Chapter 3

Historic Neighborhoods: Army

Schofield Barracks Neighborhood

Significance
The Schofield Barracks neighborhood housing designs show a conscious response to popular and regional architectural styles, and to the tropical environment of the site. From 1890 until 1917, the Armys Quartermaster General had produced and used standardized plans throughout the mainland United States. The Armys standard houses until 1917 were generally two-story structures. These houses demonstrate an early acceptance by the Army of onestory houses, at least for posts in warm climates. The Schofield neighborhoods also represent the typical military planning styles of the period. During the 1920s and 1930s, houses were typically clustered in residential loops on picturesque, curving streets drawn from Garden City concepts of suburban planning. The Generals Loop and the housing areas originally located by Quads B and C reflect these concepts, set in residential loops with large front yard along tree-lined streets. The Canby and Leilehua Road area houses are organized in a grid pattern rather than the residential loop, but also have the spacious yards and substantial landscaping.
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Schofield Barracks vicinity

Neighborhood History
Historically, the principal mission of the United States Army in Hawaii was the defense of the naval base at Pearl Harbor. The perceived threat of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War instigated the buildup of naval forces in the Pacific and thus spurred an increase in Army personnel. After the establishment of Naval Base Pearl Harbor in 1901, a board was convened to investigate other appropriate sites for military defenses. The U.S. Army established Fort Shafter in 1907 to defend Pearl Harbor from the north. In 1908, the site for Schofield Barracks was selected as the base for Oahus mobile defense troops because of its strategic central location on the Leilehua Plain between the Waianae Mountain Range and the Koolau Mountain Range. Construction of temporary buildings began in December 1906 under the supervision of Captain Joseph C. Castner, the construction quartermaster.

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Schofield Barracks, 1929

Source: U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii

The first plans for the permanent post were prepared in 1912 by General Macomb. The layout reflects the linear base design, with the barracks and administration buildings along a central line, the housing areas on one side, and the technical buildings along the other side. The permanent buildings

were to be organized into seven contiguous sections, each one shaped in a rectangle headed by a loop. The rectangles were to contain barracks in quadrangular formation with the Officers Quarters lining the loops; the main sewer and water lines ran down the center for economy.
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Construction of the permanent post buildings began in 1913. Among the first completed in 1914 were the first two large masonry barracks buildings in what became known as Quad B. Each quad consists of three barracks buildings and one administration building, flanking the four sides of a central courtyard. Other buildings from this early period include the post library, the remaining buildings in Quad B and Quad C, which were completed in 1915 and 1916. Also constructed at this time were two loops of two-story Officers Quarters, sited above Quads B and C. These were demolished after WWII. In 1916, Schofields construction quartermaster developed a plan for the remainder of the base. The post developed rapidly in the following years; plans were made, and in some cases, construction began on the remainder of the cavalry barracks, two more infantry quads, a new hospital, NCO quarters, and the post stockade. Construction was delayed during WWI when all of Schofields tenants were called to war. In the interim between WWI and WWII, the 1916 construction plan was carried out. The three Craftsman-style houses along General Loop were completed in 1918. Quads D and E were finished in 1920 and 1921. In 1920, expansion of the railroad and the initial phase of Quartermaster warehouses were started. The Officers Quarters adjacent to Quads D and E were constructed between 1919 and 1922. Design of these U-shaped, Craftsman-style houses, which were also constructed at other Army bases in Hawaii, such as Fort Kamehameha, Fort Shafter, and Ford Island, were

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well adapted to Hawaiis climate. The first artillery barracks were completed in 1919 (Quad I), and the second in 1923 (Quad J). These quads also had the adjacent Officers Quarters housing area, which has since been demolished. Other buildings constructed during this period included a permanent post stockade, new post chapel, post exchange, NCO Housing, fire station, outdoor boxing bowl and other recreational buildings, hospital, ordnance magazine area, and the remaining Quartermaster warehouses. The historic core of the base was essentially in place by the mid-1930s. Following World War I, the Army increased the strength of the Hawaiian Department and formed a combat division at Schofield Barracks. The Hawaiian Division, formed in 1921 with its base at Schofield, was at that time the only complete division in the Army. The establishment of this large division and increased tensions in the Pacific explain the continual construction at Schofield during the 1920s and 1930s. The last group of Officers Quarters at Schofield, completed in 1932, was built to accompany Quad F. These Mission-style houses are similar to those constructed at Wheeler Field. The houses were built for officers and NCOs of the 11th Medical Regiment and the 19th Infantry. Rising tensions in the Pacific in the late 1930s resulted in increased defense mobilization throughout the islands and reorganization of the Hawaiian Division in 1941, forming the 24th and 25th (later named Tropic Lightning) Divisions. Schofield became the Armys largest single garrison and, in 1939,

Schofield Barracks layout, 1928

Source: Schofield Barracks Cultural Resource Management Plan [Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. (April 1995) Draft Final Historic Preservation Measures FY 19952006 Whole Barracks Renewal Program at Various U.S. Army Installations and the FY95/96 New Infantry Brigade Complex, Schofield Barracks, Oahu, HI]

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Historic Neighborhoods: Army

Schofield Barracks, c. 1938, with the Waianae Mountain Range in the distance
Source: Tropic Lightning Museum

was the second largest city in the Territory of Hawaii with a population of 20,000. Schofield Barracks population grew in the two years before the war, attaining a total pre-war strength of 43,177 troops. In the early morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese pilots flew from six aircraft carriers toward Oahu. The first wave of 183 planes struck its targets at 7:55 a.m. Schofields 25th Division had the

distinction of being the first Army unit to receive hostile fire in the invasion, and shot down two Japanese planes. The post received some damage, mostly consisting of bullet holes in buildings, and many men received injuries from shrapnel and machine gun fire. Adjacent Wheeler Field, location of the Army Air Corps fighter planes, received severe damage to planes and hangars and had many casualties.
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The Hawaiian Departments commander and his naval counterpart were relieved of duty following the attack on Pearl Harbor and other sites. They were replaced by a unified command under Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC), and the Hawaiian Department ceased to exist. The primary mission of the 24th and 25th Divisions, supported by troops from the West Coast of the United States, became the defense of Oahu. As WWII progressed, Schofield Barracks became the major training, staging, and supply center for the war in the Pacific. Various training camps were run at Schofield during WWII, including the Ranger Combat Training School, where men were trained for combat in the Pacific. Following the war, Schofields population shrank to 5,000 troops. The population at the installation remained low until the outbreak of the Korean War. Schofield Barracks played an important role in the Korean War and the Vietnam conflict by providing basic training for many raw recruits due to be sent to Asia. These years saw a dramatic increase in military housing construction, as well as schools, chapels, and other support facilities. Today, Schofield Barracks remains the largest permanent installation of the U.S. Army outside the continental United States.

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Major Landscape Features of Neighborhood

The linear layout of the Schofield Barracks neighborhoods follows that of Fort Shafters Palm Circle neighborhood, with the houses situated around a significant open space. The Commanding Officers Quarters are at the top of the loop with houses on both sides. Generals Loop is the formal entry to these quarters. Similar to Palm Circle, Generals Loop has a uniform tree planting along the roads edge, but instead of royal palms, Generals Loop has Norfolk Island pines. Norfolk Island pines are also found along Waianae Avenue, which fronts Generals Loop. Waianae Avenue, the major arterial for all of the Schofield neighborhoods, has trees fronting the different neighborhoods which help to unify them. For instance, Norfolk Island pines along Waianae Avenue fronting the Commanding Officers Quarters are seen throughout the Generals Loop area. Monkeypod trees front the quarters of lower ranking officers. A lush tropical plan palette surrounds each of the Officers Quarters. Because of its close proximity to Wilikina Drive, the rear of this neighborhood is heavily screened with large monkeypod, banyan, and mango trees. The landform along the fence in this area is bermed to help reduce the noise of road traffic. Housing density is quite low compared with other areas. The open space around the quarters are nicely landscaped with large canopy trees such as monkeypods, earpods, and banyans. The higherdensity areas have little open space around the units.

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Landscape at Schofield Barracks

Source: Belt Collins

The more notable open spaces around Schofield include the Generals Loop area with its Norfolk Island pines; the Watts/Ralstom Field area with its ironwood, monkeypod, jacaranda, and eucalyptus trees; Canby Field neighborhood with its monkeypods and royal palms; and Gimlet Field neighborhood with its row of earpods. Major Trees/Palms: Monkeypod Banyan Earpod
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Norfolk Island pine Kauri Royal palm Ironwood Other Trees: Mango African tulip Plumeria Brassaia

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Schofield Craftsman Design

The Schofield Barracks historic housing areas are good examples of residential communities developed to serve a military unit, with single men in a barracks complex and the officers in an adjacent housing group. The houses in the neighborhood can be categorized in two main design groupsCraftsman and Mission. They reflect the popular architectural styles of the period as well as regional influences.

Facility # 225, 229, 401-408, 411-424, 427-440, 443-448, 501-508, 511-521, 523, 524, 527-538, 540, 543-548 410, 425, 426, 441, 442, 510, 525, 526, 541, 542 409 509 227 600-627, 629, 631, 633, 635, 637, 639

Facility or Design Name Craftsman Corner Entry Plan (CNP Type I) Craftsman Center Entry Six-Bedroom Plan (Type L) Craftsman Duplex Plan (Type K) Craftsman Center Entry Five-Bedroom Plan (Type M) Commanding Officer's Quarters Pan Mission Large Plan Mission Small Plan

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1919-1922 1928 1928 1918 1932 1932

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Quads and houses at Schofield Barracks

Source: U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii Photo #6471

The Craftsman-style houses at Schofield Barracks represent an early recognition by the Army of the need for regional variations. Designed in the Honolulu Office of the Constructing Quartermaster, the designs show a conscious response to the regional architectural style and to the tropical environment of the site. These houses combine some of the refined Craftsman-style details with the singlewall, board-and-batten construction typical in

Hawaiis plantation housing. The pitched roofs, Ushaped plan around an open courtyard, and large screened areas show how Army housing design were adapted to tropical living by integration of the interior and exterior spaces. The screened lanai and hallway areas created a continuous indoor and outdoor circulation and also provided excellent cross-ventilation throughout the house. Examples of these adapted Craftsman designs, found only in Hawaii, were built at several Army installations, including Schofield Barracks, Fort Shafter, Luke Field (at Ford Island), and Fort Kamehameha.
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Craftsman-style Houses, 1923

Source: U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii

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The Schofield Canby Craftsman housing area has 93 single-family houses and one duplex that were constructed over a period of nine years, between 1919 and 1928. The three houses at Generals Loop were built in 1918. Although several different floor plans were used, the houses utilize the same construction materials and details.

Historic Neighborhoods: Army

Craftsman Corner-Entry Plan

The corner entry plan is the most commonly used of all the Craftsman-style house designs. There are 82 houses with this plan in the Canby neighborhood, and both of the houses at Generals Loop are of this type. The plan is often mirrored so that the entrance may be on the left or right side of the front elevation. The main entry is into a lanai,
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Schofield Craftsman Corner-Entry plan

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Craftsman corner-entry floor plan

originally screened but now typically enclosed with jalousies or other windows. The living room and dining room are in the middle of the house. One wing consists of the kitchen, pantry, servants and utility areas, while the other wing contains the three bedS C H O F I E L D B A R R A C K S

rooms. Quarters 229 at Generals Loop varies from this standard design only in that the entry was moved to the center of the front elevation, and the dining room was moved to the previous location of the corner entry lanai, creating an expansive living room.

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Craftsman Center-Entry Five-Bedroom Plan

One house in the Canby neighborhood of Schofield Barracks has this plan. The central entry leads directly into the living room. The dining room, kitchen, utility room (probably a former pantry), a bathroom, and two bedrooms from the former servants quarters are located in one wing. The current family room, three bedrooms, and two bathrooms are located in the opposite wing. It appears that this building was originally a Bachelor Officers Quarters building modified to create a singlefamily house. It was constructed in 1928, at the same time as Quarters 409, now a duplex unit but

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Facility 509 (Craftsman center-entry five-bedroom plan)

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Craftsman center-entry five-bedroom floor plan

originally Bachelor Officers Quarters. The symmetrical room layout of this house corresponds with that of the Bachelor Officers Quarters, which had four two-room suites, each with an adjacent bathroom, and a shared living room space at the central
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entry. To convert this to single-family quarters, two of the suite rooms were changed into a kitchen and dining room, one suite room was changed to a family room, and one of the bathrooms was converted into a laundry room.

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Historic Neighborhoods: Army

Craftsman center-entry six-bedroom floor plan

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Craftsman Center-entry six bedroom plan

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Craftsman Center-Entry Six-Bedroom Plan

There are 10 houses with the center-entry plan at Schofield Barracks, all in the Canby neighborhood. The front entrance leads into a central lanai, which is screened on the front side and has windows facing the central back courtyard. One side wing of the house contains the living room, dining room, pantry, kitchen, servants quarters with two bedrooms, and utility spaces. The living room has a fireplace at the side exterior wall, and the dining room protrudes seven feet from the side of the house.
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Four bedrooms and two bathrooms are in the opposite wing. The bedrooms are accessed by a hallway along the courtyard that was originally screened. The central courtyards of some of these houses have been enclosed.

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Craftsman duplex floor plan

Facility 409 (Craftsman duplex plan)

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Craftsman Duplex Plan

Schofield Barracks has one building of this type located in the Canby neighborhood. The front central entry leads into a small foyer, which has a door leading into the living room of each unit. From the living room one can access the dining room, which was originally a bedroom, or a hallway that leads along the central courtyard. This hallway accesses the kitchen, a utility room that was originally a bathroom, two bedrooms, a bathroom, and storage space. The two duplex units are mirror images around the
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central courtyard. This building, originally a Bachelor Officers Quarter, has been modified to create a duplex by dividing the central common living room space and creating an alcove entry with separate entry doors into the two living rooms. One bathroom was converted into a utility room, and two of the rooms on each side became a kitchen and a dining room.

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Commanding Officers House
The area now known as Generals Loop was originally designated to house artillery units. When the artillery role was enlarged, their barracks were moved and the generals quarters were built. Quarters 227, designated for the senior officer, was first occupied by Brig. Gen. John W. Heard in 1918. This unit is very similar in layout to the six-bedroom central entry design, except that the entry lanai and central courtyard are wider, the dining room does not protrude out from the side of the building, and the pantry is located directly adjacent to the kitchen. Also, the second bathroom in the bedroom wing is located between two bedrooms rather than being accessed from the hallway. The rooms at the back of the wing beyond the kitchen have been slightly modified from their original layout.
Quarters 227, Commanding Officers House
Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

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Quarters 227, Commanding Officers House, Schofield, c. 1931 Dining room with built-in cabinets, Commanding Officers House
Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Living room, Commanding Officers House

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

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CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES OF CRAFTSMAN DESIGNS Exterior Features: Wood-framed hipped roof. Stone or concrete chimneys. Exposed rafter ends (no fascia board). Lava-rock front wall foundation with small arched openings. Lava rock piers and cheekwalls at steps. Board-and-batten single-wall construction (12-inch wide vertical boards with wide battens on the exterior). Pilasters with pendate or lattice detail. Bracket-supported roof extension with paired notched rafters over main entry. Wooden or concrete entry stairs with cheekwalls, typically lava rock with a concrete coping.

Plate rail with ornate brackets at dining room. China closets with star-patterned muntins at dining rooms. Original French doors between the lanai and living room. Five-panel and single-panel wood interior doors. Historic wood shelves or built-in cabinets in pantries.
Double-hung windows at Craftsman houses
Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Concrete front entry steps and cheekwalls

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Double-hung windows. Diamond-patterned wood muntins or leaded glass in the living and dining room windows. Screens at entry lanai or in the hallways along the interior courtyard. Interior Features: Wood floors. Fireplaces. Board-and-batten interior wall and ceiling finish. Cased beams at living and dining room ceilings. Wall paneling at living and dining rooms. Ceiling moldings and baseboards. Picture moldings.
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Typical interior details in Craftsman-style units

Source: David Franzen Photography

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Designs Similar to Craftsman Houses at Schofield Barracks
Fort Kamehameha
The Craftsman-style houses at Fort Kamehameha were completed 1916. There are two house plan types. The 30 buildings of the smaller house plan type are the same as the Schofield corner-entry design. The four larger houses, H-shaped in plan, have a central recessed main entry, four bedrooms, and two servants rooms with a separate bath. These are the same as the Schofield Commanding Officers house design (Quarters 227) at Schofield Barracks. These houses differ from the Schofield houses in that they do not have fireplaces.

Historic Neighborhoods: Army

Luke Field/Ford Island

The Craftsman houses at Ford Island were built in 1922 from plans supplied by the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps to accommodate the Army Air Corps officers stationed at Luke Field on Ford Island. In 1939, the Army moved its Air Corps to nearby Hickam Field, now known as Hickam Air Force Base, and the Navy acquired these Craftsman-style houses. The four Craftsman house designs at Ford Island include two duplex designs. Eight of the 15 houses are the same plan as the Schofield cornerentry design. Two houses are a center-entry design that is slightly different than the Schofield and Fort Kamehameha designs. Of the five duplex structures, four are of one design and one has a unique design. All five are different than the Schofield duplex design, but despite the design differences, the materials and architectural details are the same.

Plate rail at dining room

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

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ELEMENTS THAT DETRACT FROM HISTORIC CHARACTER Asphalt roof shingles (replaced original wood shingles). Jalousie and fixed windows. Window A/C units. Flush and modern-style doors. Modern hardware on doors and cabinets. Vinyl flooring or carpet. Over painting of woodwork. Painting of glass around star muntins on doors or cabinets. Modern kitchens and bathrooms.
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Fort Shafter
The Hawaii Ordnance Depot was completed in 1917 on the south side of what was at that time Fort Shafter. The Depot was a separate entity until 1955, when it became part of Fort Shafter. Four Craftsman-style houses were constructed in 1917 to accommodate officers of the Ordnance Depot. The houses were built from two of the standard designs used at the other Oahu Army installations. They appear to have been the same as the Schofield center-entry five-bedroom design and the centerentry six-bedroom design. These houses were demolished in 1999.

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Schofield Mission Designs

All of the Schofield Mission-style houses were constructed in 1932, at the same time as Wheeler Field (now Wheeler Army Air Field), where all of the buildings were designed in this style. Larger floor plans were used in the Canby neighborhood and a

smaller plan in the housing area between Leilehua and Dickman Roads, at the southeast end of Waianae Avenue. The Canby Mission-style housing area has 34 houses, constructed in rows adjacent to Canby Field, above Quad F. There are 22 houses in the area adjacent to Leilehua Road. The houses are constructed of concrete blocks covered with stucco. Originally constructed with flat roofs, hipped roofs were later added to deal with the local climate.

Larger Mission-Style Plans

The larger Mission-style plans are U-shaped, with either three or four bedrooms and an additional bedroom added onto the end of one wing. Each house has an entry lanai, living room, dining room, three or four bedrooms, three bathrooms, kitchen, former maids quarters, pantry and storerooms. Houses at Wheeler Field with the same plans were designed by Captain George W. Armitage, QMC, who was also in charge of construction at Schofield Barracks from 1911 until WWI. It is likely that these same plans were used for the Schofield houses.

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Larger Mission-style House entry

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Larger Mission-style House

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

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Large Mission-style House, four-bedroom floor plan

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Smaller Mission-style House

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Smaller Mission-Style Plan

There are 22 of the smaller Mission-style homes at Schofield Barracks. These are laid out in pairs, facing each other. The front entry to each house, a diagonal inset at one front corner, leads into the living room. From the living room, the two bedrooms and kitchen are accessed. The bathroom
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Large Mission-style House, three-bedroom floor plan

is located between and is accessed by the two bedrooms. The bedroom along the street side of the house has two precast decorative concrete grills. The kitchen has a breakfast nook built-in with table and two bench seats. Beyond the kitchen is the service area with laundry and storeroom.

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CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES OF MISSION DESIGNS Exterior Features: Wood-framed hipped roof. Open soffit. Shingle roofing. Louvered roof vent. Concrete block walls with rough plaster finish. Decorative concrete designs above main entry door or at front wall. Small sloped roof with clay tile over main entry. Battered wall at main entry at large Missionstyle houses. Angled wall at main entry at smaller Mission-style houses. Historic wood entry door with vertical scoring. Historic French-style door at kitchen entry. Historic screen doors. Deep-set windows. Steel lanai doors. Arched doorways. Historic door and window hardware.

Smaller Mission-style House original floor plan

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Interior Features: Acid-stained concrete floors. Wrought iron metal railings at entry lanai. Fireplaces with copper hood. Historic built-in cabinetry. Historic light fixtures. Historic bathroom tiles, cabinets, and fixtures. Plaster wall and ceiling finish. Wood baseboards and ceiling moldings. Wood panel doors. Historic door and window hardware. ELEMENTS THAT DETRACT FROM HISTORIC CHARACTER Jalousie and fixed windows. Window A/C units. Flush and modern-style doors. Modern hardware at historic doors and cabinets. Vinyl flooring or carpet. Over painting of woodwork. Modern kitchens and bathrooms.

Historic Neighborhoods: Army

Larger Mission-style House living room

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

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Steel doors at lanai of larger Mission-style house

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

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