
contains one e-of spin Stable
,

FullyFilled
, , ,
same
a very
-

. .

> 5-orbital spherical

x
-

Represented by
-
s

Spin GN
accommodate axial
An orbital can max 2 electrons of
opposite spin. of orbitals 3 Non-axial 2
shapes
↑k
p-orbital -

Dumb-bell-
Pz
L docy dyz dix
dx-y2dz
Pcc
Py

of
electron
Case 2 :
Multi electron
species Nodal plane =
1 &-Orbital Double Dumb-Bell-
Energy
-

Axial orbitals NP =
2
Energy depends on n +l
Nodal Orbital
↓ plane
=
2 5
-y dx
Lower the value of
1+1 ,
lower is
energy -
-

y2 NP =
2
· --- Z y
case 1
Single especies ...

...
then lower value of
:
If n+ 1 is same n lower is
energy
..
,

PSC zy
.
,

dxcl
energy depends on n
NP = 2
45 (3d
xyplane sing &
.. :

NITESH DEVNANI
15 < 25 <
2p <
35 < 3p < NP =

yZ >
Lower value ofa, lower the
energy .

Z NP =
0
z
Nodes 42 0
as
=
↑
3d
-

15 < 25 =
2P < 35 =
3P =
- dz Z
nz N
NP 2 =

42 (probability of
finding electron (
CfD dyz
NP dxz
<H Y
=

>

Magnetic moment VnIn + 2) BM

Radial node RN =
n-1-1 &
...
& &
... -x yz
n =
no of unpaired e-
Angular node AN l

. Py
=

Paramagnetic
-

one or more unpaired er

Total nodes =
n-1

Diamagnetic-zero unpaired e.
Nodal plane =
1 .
NP =
<Z

@niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnanichemistry niteshdevnani194