TRƯỜNG THPT NGUYỄN QUANG DIÊU - ĐỒNG THÁP

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE (40 PTS)

I. PHONOLOGY (5 PTS)

Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others:

1. A. carriage B. whistles C. assures D.

costumes
2. A. fungicide B. inductive C. mustard D.
mutinous
3. A. suggestion B. initiative C. confidential D.
demotion
4. A. niche B. machete C. monarch D.
gauche
5. A. hazard B. bombard C. custard D.
mustard

Choose the word which is stressed differently from the other three:

6. A. pedant B. abscond C. lupine D.

cognate
7. A. referendum B. attenuate C. encomium D.
virility
8. A. argumentative B. psychological C. contributory D.
hypersensitive
9. A. photograph B. payroll C. accent D.
regretful
10. A. habitable B. infamously C. geneticist D.
communes

II. WORD CHOICE (5 PTS):

Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.

11. There has been a slight improvement in his health, but he is not out of the yet.

A. forests B. woods C. mountain D. cave

12. She is a very dominant woman; she certainly has her husband under her .
A. head B. finger C. thumb D. hand

13. Do you think your family members would ranks if criticized?

A. close B. bridge C. order D. join

14. He is tough, ambitious, and he is nobody's - He is our best hope

as a manager.
A. boss B. slave C. maid D. fool

15. She bought that ugly big house because she has got more money than .
A. sense B. mind C. thought D. reason

16. Going on this diet has really me good. I've lost weight and I feel
fantastic!

A. made B. taken C. done D. had

17. Dr. Parker gave my mum a lovely for spaghetti carbonara.

A. recipe B. prescription C. receipt D. paper

18. The first sign of vitamin A disorder is night

A. loss of sight B. lack of vision C. invisibility D. blindness

19. As a model, you have to the art of walking in high heels.

A. master B. grasp C. study D. gain

20. They are bring in changes to the way the office is run.
A. large B. radical C. deep D. immense

III. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES (5 PTS)

Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.
21. The leaves of the white mulberry provide food for silkworms silk fabrics
are woven.
A. whose cocoons B. from cocoons
C. whose cocoons are from D. from whose cocoons

22. He’II be very upset if you his offer of help.

A. turn away B. turn from C. turn down
D. turn against
23. As in Greek and Roman mythology, harpies were frightful monsters
that were half woman and half bird.
A. described B. to describe C. description D.
describing

24. She's got a new job. She's been put in of the Loans Department in the
bank:

A. control B. authority C. power D. charge

25. is that a chicken stands up to lay its eggs.

A. Because many people don't realize B. That many people don't realize

C. It is that many people don't realize D. What many people don't realize

26. Prices continued to rise while wages remained low the Government
became increasingly unpopular.

A. on condition that B. with the result that

C. provided that D. in order that
27. My arm hurt so much I felt sure I it.
A. should have broken B. must have broken
C. might have broken D. ought to have broken

28. sighting an approaching car, some drivers tend to speed up.

A. When slowing down instead of B. Instead when slowing down at
C. When instead of slowing down D. Instead OF Slowing down when

29. On his desk , which he usually sits in front of and looks at.
A. Stood the picture of us B. it is the picture of us
C. standing the picture of us D. stands the picture of us

30. lt is necessary that the problem solved right away.

A. would be B. might be C. be D. is

IV. PHRASAL VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS (5 PTS)

Choose the best option to complete each of the following sentences.
31. He’11 be very upset if you his offer of help.
A. turn in B. turn away C. turn down D. turn
against

32. She was overwhelmed with honor recognition her bravery.

A. with/of B. on/in C. by/about D. in/of
33. I hope this headache soon.
A. goes out B. comes away C. wears off D. passes
away

34. The interviewees are supposed to give their answers to the job offers
A. on the spot B. all in all C. beyond the joke D. with in
reach

35. We have into your claim of wrongful dismissal but can find nothing to support it.
A. probed B. looked C. examined D.
investigated

36. When he suddenly the subject of genetic engineering, there was an

embarrassed silence.
A. took over B. showed up C. brought up D. came up
with

37. Time was and we were nowhere near finished.

A. cracking on B. bringing down C. going down with D.
letting down

38. I would like to thank you, everyone who was rescued.

A. in case of B. in common with C. on behalf of D. by
means of

39. The weather was fine, and everyone was the coast.
A. going in for B. making for C. joining in D. seeing
about
40. I must my Spanish before I go to Seville.
A. make up for B. break out of C. brush up on D. cut out for
V. READING PASSAGE 1 (5 PTS)
Read the text below and choose the best answer to each question.

THE CREATORS OF GRAMMAR

No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By
changing word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes,
we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning. We can turn a statement
into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place,
and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. Nor
is this complexity inherent to the English language. All languages, even those of
so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components. The Cherokee
pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other
people and I' and 'you, another person and I'. In English, all thèse meanings are
summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. Grammar is universal and plays a part
in every language, no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has
baffled many linguists is - who created grammar?

At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out
how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's
creation, documenting its emergence. Many historical linguists are able to trace
modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the
question of how complex languages are actualLy formed, the researcher needs to
observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is
possible.

Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that
time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together
under colonizer's rule. Since they had no opportunity to learn each other's
languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are
strings of words copied from the language of the landowner. They have little in
the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when
an event happened, and who did what to whom. [A] Speakers need to use
circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood. [B] interestingly,
however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex Language is for a group of
children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue.

[C] Slave children did not simply copy the string of words uttered by their elders,
they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language. [D] Complex
grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are
invented by children. Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign
languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not simply a series of gestures; they
utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages.
Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide. The creation of
one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all
deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government
introduced schools for the deaf. Although children were taught speech and lip
reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign
system, using the gestures that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each
child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However,
children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already
around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the
signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and
compact, and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify weaning.
What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way. A new creole was
born.

Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were
creoles at first. The English past tense —ed ending may have evolved from the verb
'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-did'. Therefore it would appear that even
the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to
have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they
are first trying to make sense of the world around them. Their minds can serve to
create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to
copy.

41. In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee
language?
A. To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar
structures.

B. To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar.

C. To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees.
D. To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language.
42. What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?
A. It contained complex grammar.
B. It was based on many different languages.
C. It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
D. It was created by the land-owhers.
43. All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT:,
A. The language has been created since 1979.
B. The language is based on speech and lip reading.
C. The language incorporates signs which children use at home.
D. The language was perfected by younger children.
44. In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?
It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in
neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers.,

A. B. C. D.
45. 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
A. from the very beginning B. in simple cultures

C. by copying something else D. by using written information

46. 'Make-Shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:

A. complicated and expressive
B. simple and temporary
C. extensive and diverse
D. private and personal

47. Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence?

"Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it
is."
A. All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain
grammar.
B. Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little.
C. Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common than languages that
contain a little.
D. The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved.

48. All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT:
A. All children used the same gestures to show meaning.
B. The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language.
C. The hand movements were smoother and smaller.
D. New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities.
 49. Which idea is presented in the final paragraph?
A. English was probably once a creole.
B. The English past tense system is inaccurate.
C. Linguists have proven that English was created by children.
D. Children say English past tenses differently from adults.

50. Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph 4. This word would best be replaced by
which of the following?
A. natural B. predictable C. imaginable D. uniform

VI. READING PASSAGE 2 (5 PTS)

Read the text below and choose the best answer to each question.

e-year-old Naomi Gray is like many British children in that when she gets home from school, she loves to lose herself
ry Potter book. What makes her different is that she will have chatted to her school friends in French on the bus home,
nt her day with them learning her lessons in Breton.

Naomi is the daughter of Jane and Dug Gray, a translator and a stone-mason who live in
Finistere, the heart of Celtic Brittany in north-west France. They have opted not to bring
up their three children bi-lingually in French and English, but tri-lingually, by enrolling
them in Brittany's educational system, Diwan, whereby all lessons, bar English and
French, are taught in Breton. Around 3,000 children in Brittany are educated via this
immersion method that has played an important role in the revival of the Breton
language.

Jans admits that the decision was controversial: "Other British parents said: How dare
you do that? Don't your children have enough to take on?" But she had seen how quickly
the girls absorbed French: "I felt sure they could take in another language". The girls'
father, Dug, admits to being envious of their abilities. "After 16 years in France, I'm
comfortable with the language, but the kids still pick me upon my pronunciation and
grammar mistakes," he says...

It was once thought that forcing a child to learn more than one language could slow
academic development but according to Professor Colin Baker, a world expert on bi-
lingualism, the effect is the opposite. The evidence is that bi- and tri-lingualism actually
increase mental capacity and that multi-lingual children tend to do better at school. "The
latest research shows that in intelligence tests, children with two or more well-developed
languages have higher scores," he says. "Bi-lingual children have two or more words for
objects and ideas, so the links between words and concepts are looser, allowing more
fluent, flexible and creative thinking." He adds that children learning languages young
also tend to have more confidence and better general communication skills.

Professor Tony Cline is an educational psychologist specialising in language

development in children. He says, "We used to think [the brain] had a limited capacity,
like a milk bottle, and that it was impossible to pour two pints of milk into a pint bottle.
Now we understand that our brains are capable of making an infinite number of
connections; there is no limit to what we can take in." He concedes that there might be
minor disadvantages in having a bi- or tri-lingual childhood: "The child sometimes
applies the rules of one language to another, and so makes mistakes - but these
grammatical "errors" are soon outgrown, as long as the child is exposed to good models
of language."

It seems that by giving your child the option of becoming multi-lingual, you are offering
them far more than just the acquisition of a foreign language. That certainly seems to be
the case for the Gray girls. All three are getting top grades at school and are literate in
three languages. Naomi has also successfully taken on German, where she is a proof that
bi-lingualism increases language-learning aptitude. Says Prof. Cline: "Multi-lingual
children pick up other languages quickly because they have a more flexible approach and
are used to handling different forms of syntax, grammar and vocabulary."

Jane thinks her daughters have gained more than just language; they have also gained
culturally. In fact, the girls are all enthusiastic about Breton culture: Naomi does
extracurricular Breton step dancing and loves singing in Breton and attending dance
evenings known as fest-nor while Nina takes part in the Breton sport of Gouren, a form
of Celtic wrestling. Says Prof. Baker: "Multi-lingual children gain the benefits of
multiple sets of literatures, traditions, ideas, ways of thinking and behaving."

And, he stresses, if parents have the opportunity to give their child the gift of another
language, they should jump at it. Because in today's global marketplace, on top of all the
above, multi-linguals are far more employable than monolinguals. "I find it a great shame
that languages don't have a higher place in the classroom in the UK because English is a
mainstream language of business but, in the future, that is going to change."
51. What does the writer say about the school that Naomi attends?
A. It is helping Breton to regain its popularity.
B. Both English and French are taught.
C. All of the lessons are taught in Breton.
D. The pupils are all fluent in three languages.
52. Some people criticised the Grays for:
A. not encouraging their children to learn French.
B. helping to promote a minority language.
C. not sending their children to a British school.
D. expecting too much of their children.
53. Dug Gray says that his children:
A. need to improve their French pronunciation.
B. are not as fluent in French as they would like to be.
C. sometimes corrects him in his use of French.
D. would like to learn another language.
54. Professor Baker says that, compared to other children, multilingual children:
A. work harder at school.
B. tend to do better in examinations.
C. have a less rigid way of thinking.
D. are generally more talkative.
55. Professor Cline uses the example of the milk bottle to illustrate:
A. our knowledge that the brain has limitations.
B. a previous way of thinking about the brain.
C. the link between brain size and intelligence.
D. how much language can be stored in the brain.
56. What does Professor Cline say about mistakes made by multilingual children?
A. They are only apparent in childhood.
B. They are only a temporary issue, given the right conditions.
C. They usually only occur in one of the child's languages.
D. They can increase in number as the child grows older.
57. Naomi's experience is presented as evidence that multilingual children:
A. enjoy taking part in group activities.
B. integrate easily into any new cultural environment.
C. take advantage of opportunities they are offered.
D. are better equipped to learn foreign languages.
58. What does "it" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. the opportunity
B. their child
C. the gift
D. another language
59. What is NOT true about the three children of Jane and Dug Gray?
A. They attend the same school.
B. They can speak three languages well.
C. They don't like Breton culture.
D. One of them enjoys reading Harry Potter.
60. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Children should only learn one language.
B. Multilingualism is beneficial for children.
C. Multilingual children can do better at school.
D. Multilinguals have a higher chance of getting a job.

VII. GUIDED CLOZE 1 (SPTS)

THE NEW BRITISH LIBRARY

Originally commissioned years ago, the new British Library was supposed to open in
1990. However, the project has been (61) .......... by political infighting, poor planning,
and financial problems. The most recent setback came in June when inspectors
discovered that 60 miles of new metal shelving had started to rust and needed to be
(62) .......... . That would (63) .......... the opening of the project's first phase for another
two years.

“Things have gone from bad to worse,” said Brian Lake, secretary of the Regular
Readers, an association of writers and scholars who are not happy with plans for the new
library. “It is a grand national project that has become a great national scandal.”

It sounded like a splendid idea when the government unveiled its $164 million project in
1978. Sophisticated electronic (64) .......... would help keep the library's irreplaceable
stock at an optimal temperature and humidity. A computer-controlled delivery system
would provide books to readers within minutes of a (65) .......... rather than days.

And to (66) .......... other needs of the reading public, the library would also include
(67) .......... galleries, a restaurant, and a conference hall.

That was the plan, anyway. The start of construction was delayed until 1982 by
arguments about planning and by a (68) .......... of government. Four years later, members
of the cabinet ordered a (69) .......... report and discovered that the committee responsible
for (70) .......... the project hadn't met in four years.

61. A. delayed B. bothered C. infected D. restricted

62. A. substituted B. replaced C. abandoned D. rejected

63. A. distract B. destroy C. postpone D. postdate

64. A. items B. computers C. equipment D. tools

65. A. reservation B. demand C. wish D. request

66. A. meet B. fit C. obey D. show

67. A. educational B. public C. private D. interactive

68. A. variation B. difference C. shift D. change

69. A. progress B. progression C. progressive D. progressing

70. A. guarding B. supervising C. overlooking D. watching

VIII. GUIDED CLOZE 2 (5 PTS)

Some famous places are disappointing: dirty, cramped, and a bit of a cliché. But there are
others (71) ______ even though you've seen every television programme ever made about
it, are every (72) ______ as wonderful as you'd imagined. The Grand Canyon is one of
these and so, despite being next door to a main road, is Stonehenge. Another is Venice
which, in its entirety, (73) ______ a great work of art, each decaying aspect revealing an
(74) ______ glimpse of water or startling architecture, each individual building or piazza
(75) ______ an exquisite sense of proportion. I return to Venice every so often in the
course of my work and on each of these occasions I have found something new to (76)
______ at. Alarm cries about how (77) ______ this can last are sounded every now and
then each time the water levels rise. But the fact that this city is (78) ______ into the sea
seems to add to its romantic atmosphere. Far more serious is the depopulation, for it
seems that just about every week another family leaves. Since 1945 more than half the
population of Venice has moved to the mainland. The rich (79) ______ the great palazzos
along the Grand Canal and visit every once in a while, but leave the windows dark for the
rest of the time. Mass tourism threatens (80) ______ very structure of the city. It is a sad
victim of its own success.

71. A. then B. which C. these D.

those
72. A. bit B. piece C. portion D.
fragment
73. A. retains B. remains C. keeps D.
maintains
74. A. unforeseen B. unexpected C. unimaginable
D.unbelievable
75. A. concealing B. exhibiting C. displaying D.
presenting
76. A. marvel B. compliment C. praise D.
stare
77. A. far B. long C. often D.
long
78. A. emerging B. drowning C. falling D.
sinking
79. A. have B. own C. hold D.
master
80. A. a B. this C. the D. that

B. WRITTEN TEST (70 PTS)

I. CLOZE TEST
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use
only ONE WORD for each space.

OPEN CLOZE 1 (10 PTS)

LEARNING BODY LANGUAGE

Throughout history, people have always communicated with one another, not only by
(1) ______ but also by movements of the hands and body. It is, however, only in the
last few years that these aspects of communication have been studied widely. This
type of communication is known as body language or (2) ______ communication.

People sometimes wonder if you can learn how body language works. It is of course
possible to read books on the subject, but you also need to spend time (3) ______
people's movements. A railway station is a particularly good place for such
observation, as here people can be seen (4) ______ expressing eagerness, sorrow,
delight, impatience, and many other humans (5) ______ by means of movement.

If you turn (6) ______ the sound on your television set and try to understand what is
happening simply by watching the picture, you will learn even more about
communication (7) ______ words. By turning the sound back up every five minutes or
so, it is possible to check how (8) ______ your understanding is.
Having studied the art of body language, you will have a definite advantage at a (9)
______ party. You will be able to sit on your (10) ______ for the whole evening and
thoroughly enjoy yourself by both watching and interpreting the body language of all
the other people there.

OPEN CLOZE 2 (10 PTS)

Man is a unique being. He is (11) .......... from all other creatures in that he does not
merely form part of the environment. Man reshapes his environment (12) .......... will to
suit his purposes. He does not have a natural habitat and is able to adapt (13) .......... to
living in different environments.

Among the many ways in which Man has changed his environment are the building of
cities and roads, the (14) .......... of land for farming and the reclaiming of land from the
sea. (15) .......... some of the changes are harmless, some are extremely harmful to the
environment.

An example of a harmful consequence of Man's actions is (16) .......... of pollution.

Through the use of scientific knowledge and advanced technology, Man has increased his
well-being and life (17) .......... . In the process, (18) .......... , he has also brought about the
growing problem of worldwide pollution.

One of the main sources of air pollution is motor vehicles. Gases emitted from the car
(19) .......... do contain many chemicals, which are harmful to people, animals, and plants.
Industry also contributes significantly to the pollution of the environment. There is no
major city in the world today in which we can breathe fresh, clean (20) .......... .

It is, therefore, important for us to be environment-conscious and avoid actions, which

bring about harmful effects to our environment.

II. WORD FORMATION (20PTS)

PART 1: Complete each sentence, using the correct form of the word in parentheses.

There is little to disagree about in the notion that a good voice, whether in opera or rock
music, is one that moves its audience and brings a sense of release and fulfillment to the
singer. But contemporary pop and rock music have come about due to (21.
SUBSTANCE) _____ advances in technology. Here, the impact of the microphone
should not be (22. ESTIMATED) _____, as it has (23. ABLE) _____ the magnification
of quiet, intimate sounds. This, in turn, allows the singer to experiment with the (24.
EMPHATIC) _____ on wood rather than on strict (25. ADHERENCE) _____ to proper
breathing and voice control.
Donna SotmMorettin, a rock and jazz vocal trainer, feels that (26. ANATOMY) _____
reasons may account for the raspy sound produced by certain rock singers. Her (27.
SUSPECT) _____ is that swollen vocal chords, which do not close properly, may allow
singers to produce deeper notes. She does not, however, regard this as detracting (28.
NOTICE) _____ from the value of the sound produced. Singing, she maintains, has an
almost (29. SEDUCTIVE) _____ quality and so our response to it has more (30.
SIGNIFY) _____ than its technical qualities.

PART 2: Complete the passage with appropriate forms from the words given in the box.

disaster company celebrate skill consider

explain conn ibute pain expert surprise

On holiday last year, my two travelling (31) .......... and I joined a day's cookery course in
a Mexican restaurant. There were eight participants, all keen to learn the secrets of the
nation's cuisine. The students ranged from people who already had some (32) .......... in
the kitchen, to totally (33) .......... people like myself.

Our teacher, Liana Cabrera, started with a short talk, then handed out some notes giving
(34) .......... of terms we would be coming across. Soon we were trying out a range of
exotic ingredients, with (35) .......... good results. Cabrera started giving cookery lessons
five years ago, and has become quite a (36) .......... , with long waiting lists for her
courses. And because of her extensive knowledge of almost-forgotten regional dishes,
she is also a regular (37) .......... to cookery programmes on national television.

In the afternoon, I joined the salsa-making team, with rather (38) .......... results. My
colleagues complained that my food was so (39) .......... hot it made their eyes water.
Their own efforts turned out (40) .......... better than mine.

The communal meal at the end of the day was delicious, and I had not only learnt
something about cooking but also broadened my understanding of Mexican culture.

III. ERROR CORRECTION (10 PTS)

Skiing is one of the most popular spoil in the world. According to recent estimation,
about one hundred million of people ski regularly or occasionally. Sliding across the
snow on skis is also one of the most ancient methods of transport known to the man. It
has demonstrated that men were already traveling across the snow by means of primitive
skis before the invention of the wheel. In the Asiatic region of Altar and in Scandinavia,
for example, the remains of skis have been found which dated back to 4,000 BC. Further
evidence is supplied by ancient cave paintings which depict people skiing, and a Norway
saga which tells the story of an invasion of its territory 8,000 years ago by a tribe of
skiers who came from the north. Nowadays, skiing, apart from a sport, has become a big
industry and a notable feature of leisure culture. Ski resorts and all the activity that they
generate is the main source of wealth in many mountain regions, which were previously
remote and inaccessible. And far from its once elitist image, skiing is now enjoyed by an
increasingly broader spectrum of society.

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION (20 PTS)

Rewrite the following sentences using the words given:
51. The two sides never looked likely to reach an agreement.
At no time ____________________________________.
52. My salary is half what it would be in the job I was offered in January.
If I had __________________________________________.
53. "Without the rapid growth in population there would be fewer food
shortages."
He blamed __________________________________________.
54. Attendances at the exhibition have been down this year.
The exhibition __________________________________________.
55. You could be arrested for not giving a breath sample to the police.
(REFUSAL)
______________________________________________________.

56. Tony shared his deepest feelings with me. (HEART)

______________________________________________________.

57. The offer to go and work in Brazil was a complete surprise. (BLUE)

___________________________________________________________
_.

58. He is the kind of man who will do anything to crush the competition. (GO)
He is the kind of man crush the competition.
59. What has this experience taught you? (CONCLUSIONS)

___________________________________________________________
_.

60. Nowadays goods are often acquired but not paid for immediately. (CREDIT)

___________________________________________________________
___.