CONCEPTS OF SPEECH AND FOUR KEY ELEMENTS OF

COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION:

-"Communication is the process of sharing 1. Physical Environment (Surroundings)

meaning through continuous flow of symbolic 2. Temporal Environment (Point in Time)
messages." (Froemling 5) 3. Relational Environment (Relationship
-It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, Between Communicators)
opinions and a means that individuals or 4. Cultural Environment (Language and Behavior
organizations share the meaning and of a Community)
understanding with one another.
The 10 levels of intimacy in today's
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION: communication reflect how personal or
1.Sender- a person,group or organization who impersonal a form of communication is,
initiates communication. ranked from the most intimate (direct and
-She/He may be the source,encoder,speaker or personal) to the least intimate (public and
communicator. indirect).
2.Encoding- This is the process of transferring the
message into a format or platform that is expected 10 LEVELS OF INTIMACY IN TODAY'S
to be understood or decoded by the recipient of the COMMUNICATION:
information.
3.Message- an element transmitted in 10. Talking (Face-to-Face) – The most intimate
communication. form of communication, allowing for immediate
-It may consist of the idea, opinion, information, responses, eye contact, tone, and body language.
feeling, or attitude of the sender. Example: Having a heart-to-heart
4.Channel- a pathway or medium through which conversation with a friend over coffee.
the message travels to reach its destination, 9. Video Chat – Less intimate than face-to-face
-It can be oral, written, or visual. but still personal since it includes voice and facial
5.Receiver- a person who receives, analyzes,m expressions.
understands, and interprets the message. Example: A long-distance couple catching up via
-S/he can also be called decoder, reader, or Zoom or FaceTime.
listener. 8. Phone Call – Lacks visual cues but still allows
6.Decoding-This happens when the recipient for tone and emotions to be conveyed in real-time.
receives the message. Receptive skills are Example: Calling a family
necessary in this phase, which includes reading member to share important news.
and comprehending, viewing, active listening, or 7. Letter – A traditional but deeply personal form
asking questions if necessary of communication, showing effort and
7.Feedback- the receiver’s response that provides thoughtfulness.
information to the sender. Example: A handwritten letter expressing gratitude
-The return process in which the receiver provides or love.
both verbal and non- verbal signals to show 6. Instant Messaging (Messenger, WhatsApp,
whether the message is understood or not. etc.) – Allows real-time interaction but lacks vocal
and visual elements.
8.Noise- a form of distortion, barrier or obstacle Example: Chatting with a best friend on
that occurs in any of the oral communication Messenger.
processes.
5. Text Message (SMS) – Similar to instant 4th Level: Facilitator-Influencer (Small Group
messaging but often used for quick, direct Communication)
communication. -Communication within a small team or group,
Example: "Let’s meet at 5 PM at the library." focusing on collaboration, decision-making, and
4. Email – More formal and professional, often problem-solving. This often involves leaders or
lacking immediate emotional depth. facilitators guiding discussions.
Example: Sending a well-crafted email to a 5th Level: Internal Cohesion (Organizational
professor or boss. Communication)
3. Facebook Message – Less personal than texting -Communication within a larger structure, such as
since it’s through social media but still allows a division, department, or entire organization,
private conversation. ensuring alignment with goals and values.
Example: Reconnecting with an old friend via 6th Level: Formulating Strategy (Public or
Messenger. External Communication)
2. Facebook Status – A public way of sharing -This involves communication that represents an
thoughts, with no direct recipient. organization or entity to the public, such as
Example: Posting “Feeling grateful today!” and marketing, public relations, or strategic messaging.
waiting for reactions. 7th Level: Wisdom, Compassion, and Mass
1. Twitter (Now X) Post – The least intimate form Communication
of communication, often directed to a broad -This is the highest level of communication, where
audience without expecting direct responses. messages are broadcasted to large audiences,
Example: Tweeting about current events or influencing public opinion, culture,
personal opinions. and societal change.

LEVELS (CONTEXT) OF MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION Aristotle Model of Communication
-Aristotle was the first to take an initiative and
1st Level: Crisis-Handling (Intrapersonal design the communication model.
Communication)
- Intrapersonal communication refers to the
dialogue within oneself, including self-reflection, In this model, the speaker plays a key role in
decision-making, and managing emotions. It is communication. He is the one who takes complete
crucial during times of crisis when one must assess charge of the communication. The model says that
their thoughts and emotions before responding. the speaker communicates in such a way that the
2nd Level: Relationship (Interpersonal listeners get influenced.
Communication)
-This involves direct, face-to-face communication
between two individuals,
building personal and professional relationships. It
includes everyday conversations, emotional
support, and conflict resolution.
3rd Level: Self-Esteem and Excellence (Dyadic
Communication)
Key Elements:
-This refers to two-person communication that is
Speaker (Sender) – The person delivering the
goal-oriented, often focusing on self-improvement,
message.
personal development, or intellectual discussions.
Speech (Message) – The content of what is being
communicated.
Audience (Receiver) – The people who listen and Social System- The displeasure of the listeners
interpret the message. was simply because the speaker ignored the social
Effect – The intended impact on the audience. set up of the place where he was
Occasion (Context) – The situation in which the communicating. He forgot the sentiments, cultural
communication takes place. beliefs, and religious feelings of the second party.
(Cultural background)
The effectiveness of the message Culture- Culture refers to the cultural background
depends on three modes of of the community or the listeners where the
persuasion: speaker is communicating or delivering his speech.
Ethos (Credibility) – How trustworthy and
knowledgeable the speaker is. Message- When an individual converts his
Pathos (Emotion) – How well the speaker thoughts into words, a message is created. The
connects with the audience emotionally. process is also called Encoding.
Logos (Logic) – The logical reasoning and Content- is actually the matter or the script of the
arguments used. conversation. It is in simpler words, the backbone
of any communication.
Berlo’s Model of Communication Element- The speech must be coupled with lots of
-takes into account the emotional aspect of the hand movements, gestures, postures, facial
message. expressions, body movements to capture the
Berlo’s model of communication operates on the attention of the listeners and make the speech
SMCR model. impressive.
Treatment- is actually the way one treats his
message and it conveys to the listeners. One must
understand how to present his message so that the
message is conveyed in the most
accurate form.
Structure- A message cannot be expressed in one
Source- in other words also called the sender is
go. It has to be properly structured in order to
the one from whom the thought originates. He is
convey the message in the most desired form.
the one who transfers the information to the
Code- Your body movements, your language, your
receiver after carefully putting his thoughts
expressions, your gestures are actually the codes of
into words.
the message and have to be accurate otherwise the
Communication Skills- An individual must
message gets distorted and the recipient
possess excellent communication skills to make his
will never be able to decode the correct
communication effective and create an
information.
impact among the listeners. (Speaking, writing,
listening, etc.)
Channel- the use of mediums in an
organization to help the flow of information.
Attitude- It is rightly said that if one has the right
Receiver- When the message reaches the
attitude, the whole world is at his feet. There is
receiver, he tries to understand what the listener
actually no stopping for the person if he has the
actually wants to convey and then responds
right attitude. (Positive or negative mindset)
accordingly. This is also called decoding.
Knowledge- Here knowledge is not related to the
educational qualification of the speaker or the
number of degrees he has in his portfolio. (Subject EXAMPLE:
expertise) A doctor explaining a diagnosis:
The doctor (Source) must have good Decoder (Receiver’s Device) – Converts signals
communication skills, knowledge, and a back into understandable messages.
professional attitude. Receiver – The person receiving the message.
The message is the medical condition and Noise – Any interference or distraction that
treatment. distorts the message.
The channel is spoken words (face-to-face) or a EXAMPLE:
written prescription. A phone call with poor signal:
The receiver is the patient, who must understand A friend calls you (sender), and their voice is
the message to take the right actions. converted into signals (encoder).
The call is transmitted via a mobile network
(channel), but noise (bad reception, static)
Limitations: interferes. Your phone (decoder) converts the
It does not consider feedback (similar to signals back into sound, and you (receiver) hear
Aristotle’s model). parts of the message incorrectly.
It assumes both sender and receiver have equal
communication abilities,which is not always true. Schramm’s Model of Communication
-He emphasizes that the communication is
Shannon and Weaver Model of incomplete unless and until the sender receives
Communication feedback from the recipient. Schramm believed
-It is the most popular model of communication that communication is actually a two-way process
and is widely accepted all over the world. between the first party and the second party.

The model simply proposes that a message

actually originates from the person who gets the
thought or has the information. Overview:
The sender is also called the Source of Developed by Wilbur Schramm, this model
information or the Information Source. introduces the idea of feedback and a shared field
Developed in 1949 by Claude Shannon and of experience. It emphasizes interpretation,
Warren Weaver as a technical model of meaning communication is effective only if both
communication. sender and receiver understand the message in
It focuses on how messages are transmitted and the same way. Unlike previous models, it is
the impact of noise (disruptions in interactive, meaning both sender and the
communication). Linear model but introduces receiver can exchange roles.
noise, which can distort communication.
Key Elements:
Key Elements: Sender-Receiver – Communication is a two-way
Sender (Information Source) – The person who process.
originates the message. Message – The content being shared.
Encoder (Transmitter) – Converts the message Feedback – The response from the receiver.
into signals (e.g., sound waves, text, radio signals). Field of Experience
Channel – The medium carrying the message – Common background
(e.g., phone, television, radio). knowledge that helps understanding.
MESSAGE- Schramm believed that an or certain words within a sentence (sentence
individual’s stress).
knowledge, experience and cultural background Understanding Word Stress
also play an important role in communication.
Patterns
Individuals from diverse cultures, religions or
background tend to interpret the message in
Most two-syllable words in English follow
different ways. this
general rule:
Limitations: Nouns often have stress on the first syllable
It requires both parties to have common Verbs often have stress on the second
knowledge for communication to be effective. syllable
To determine whether a word in a sentence
Helical Model of Communication: is a noun or a verb, consider the following
-The model was proposed by Frank Dance in
clues:
1967. Dance thought of a communication process
1. Sentence Position & Function
similar to helix.
It suggests that communication is continuous, Nouns typically act as the subject or object
growing, and improving over time. Each of a sentence.
conversation builds on past Verbs express actions or states of being and
experiences, making communication richer. usually follow the subject.
-the process of communication evolves from the 2. Articles & Adjectives (Nouns)
very birth of an individual and continues till the
If the word is preceded by a, an, the, my,
existing moment.
his, this, that, etc., it's likely a noun.
3. Helping Verbs (Verbs)
Limitations:
It does not provide clear structural steps like other If the word follows a helping verb (is, was,
models. will, can, etc.), it's likely a verb.

(Each model provides a unique perspective on 2.Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of
how a
communication works.)
speaker's voice. It plays a crucial role in
Aristotle & Berlo focus on one-way
expressing emotions, intentions, and
communication.
Shannon&Weaver adds noise to show technical meaning.
issues. Changes in pitch can make speech more
Schramm introduces feedback and shared engaging and help convey different moods
experience. or attitudes.
Helical Model explains communication as a
lifelong * High Pitch- is often used to express
process.
excitement, surprise, fear, or happiness. It
usually occurs when emotions are
Suprasegmentals:
heightened.
1. Stress refers to the emphasis placed on
*Low Pitch- is associated with seriousness,
certain syllables within a word (word stress)
sadness, authority, or mystery. It can
make speech sound more intense or
commanding. Types of Intonation
1. Rising Intonation (↗)
Used for questions, uncertainty, excitement,
3. Enunciation-is about speaking clearly so or disbelief. The voice rises at the end of the
that words are understandable. sentence.
2. Falling Intonation (↘)
-Common in public speaking, acting, formal Used for statements, commands,
speech seriousness, or
finality. The voice falls at the end of the
1. Poor vs. Clear Enunciation sentence.
People often shorten or slur words in casual
speech, but in formal 5. Rhythm- refers to the pattern of pacing,
settings, clear enunciation is necessary for pauses, and speed when speaking. It
effective communication. influences emotion, emphasis, and
engagement in communication.
Poor Enunciation (Casual or Slurred
Speech): Types of Rhythm in Speech
"Gimme da ting." (Instead of "Give me the 1. Fast Rhythm- Used for excitement,
thing.") nervousness, urgency, or chaos. The words
"Wanna go?" (Instead of "Do you want to flow quickly, often with fewer pauses.
go?") 2. Slow Rhythm- Used for seriousness,
thoughtfulness, sadness, or
Clear Enunciation (Formal and Precise suspense. It includes pauses and drawn-out
Speech): words to create impact.
"Give me the thing." (Each word is distinct
and understandable.) 6. Pausing- is the strategic use of silence in
"Do you want to go?" (Clearly articulated speech to create emphasis, anticipation,
for better communication.) and dramatic effect. It allows the audience
to process
Pronunciation is about saying words information and enhances the emotional
correctly impact of words.
based on their phonetic sounds. Common in
learning new words, language fluency Types of Pauses:

4. Intonation-refers to the rise and fall of 1. Pausing for Suspense

pitch -Used to build anticipation and keep the
in speech. It helps express audience
emotion, attitude, and meaning, making Engaged.
communication more
engaging and dynamic.
2. Pausing for Impact Analysis of Selected Primary
-Used to highlight important information or Sources
allow
emotions to sink in. A.BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR
OR CREATOR
-First the researcher must provide a brief
biographical sketch of the author or creator
of the primary source. Family background,
educational attainment, religion and many
others shall be given priority in presenting
the biography of the author.

B.BACKGROUND OF THE
DOCUMENT OR PRIMARY SOURCE
-Basic background of the source like the
type of primary source, how many parts or
chapters, how long is the document shall be
given attention.
Next is to locate where the primary source
can be found. The repository of primary
sources may be found in the library, archive,
museum, historical society or special
collection of private individuals.

KEY:
*To check the authenticity of the source,
check the
provenance or origin of the
said document.
* Determine also the intended audience or
the people the author wants to convey their
ideas with.
*A researcher must find out who are the
creator and the time of creation.
*Next task is to look for the purpose or
motive of the source. First understand the
historical context, then do a background
POINTERS IN RPH research, and finally ascertain intended
audience.
CONTENT & CONTEXTUAL
 -Last task is to analyze the historical context
C. CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE of the document. Context is the awareness
IMPORTANT HISTORICAL that sources were created at times
INFORMATION FOUND IN THE which were very different from our own.
DOCUMENT Historical empathy understands the past
-First look for corroboration between the without judging it by modern standards.
research you gather from the internet and the To determine historical context, we must
primary source that your instructor has given look when the source
to you. They may not use exactly the same is made (preferably the exact date). Next is
word or they can express the same where it was created. Third, what event
information in different ways and we can occurred at the time and then read the source
still use it as corroboration. Look also if to identify specific language.
your source agrees with information from
another source. Attention also D.CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE
must be given to the intended audience and OF THE DOCUMENT IN
purpose. UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND
NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE
-Next, in order to analyze the primary HISTORY
source, look for bias. There is a bias when a -In this activity look for the cause and
source’s information is unbalanced or consequences of the
prejudiced. There primary sources. A cause is a person or
are two kinds of bias: either it is strongly thing that makes something happen while a
positive (strongly in favor of) or strongly consequences is a direct result of the cause.
negative (strongly against). If you’re
looking for a bias in written source you’ll - In this part of the analysis look also for the
need to find word choices that are extreme turning point or dramatic moment of change
in that was caused by the event or primary
their description. If it is a visual source source.
you’re looking for a depiction
That is clearly an exaggeration. E.RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENTS
THE PRESENT TIME.
-Next is to analyze the historical perspective -Look for the historical significance or what
or a point of view a creator describes the modern people consider to
event. To accomplish this, do a background be important from the past. There are many
check of the author with regards events in our history we have to choose but
to his nationality, social status, political few people, events or ideas to focus on.
persuasion, Since significant is a decision we make, it
cultural background, religion or education. means different people can decide different
things, particularly the most important.
-They can also disagree on the reason why a *However, Pigafetta’s description of a small
particular event is important. island near Leyte and Cebu fits Limasawa
How to determine the significance of the better than Butuan, which is located inland
event? We have to follow the along the Agusan River.
acronym NAME or Novelty, Applicability,
Memory and Effect. No strong evidence of the Mass has been
found in Butuan, while Limasawa fits
Pigafetta’s descriptions. Butuan may have
had an earlier Mass by other missionaries,
“The First Mass Site in but
the Philippines” Magellan’s was the first recorded Spanish-
led Mass. The National Historical
Commission
According to Pigafetta, the first Mass was
of the Philippines (NHCP) has officially
celebrated on March 31, 1521, an Easter
recognized Limasawa as the site of the first
Sunday. Pigafetta referred to the venue as
Mass.
“Mazaua.” Some say that the venue is the
island of Limasawa in Leyte. Others,
however, claim that Pigafetta was referring The two faces of the 1872
to Masao, the community at the mouth of Cavite Mutiny:
Agusan River adjacent to what is now the -Two major events happened in 1872, first
city of Butuan. was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other
was the martyrdom of the three martyr
Nearing 500 years since the first Mass, priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano
debates continue whether it was held on Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora
Limasawa Island, in Agusan or somewhere (GOMBURZA).
else. -However, not all of us knew that there were
different accounts in
reference to the said event. All Filipinos
*Limasawa supporters argue that Antonio must know the different sides of the story—
Pigafetta (Magellan’s chronicler) clearly since this event led to another tragic yet
described an island at 9° North Latitude, meaningful part of our history—the
which corresponds to Limasawa. execution of GOMBURZA which in effect
*Butuan proponents claim that Pigafetta was a major factor in the awakening of
could have mistaken the location, or that the nationalism among the Filipinos.
Mass could have taken place at a settlement
near Butuan instead of an island.
*Scholars note that early navigational tools SPANISH PERSPECTIVE
were not as accurate as today’s, and this
-The Spanish authorities, led by Governor-
could have caused confusion in identifying
General Rafael de Izquierdo, claimed that
locations.
the Cavite Mutiny was a full-scale rebellion present day. The “Cry of PugadLawin”
against Spanish (August 23,
rule. 1896) cannot be accepted as historically
-The mutiny, which began at Fort San accurate. It
Felipe in Cavite, was portrayed as part of a lacks positive documentation and supporting
bigger conspiracy involving Filipino evidence
intellectuals and reformists, including from the witness. The testimony of only one
Gomburza (Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose eyewitness (Dr. Pio Valenzuela) is not
Burgos, and Jacinto enough to authenticate and
Zamora). verify a controversial issue in history.
-Spain used this event to justify the Historians and
execution of Gomburza and the their living participants, not politicians and
suppression of the Propaganda Movement. their
-This version painted Filipinos as traitors sycophants should settle this controversy.
plotting against Spain, leading to harsher
colonial policies.

FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE
-Filipino historians argue that the mutiny
was a small, localized uprising by Filipino
soldiers and workers in Cavite.
-The main cause was unfair treatment and
increased taxes imposed by Governor
Izquierdo, particularly the removal of tax
exemptions for Filipino
workers in the navy yard.
-The Spanish exaggerated the event to
eliminate Filipino reformists, using it
as an excuse to execute Gomburza, who
were advocates for Filipino rights but had no
proven ties to the mutiny.
-This version sees the Cavite Mutiny as a
spark that fueled Filipino
nationalism, eventually leading to the
Philippine Revolution of 1896.

“Cry of Balintawak or
Pugad Lawin”
The controversy among historians continues
to the