Engineering Analysis and Design

(MODELLING AND SIMULATION)

COURSE CODE: CO-207

UNIT-3

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, NEW DELHI

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Syllabus – Unit:3
UNIT-3 : SIMULATION SOFTWARE

➢Modelling of Complex Systems

➢Use of a Simulation Language such as GPSS, SIMSCRIPT, SLAM, GASP, and SIMULA.

COURSE OUTCOME COVERED:

✓ To construct a model for complex systems and experiment with simulation language.

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Introduction
In this unit we will cover:

❑ Mathematical Modelling of Complex Systems

❑ Database
❑ Brief of AI in Modelling and Simulation
❑ Brief of Neural Networks in Modelling and Simulation
❑ Simulation Languages
❑ SIMULA
❑ GASP
❑ GPSS
❑ SIMSCRIPT
❑SLAM

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Modelling of Complex Systems
➢ The application of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) concepts like Fuzzy Sets to solve complex partial differential
equations, and application of neural networks in modeling of complex system.

➢ A complex system requires a large amount of input data and simultaneously produce large output data for
analysis purpose.

➢ The figure below represents the basic database concepts for simulation.

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➢ In the figure, the primary concepts are a simulation event, input files that may be parameterized, and
output files produced by a software program.

➢ Database is very important in modeling and simulation ,when developed model is used large number of
inputs data and produce large number of output.

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 AI in Modelling and Simulation
❖ A.I. has an equally valuable role to play in avoiding misunderstandings between human and machine so that the
two can be real partners in planning not only for efficient and safe routine operations, but also for recovering from
unavoidable faults in simulation.

❖ A.I. techniques, such as evolutionary algorithms and influence diagrams, can be used to detect kind of
incremental degradation in the automated process of simulation before it rises up to bite us.

❖ AI techniques such as procedural heuristics and constraint resolution can be used to guide the simulation in
deciding when and if automatic protective devices can be overridden, in planning restart and workaround, As
recovery proceeds, planning should always be working toward optimization (using evolutionary algorithms or
other hill-climbing techniques), while engaging in a continual trade-off with the demands of reliable operation.

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❖ The design motivation is what distinguishes neural networks from other mathematical techniques: A neural
network is a processing device, either an algorithm, or actual hardware, whose design was motivated by the
design and functioning of human brains and components thereof.

❖ Neural Networks offer improved performance over conventional technologies in areas which includes:
Machine Vision, Robust Pattern Detection, Signal Filtering, Virtual Reality, Data Segmentation, Data
Compression, Data Mining, Text Mining, Artificial Life, Adaptive Control, Optimization and Scheduling,
Complex Mapping and more.

❖ Neural networks have been applied to a wide variety of different areas including speech synthesis, pattern
recognition, diagnostic problems, medical illnesses, robotic control and computer vision.

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Application – Case Study
At Boeing Aircraft Company, researchers have been developing a neural network to identify aircraft
parts that have already been designed and manufactured, in efforts to help them with the production of new
parts. Given a new design, the system attempts to identify a previously designed part that resembles
the new one. If one is found, it may be able to be modified to conform to the new specifications, thus saving
time and money in the manufacturing process.

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SELF- ASSESSMENT TEST
Q.1 Why we used database in Modelling and Simulation?. Explain with suitable example.

Q.2 Discuss the role of Artificial Intelligence in Modelling and Simulation.

Q.3 How Neural Network is applied in Modelling and Simulation of a complex system.

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IMPORTANT TERMS
Event
◦ A change in system state
◦ Ex: Three events: arrival of job, beginning of new execution, departure of job

Continuous-time and discrete-time models

◦ If state defined at all times → continuous
◦ If state defined only at instants → discrete
◦ Ex: class that meets M-F 2-3 is discrete since not defined other times

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Continuous-state and discrete-state models
◦ If uncountably infinite → continuous
◦ Ex: time spent by students on hw
◦ If countable → discrete
◦ Ex: jobs in CPU queue
◦ Note, continuous time does not necessarily imply continuous state and vice-versa
◦ All combinations possible

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Deterministic and probabilistic models
◦ If output predicted with certainty → deterministic
◦ If output different for different repetitions → probabilistic
◦ Ex: For proj1, dog type-1 makes simulation deterministic but dog type-2 makes simulation probabilistic

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Static and dynamic models
◦ Time is not a variable → static
◦ If changes with time → dynamic
◦ Ex: CPU scheduler is dynamic, while matter-to-energy model E=mc2 is static

Linear and nonlinear models

◦ Output is linear combination of input → linear
◦ Otherwise → nonlinear

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Open and closed models
◦ Input is external and independent → open
◦ Closed model has no external input
◦ Ex: if same jobs leave and re-enter queue then closed, while if new jobs enter system then open

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Stable and unstable
◦ Model output settles down → stable
◦ Model output always changes → unstable

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Selecting a Simulation Language
Four choices: simulation language, general-purpose language, extension of
general purpose, simulation package
Simulation language – built in facilities for time steps, event scheduling, data
collection, reporting
General-purpose – known to developer, available on more systems, flexible
The major difference is the cost tradeoff – simulation language requires startup
time to learn, while general purpose may require more time to add simulation
flexibility
◦ Recommendation may be for all analysts to learn one simulation language so
understand those “costs” and can compare

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Extension of general-purpose – collection of routines and tasks commonly used. Often, base
language with extra libraries that can be called
Simulation packages – allow definition of model in interactive fashion. Get results in one day
Tradeoff is in flexibility, where packages can only do what developer envisioned, but if that is
what is needed then is quicker to do so

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 TYPES OF SIMULATION
Variety of types, but main: emulation, Monte Carlo, trace driven, and discrete-event
Emulation
◦ Simulation that runs on a computer to make it appear to be something else
◦ Examples: JVM, NIST Net

Java program
Java VM Process Process
Operating System
Hardware

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Outline of Simulation Languages
❑ Simulation Languages

❑ Continuous Simulation Languages

❑ Block Oriented Simulation Languages

❑ Expression Oriented Simulation Languages

❑ Discrete Simulation Languages

❑ Activity Oriented Language

❑ Event Oriented Language

❑ Flowchart Oriented Language

❑ Process Oriented Language

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 Simulation Languages

Continuous Simulation Discrete Simulation

Languages Languages

Flowchart-Oriented Activity-Oriented
Languages Languages
Block-Oriented Expression-Oriented
Simulation Simulation Event-Oriented Process-Oriented
Languages Languages Languages Languages

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SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Q.1 What is the Simulation language? Discuss the different kinds of simulation language.

Q.2 Flow chart simulation language comes in which category? Give an example of it.

Q.3 Describe the discrete and continuous simulation language with one daily life example.

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 SIMULA
➢ The first Object Oriented Language (OOL) Simula 67 was officially introduced by Ole Johan Dahl and Kristen
Nygaard at the IFIP TC 2 Working Conference on Simulation Languages in Lysebu near Oslo in May 1967.

➢ SIMULA program is made up of sequences of instructions known as blocks, which act independently to
varying degrees, but which are combined to produce the desired overall effect.

➢ The simplest programs contain only one block, known as the program block.

➢ SIMULA is NOT a case sensitive language.

➢ Instructions in the SIMULA are of two types: DECLARATIONS and STATEMENTS.

➢ Every executable statements in SIMULA end with a semicolon.

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Disadvantages of SIMULA

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TRY TO SIMULATE: BUNGEE JUMPING MODEL
A bungee jumper jumps from 240 ft above the ground. The length of the unstretched bungee cord is 90 feet.
The differential equation of motion is :

where F(x) = kx is the force on the jumper exerted by the bungee cord, and R(v) = cv is air resistance with
velocity v. Notice that v = x0(t). A cord we plan to use has k = 2.5 pounds per foot. Is this cord good enough?

Simulate the Bungee Jumping Model in a suitable language and analysis the results.

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