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DDL_DML_DCL_operators

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6 views3 pages

DDL_DML_DCL_operators

Uploaded by

zulqarnainawan441
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

SQL Operators
SQL operators are symbols or keywords used to perform operations on data within an SQL query. They
are categorized into three main types:
a) Arithmetic Operators
These are used to perform mathematical operations on numeric data. The basic arithmetic operators in
SQL include:
 + (Addition) → Adds two numbers.
 - (Subtraction) → Subtracts the second number from the first.
 * (Multiplication) → Multiplies two numbers.
 / (Division) → Divides the first number by the second.
 % (Modulus) → Returns the remainder of the division.
b) Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions in SQL queries. The commonly used logical
operators are:
 ALL → Compares a value to all values in another set.
 AND → Returns true if both conditions are true.
 ANY → Compares a value to any value in a set.
 BETWEEN → Checks if a value lies within a range.
 EXISTS → Checks whether a subquery returns any rows.
c) Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare values in SQL queries. These include:
 = → Equal to
 != or <> → Not equal to
 > → Greater than
 < → Less than
 >= → Greater than or equal to
 <= → Less than or equal to
 !< → Not less than
 !> → Not greater than
2. SQL Datatypes
SQL datatypes define the type of data a column can store in a database. They are categorized into five
main types:
a) Exact Numeric
Used for storing precise numeric values.
 int → Integer (whole numbers).
 smallint → Smaller range of integers.
 bit → Boolean values (0 or 1).
 decimal → Fixed-point numbers with user-defined precision.
b) Approximate Numeric
Used for floating-point calculations where precision is not strict.
 float → Floating-point number.
 real → Similar to float but with lower precision.
c) Date and Time
Used to store date and time values.
 date → Stores only the date.
 time → Stores only the time.
 timestamp → Stores both date and time.
d) String Datatype
Used to store text data.
 char → Fixed-length string.
 varchar → Variable-length string.
 text → Large text data.
e) Binary Datatype
Used to store binary data such as images, files, and multimedia.
 binary → Fixed-length binary data.
 varbinary → Variable-length binary data.
 image → Stores large binary data like pictures or documents.
3. Types of SQL Commands
SQL commands are categorized into different types based on their functionality:
a) Data Definition Language (DDL)
Used to define and manage database structure.
 CREATE → Creates a new database object (table, index, etc.).
 ALTER → Modifies an existing object structure.
 DROP → Deletes a database object.
 TRUNCATE → Removes all records from a table but retains its structure.
b) Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Used to manipulate data stored in a database.
 SELECT (DQL) → Retrieves data from a database.
 INSERT → Adds new records.
 UPDATE → Modifies existing records.
 DELETE → Removes records from a table.
c) Data Control Language (DCL)
Used to control access and permissions in a database.
 GRANT → Gives user-specific privileges.
 REVOKE → Removes previously granted privileges.
d) Transaction Control Language (TCL)
Used to manage transactions in a database.
 COMMIT → Saves all changes made in a transaction.
 ROLLBACK → Reverts changes if an error occurs.

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