GONZAGA JESUIT COLLEGE

THIRD TERM LESSON NOTE

2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION

MATHEMATICS
JSS2
J S S 2 TERM 3
WEEK TOPIC OBJECTIVES
1 Binary Number System -Students should be able to express any
Introduction given decimal number as sum of
Conversion of One base to powers of ten.
other Base. -Students will be able to convert from
Arithmetic Operations in one base to the other.
Binary Numbers and other -Students should be able to perform
Base . basic arithmetical operations in binary
numbers and any other bases.
-Students will be introduced to find the
unknown bases.
2 Compound Interest -Students will be able to use the
Simple Interest formula for simple interest.
Compound Interest -Students will be to find the amount
that a principal will reach over a given
period of time and the rate of simple
interest.
-Student will be able to derive and the
use of formula for compound interest.
-Students should be able to find the
amount that a principal will reach over
a given time period and rate of
compound interest.
-Students will be able to apply the
principles of compound interest to daily
life problems, including inflation and
deflation.
3 Rational and Irrational -Students will be able to define rational
numbers. number with examples.
-Students will be able to represent
p
rational number in the form of ,
q
where p and q are non zero whole
numbers.
-Students will be able to give the
definition of irrational numbers with
examples.
-Students will be able to approximate
square root of non perfect numbers.
4 Simultaneous Linear -Students will be able to compile a table
Equations. of values for a linear equation in two
variables.
-Students should be able to represent a
linear equation in two variables on a
graph.
-Student will be able to solve
simultaneous linear equations
graphically.
-Students will be able to solve
simultaneous using substitution
method, elimination method and
graphical method.
5 Variations -Students will be able to define and
-Direct variation solve problems involving direct
-Indirect or inverse variations.
variation - Students will be able to define and
-Joint variation solve problems involving indirect
-Partial variation variations.
-Students will be able to define and
solve problems involving joint
variations.
-Students will be able to define and
solve problems involving partial
variations.
6 Change of subject of the -Students will be able to identify what
formulae. formulae are.
-Students should be able to simplify the
expression.
-Students will be able to express the
formula using a different variable as a
subject.
-Students will be able to substitute
values into the formulae.
- Students should be able to change the
subject of the formulae.
7 Factorization of algebraic -Students will be able to expand
expressions of the form algebraic expression by removing
2 2
a −b . brackets.
- Students will be able to factorise
algebraic expressions involving two or
more terms by grouping and using of
brackets.
-Students will be able to identify and
factorize quadratic expressions.
- Students will be able to factorize the
expression of the form a 2−b2 .
8 Equations involving -Students should be able to solve simple
fraction equations involving fraction by
eliminating the denominators using the
L.C.M of the denominators.
- Students should be able to solve
simple equations involving fractions
with monomial denominators.
- Students should be able to solve
algebraic equations involving fractions
with unknown in the numerator.
-- Students should be able to solve
algebraic equations involving fractions
with unknown in the denominator.
- Students should be able to solve
algebraic equations with binomials in
the denominator.
- Students should be able to translate
word problems involving fractions into
mathematical statements.
Learning Objective:

At the end of the lesson the Students should be able to

-Students should be able to express any given decimal number as sum of powers of ten.
-Students will be able to convert from one base to the other.
-Students should be able to perform basic arithmetical operations in binary numbers and any other
bases.
-Students will be introduced to find the unknown bases.
BINARY NUMBERS
Numbers in base two are called binary numbers at is made up two digit is 0 and 1
Converting base 10 numbers to base two number
We do this by dividing the base ten number repeatedly by 2, writing down the remainder until we get to
zero and reading the remainder upwards.
Example: (a) Write 810 to a number in base two
b) Express 85 in a binary number
c) Convert 10710 to a number in the base two
d) Convert 152ten to a number in base two
e) Convert 3/8ten to a binary fraction (bicimal)
f) Express 15.12510 in binary notation

SOLUTION
(a) 2 8
2 4 R 0
2 2 R 0
0 R 1
810 = 10002

(b) 2 85
2 42 R 1
2 21 R 0
 2 10 R 1
2 5 R 0
2 2 R 1
1 R 0
0 R 1
8510 = 1010101two

(c) 2 107
2 53 R 1
2 26 R 1
2 13 R 0
2 6 R 1
2 3 R 0
2 1 R 1
0 R 1
10710 = 110100112
(d) 2 152
2 76 R 0
2 38 R 0
2 19 R 0
2 9 R 1
2 4 R 1
2 2 R 0
2 1 R 0
0 R 1
152ten = 100110002
(e) 2 3
2 1 R 1
0 R 1
310 = 112

2 8
2 4 R 0
2 2 R 0
 2 1 R 0
2 0 R 1
810 = 1000two

3
First express 3 and 8 in binary, 10 = 112/10002= 0.0112
8
125 1 121
(f) 15.125 = 15 = 15 = 10
1000 8 8

2 121

❑
2 60 R 1❑

2 30 R 0
2 15 R 0
2 7 R 1
2 3 R 1
1 R 1
0 R 1
12110 = 11110012
2 8 R
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 0
2 0 1
810 = 10002

121
( ¿ 10= ( 1111001/1000 ) 2 = 1111.0012
8

Exercise: Convert the following binary numbers.

3
(a) 72 (b) (c) 0.875 (d) 32
4
Converting Base Two Numbers to Base 10 Numbers
We express the given binary numbers as a sum of multiples of powers of two 20, 21, 22, 23 etc.
Example: Convert (i) 101two (ii) 10.10012 (iii) 1112
SOLUTION
i. 1012 = 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
=4+0+1
 = 510
ii. 1112 = 1x22 + 1x21 + 1x20
=4+2+1
= 910
iii. 10.10012 = 1x21 + 0x20 + 1 x 2 -1 + 0 x 2-2 + 0 x 2-3 + 1 x 2-4
1 1
=2+0+ +0+0+
2 16
41
=
16
9
=2 10
16
iv. 101012 = 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 2710
Exercise: If 1102 = P10. Find the value of P

Assignment
1. Write 1-10 in binary numbers
2. Convert to base 10 (a) 111012 (b) 11.01012 (c) 10110012
3. Convert to binary number (a) 43ten (b) 1280ten (c) 17610
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION IN BINARY NUMBERS
Examples
1. Add 1011112 and 100112
2. Subtract 100112 from 1011112
3. 11012 x 1112
4. 100100012÷ 1012

Solution
1. 1011112 2. 1011112 3. 11012
- 100112 +100112 x1112
111002 10000102 1101
1101
1101
1011011
4.Convert to base 10 to have 14510÷ 510 = 2910 = 111012 or
111
1012 10010012
101
1000
101
 101
101
0
Exercise: (1) add 1001102, 1010102 and 1110112
(2) Multiply 100112 x 112
(3) 10110102 – 1001112
(4) 10101112÷ 1112

WEEK THREE
APLLICATION OF BINARY NUMBERS
Bunch Cards: it is used in business farms, examining from boards and other organization as a solution for
sorting information.
Example: suppose that a failure in a subject is represented by the digit zero. Then for any 5 subjects
English, Mathematics, French, Agric and C.R.K. The number 10110 represent a pass in English, a failure
in mathematics, a pass in French, a pass in agric and a failure in C.R.K.
Bunch Tape
Letters Decimal No Binary Code
A 1 1
B 2 10
C 3 11
D 4 100
E 5 101
F 6 110
G 7 111
H 8 1000
I 9 1001
J 10 1010
K 11 1011
L 12 1100
M 13 1101
N 14 1110
O 15 1111
P 16 1000
Q 17 10001
R 18 10010
S 19 10011
T 20 10100
U 21 10101
V 22 10110
W 23 10111
X 24 11000
Y 25 11001
Z 26 11010
French tapes are used to enter information and instruction into some computers.

Exercise:
1. Using a letter per line code and with the words represented by the following
(a) 1 (b) 10000 (c) 100
100 101 101
100 10100 1100
10010 101 1001
101 10010 10110
10011 101
10011 10010

2. Write the following in a letter per line code.

(a) S (b) D (c) A (d) S (e) E
U I N C L
N V G H I
D I E O A
A N L O S
Y E L
3. Code your surname in binary

Other Cases of number bases

Sometimes, number bases may contain unknowns that must have to be solved.

Example: if 134𝑛 = 54𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 , calculate 𝑛.

Solution

134𝑛 = 54𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

1 × 𝑛 2 + 3 × 𝑛 1 + 4 × 𝑛 0 = 5 × 81 + 4 × 8 0

𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 4 = 40 + 4

𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 4 = 44

𝑛2 + 3𝑛 − 40 = 0

(𝑛 + 8) (𝑛 − 5) = 0

Therefore, 𝑛 + 8 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑛−5=0

𝑛 = −8 𝑜𝑟 𝑛=5

Since 𝑛 cannot take negative value as no number base can be negative, hence the value must be 5.

Example If 251𝑥 = 100𝑡𝑤 , find 𝑥.

Solution

251𝑥 = 100𝑡𝑤𝑜

2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 = 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20

2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 = 4

2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 − 4 = 0

2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3 = 0 (quadratic equation)

Factorizing we have

(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
 1
Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 − 3.
2

Since 𝑥 cannot take a negative value and cannot take fraction as no number can be negative or a
1
fraction hence, neither nor −3 satisfies the given equation.
2

Exercises

1. Simplify 1112 × 1012

2. If 321𝑛 = 2327
3. Give 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 1325 = 𝑃6
4. Convert 1 1 1 12 to a number in base 3

LESSON FOR WEEK TWO

Topic: Simple Interest

Learning Objective:
At the end of the lesson the Students should be able to
-to use the formula for simple interest.
- find the amount that a principal will reach over a given period of time and the rate of simple interest.
- derive and the use of formula for compound interest.
- find the amount that a principal will reach over a given time period and rate of compound interest.
In commerce charge paid for the use of some given amount of money is called interest. The initial
given amount is called the principal. The length of the period the interest is used is called the time.
The interest depends on the principal and time, and the charge for a year is called the rate. If the
interest does not attract further interest, the interest is called simple interest. The principal and interest
is called the amount.

7
To calculate simple interest the formula is
𝑃𝑅𝑇
𝐼=
100

Where 𝑃 = principal , 𝑅 =rate , 𝑇 =time.

1
Example: find the simple interest on a loan of ₦2700.00 for 6 years at 3% per annum.
4

Solution :

𝑃𝑅𝑇
𝐼=
100

𝑃 = ₦2700.00

𝑅 = 3%

1
𝑇=6
4

Therefore,
1
2700 × 6 × 3
𝐼= 4
100

𝐼 = ₦506.25

1
Example : the simple interest on a certain sum of money invested for 4 years at 6 % per annum is
2

₦416.00. Find the amount invested.

Solution

100𝐼
𝑃=
𝑇𝑅

100 × 416
= = ₦1600.00
4 × 61
2

1
Example : A sum of ₦3500 invested at 2 % per annum for a number of years earns ₦612.50
2

Interest. Find the time.

Solution

100𝐼
𝑇=
𝑃𝑅

100 × 612.50
= 3500 × 2 1
2

= 6.99 years

= 7𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠.

1
Example : A lone of ₦6000 generates a simple interest of ₦1350.00 for 7 years. Find the rate
2

percent.

100𝐼
Solution : 𝑅 = 𝑃
𝑇

100 × 1350
= 6000 × 7 1
2

= 3%

Compound Interest

Recall that for a simple interest investment, interest is paid on the original amount only. But in
compound interest, interest is computed and added to the previous principal. This computation is done
at regular interval (called periods). The total value at the end of the investment is the compound
amount . The compound interest earned is the difference between the compound amount and the
original principal.

We can approach compound interest problems in two ways:

1. Using compound interest formula

2. Using simple interest method.

9
 Using compound interest formula
𝑛
𝑅
Therefore, compound interest = 𝑃 (1 + ) −𝑃
100
𝑅
Amount = 𝑃 (1 + )
100

Example : Find the nearest naira, the compound interest on ₦400,000.00 in 6 months at 10% per
annum.
𝑅
Amount = 𝑃 (1 + )
100

6
Therefore, = ₦400,000.00 , 𝑅 = 10%, 𝑛 = = 0.5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
12

0.5
10
𝐴 = 400,000 (1 + )
100

𝐴 = 400,000(1 + 0.1)0.5

𝐴 = 400,000(1.1)0.5

𝐴 = ₦419523.54

Compound interest= 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙

= ₦419523.54 − ₦400,000

= ₦19,524 to the nearest naira,

Using simple interest method

Example: Find the compound interest on ₦650.00 is 5years at 4% per annum.

𝑃𝑅𝑇
𝐼= .
100

For first year

𝑃 = ₦650.00, 𝑅 = 4% 𝑇 = 5𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟.

650 × 1 × 4
𝐼=
100
𝐼 = ₦26.00

For second year

Principal = ₦650 + ₦26 = ₦676.00

676 × 1 × 4
𝐼= = ₦27.04
100

For third year

Principal = ₦676 + ₦27.04 = ₦703.04

703.04 × 1 × 4
𝐼= = ₦28.12
100

For fourth year

Principal = ₦703.04 + ₦28.12 = ₦731.16

2
731.16 × 1 × 4
𝐼= 00 = ₦ 9.25
1

For 5th year

Principal = ₦731.16 + ₦29.25 = ₦760.41

3
760.41 × 1 × 4
𝐼= 00 = ₦ 0.42
1

Final amount= ₦760.41 + ₦30.42 = ₦790.83

Original amount= ₦650.00

Therefore , compound interest = ₦790.83 − ₦650.00 = ₦140.83

Let us solve the above problem using compound interest formula

11
Example :Find the compound interest on ₦650.00 is 5years at 4% per annum.

.
𝑅
Amount = 𝑃 (1 + )
100

5
4
= 650 (1 + )
100

= 650(1 + 0.04)5

= 650(1.04)5

= 650(1.2166529)

= ₦790.82

Therefore, compound interest= 𝐴 − 𝑃

= 790.82 − 650

= ₦140.83

Exercise

Find the simple interest on the following

1. ₦680 in 6 years at 9% per annum.
1
2. ₦540 in 5 years at 3% per annum
4

Find the principal which produce simple interest of

1
1. ₦123 in 2 years at 3% per annum.
2

2. ₦378 in 6 years at 7% per annum

Find the rate per annum at which

1. ₦500 will amount to ₦560 in 2 years

2. ₦8000 generate simple interest of ₦480 in 2 years.
 Find the time in which

1. ₦2200 generate simple interest of ₦396 at 3%

2. ₦3850 will amount to ₦5852 at 8% per annum

Find the compound interest on ₦1400 in 6 years at 3%p.a

1
Find the compound interest on ₦2650 in 5 years at 7 % per annum
2

Topic for week 3: Rational and Irrational Numbers

Learning Objective:

At the end of the lesson the Students should be able to

- define rational number with examples.
𝑝
-represent rational number in the form of , where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are non -zero whole numbers.
𝑞

- give the definition of irrational numbers with examples.

- to approximate square root of non- perfect numbers.

Rational numbers: These are numbers that can be expressed as fractions, this include natural
numbers, whole numbers and integers.

If a number is not rational number, it is irrational numbers.

Natural numbers (counting numbers)⟶ {1,2,3,4, , , , }. Zero is not included in a natural numbers.

Whole numbers: All natural numbers and zero.

Integers: These are all whole numbers and their opposite {. . . −3, −2, −1, 0,1,2,3, … }.

Rational numbers as Fraction

𝑎
Any rational number can be written as a ratio of two numbers, in the form where a and b will be
𝑏
1
diff
erent from zero. E.g a.
−6
b. 7 c. −67 d. −11
100 30
3
13
Rational Numbers as a Whole Number

Any integer can be written as a rational number e.g 43 and -12.

Terminating Decimal: This have an end e.g 0.7 , 0.26, 1.203, 2.93. Terminating decimals are always
a rational numbers

Repeating Decimals: This is decimals with no end e.g 0.3333 … = 0.33

5.816666 . . . = 5.816

0.141414 … = 0.14

Repeating decimal are always rational numbers

Non Terminating, non- repeating decimals are not national π'='3.14159265… and 0.5480390857…

Testing square roots:

√81 means the number that multiply by itself gives you 81.Since 9 × 9 = 81, √81 = 9.

√81 is a rational number.

√40 means the number that multiplied by itself gives you 40.

6 × 6 = 36 ← 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑤

7 × 7 = 49 ← 𝑡𝑜𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ

Since no whole numbers works, then √40 is not a rational number.

Irrational numbers: This can be written as decimal but not fraction

Week 4

TOPIC: Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Variables

Learning Objective:

At the end of the lesson the Students should be able to

- compile a table of values for a linear equation in two variables.
- represent a linear equation in two variables on a graph.
-solve simultaneous linear equations graphically.
- solve simultaneous using substitution method, elimination method and graphical method.

When we solve the equations by finding a value of 𝑥 and a value of 𝑦 that will satisfy both equations at
the same time or, in other words, SIMULTANEOUSLY. Thus, the two equations are called
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION.

There are three methods of solving simultaneous equations which include:

1. Substitution Method
2. Elimination Method
3. Graphical Method
15
The Substitution Method

The first method is by Substitution. One variable is substituted into the other equation so that the
expression is reduced to an equation with only one variable.

Example:

Example 1: Solve the simultaneous equations: 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1

Solution

4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 . . . (1)

𝑥+𝑦 =1 . . . (2)

Making one of the variables the subject in equation (2)

𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 . . . (3)

Substitute 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 in equation (1)

4𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥) = 5

Open the bracket

4𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 = 5

Collecting like term

4𝑥 − 𝑥 = 5 − 1

3𝑥 = 4

Dividing both sides by 3

3𝑥 4 1
= =1
3 3 3

1 4
𝑥=1 𝑜𝑟
3 3

Substitute the value of 𝑥 in (3)

𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 . . . (3)

4 1
𝑦=1− =−
3 3

1
Therefore 𝑥 = 1 1 and −
3 3

Example 2: Solve the simultaneous equations: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 , 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −12

Solution

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 . . . (1)

2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −12 . . . (2)

Make 𝑥 the subject in (1)

𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑦 . . . (3)

Substitute 𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑦 in equation (2)

17
2(3 − 2𝑦) − 5𝑦 = −12

Open the bracket

6 − 4𝑦 − 5𝑦 = −12

Collecting like terms

−4𝑦 − 5𝑦 = −12 − 6

−9𝑦 = −18

Dividing both sides by −9

−9𝑦 −18
=
−9 −9

𝒚=𝟐

Substitute 𝑦 = 2 in (3)

𝑥 = 3 − 2(2)

𝑥 =3−4

𝒙 = −𝟏

Therefore, 𝒙 = −𝟏 and 𝒚 = 𝟐

Example 3: Solve the simultaneous equations: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 18

Solution:

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 11 . . . (1)

2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 18 . . . (2)

Make 𝑥 the subject in (1)

11 − 2𝑦
𝑥= . . . (3)
3

11−2𝑦
Substitute 3
for 𝑥 in (2)
 11 − 2𝑦
2( ) + 4𝑦 = 18
3

22 − 4𝑦
+ 4𝑦 = 18
3

L. C . M

22 − 4𝑦 + 12𝑦
= 18
3
22 + 8𝑦 18
=
3 1

Cross multiply

22 + 8𝑦 = 3 × 18

22 + 8𝑦 = 54

8𝑦 = 54 − 22

8𝑦 = 32

32
𝑦= 8

𝑦=4

Substitute 𝑦 = 4 in (3)

11 − 2(4)
𝑥=
3

11 − 8 3
= =1
3
3
Therefore,

𝑥=1 , =4

Elimination Method

19
In the elimination method, the two simultaneous equations are either add or subtracted so as to
eliminate one of the variables.

In some cases, adding or subtracting may not eliminate any of the variables. In such case, we make the
coefficient of one of the variables equal in both equations by multiplying either or both equations
appropriately before adding or subtracting.

Example: Solve the simultaneous equations using the elimination method.

6𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 2
𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 2

Solution

6𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 2 . . . (1)
𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 2 . . . (2)
Adding equation (1) and (2) to eliminate 𝑦

(1) + (2) 7𝑥 = 14

7𝑥 14
=
7 7

𝑥=2

Substitute 𝑥 = 2 in (1)

6(2) + 5𝑦 = 2

5𝑦 = −10

Divide both sides by 5

5𝑦 −10
=
5 5

𝑦 = −2

Therefore. 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = −2

Example: Solve the simultaneous equations using the elimination method.

3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 8
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 7

Solution

3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 8 . . . (1)
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 7 . . . (2)

(1) × 4: 12𝑥 − 20𝑦 = 32 . . . (3)

(2) × 3: 12𝑥 − 9𝑦 = 21 . . . (4)

(3) − (4) − 11𝑦 = 11

Divide both sides by 11

21
−11𝑦 11
=
−11 −11

𝒚 = −𝟏

Substitute the value of 𝒚 in (1)

3𝑥 − 5(−1) = 8

3𝑥 + 5 = 8

Subtract 5 from both sides

3𝑥 + 5 − 5 = 8 − 5

3𝑥 = 3 divide both sides by 3

3𝑥 3
=
3 3

𝒙=𝟏

Graphical Method of Solving Simultaneous Equation

Example : Solve the simultaneous equations 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟔 and 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟐 graphically

Solution

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 . . . (1)

𝑥−𝑦 =2 . . . (2)

Let 𝑥 = 0 in (1) then 𝑦 = 6 and let 𝑦 = 0 then 𝑥 = 6 still on (1)

Let 𝑥 = 0 in (2), then 𝑦 = −2 and let 𝑦 = 0 then 𝑥 = 2 still on (2)

The solution point is solved thus

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 . . . (1)

𝑥−𝑦 =2 . . . (2)

𝑥 = 2 + 𝑦 . . . (3)

Substitute 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑦 in (1)

(2 + 𝑦) + 𝑦 = 6

2+𝑦+𝑦 =6

2𝑦 = 6 − 2

2𝑦 = 4

𝒚=𝟐

Substitute 𝑦 = 2 in (3)

𝑥 =2+𝑦

23
 𝑥 =2+2

𝑥=4

Therefore the solution set is (𝒙, ) = (𝟒, 𝟐)

Example : Solve the simultaneous equations 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6 and −4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −7

Solution :

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6 . . . (1)

−4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −7 . . . (2)

At 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑦 = −6 in (1)

At 𝑦 = 0, then 𝑥 = 3 in (1)

−7
At 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑦 = 2
in (2)

At 𝑦 = 0, the 𝑥 = 7
4

To solve the solution set we follow thus

Using substitution method

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6 . . . (1)

−4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −7 . . . (2)

From (1) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 6
Substitute in (2)

−4𝑥 + 2(2𝑥 − 6) = −7

−4𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 12 = −7

Therefore, −12 = −7 (𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒)

So, the simultaneous equation has no solution.

Example : Solve the simultaneous equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10

Solution

𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 . . . (1)

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10 . . . (2)

At = 0 , then 𝑦 = 0 in (1)

At = 0 , then 𝑥 = 0 in (1)

At 𝑥 = 0 , then 𝑦 = 5 in (2)

10
At 𝑦 = 0, then 𝑥 = 3
in (2)

25
To solve the solution set we follow thus

Using substitution method

𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 . . . (1)

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10 . . . (2)

Let 𝑥 = 𝑦 . . . (3)

Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑦 in (2)

3(𝑦) + 2𝑦 = 10

3𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 10

5𝑦 = 10

10
𝑦= =𝟐
5

Substituting 𝑦 = 2 in (3)

𝑥=2

Therefore , the solution set is (𝑥, 𝑦) = (2,2)

Exercises

1. Solve simultaneously using either the elimination or substitution method:

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3 and 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 18
b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23
c. 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 23 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2
d. −3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −4 and 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 8
e. 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 14 and 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
f. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 18 and 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −7
2. Solve the following simultaneous equations graphically.
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
b. 5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8 and 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 = −2
c. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 7
WORD PROBLEMS
EXAMPLES
1. The sum of two numbers is 30 and their difference is 15. Find the two numbers
2. 3 boxes and 2 packages weigh 1240g while 5 boxes and 7 packages weigh 2800g. What is the
weight of a box and a package?

SOLUTION
1. x + y=30 (2) 3 x+ 2 y =1240−−−−−(1)

¿ 5 x+ 7 y=2800−−−−(2)
2 y=15 5 x 1 15 x+10 y =6200
y=7.5 3 x 2 15 x+ 21 y =8400
11 y 2200
x=30−7.5 =
11 11
x−22.5 y=200
From (1) 3 x=1240−2 ( 200 )
3 x=1240−400
3 x=840
x=260

Exercise:
1. The sum of two numbers is 18 and their difference is 12. Find the two numbers
2. This shape is an equilateral triangle with dimension show finds its perimeter.

2 x+5 y -2 4x – y + 1

x + y +5
3. Andre has more money than Bob. If Andre gave Bob $20, they would have the same amount.
While if Bob gave Andre $22, Andre would then have twice as much as Bob. How much does each one
actually have?
4. In a two digit number. The units digit is thrice the tens digit. If 36 is added to the number, the
digits interchange their place. Find the number.
5. If 2 is added to the numerator and denominator it becomes 9/10 and if 3 is subtracted from the
numerator and denominator it become 4/5. Find the fractions.
 TOPIC FOR WEEK 5:

Variation

Learning Objective:

At the end of the lesson the Students should be able to

- define and solve problems involving direct variations.
- define and solve problems involving indirect variations.
-define and solve problems involving joint variations.
-define and solve problems involving partial variations.

Direct Variation

In two variables, 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by a linear rule of the form 𝑦 = 𝑘 , where 𝑘 is a constant, we say
that 𝑦 varies directly as𝑥 or that 𝑦 is directly proportional to 𝑥. In such relationship, 𝑘 is called the
constant of variation or the constant of proportionality. As 𝑥 increase, 𝑦 also increases at a rate 𝑘 or as
𝑥 decreases 𝑦 also decreases at a rate 𝑘.

Example

The distance travelled in a given time varies directly with the speed. If a vehicle travels
250𝑘𝑚 𝑎𝑡75𝑘𝑚 ∕ ℎ𝑟, how far will it travel in the same time at 63𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ ?

Solution

Let 𝒅 be the distance travelled

𝑣 be the speed

Then 𝑑 ∝ 𝑣

In changing the sign (∝) to equality sign, we introduce a constant of variation.

𝑑 ∝ 𝑘𝑣 where 𝑘 =constant of variation

That is 250 = 𝑘 × 75

27
 250 10
𝑘= =
75 3

The relationship connecting 𝑑 and 𝑣 is

10
𝑑= 𝑣
3

10
When 𝑣 = 63𝑘𝑚 ∕ ℎ𝑟, 𝑑 = 3
× 63 = 210𝑘𝑚.

Example : suppose 𝑦 varies directly as 𝑥 2 . If 𝑥 increases by 20%,find the percentage change in 𝑦.

Solution :

𝑦 ∝ 𝑥2

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 where 𝑘 is the constant of variation.

Let the new value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 be 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 respectively.

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 becomes 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2
1 1

120
But 𝑥1 = 𝑥 because of the increase of 20%
100

120 2 12 2 2
𝑦1 = 𝑘 (1 𝑥) = 𝑘 ( ) 𝑥
00 10

12 2 2 12 2
= ( ) 𝑘𝑥 = ( ) 𝑦
10 10

Because 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2

144
∴ 𝑦1 = 𝑦
100

The change in 𝑦 is 𝑦1 − 𝑦

144 144𝑦−100𝑦 144

i.e. 100 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 100
= 100
𝑦

Hence 𝑦 increases by 44%.

Example: The mass of a space-ship varies directly as the cube-root of the length. When the length is
64𝑚 the mass is 320kg. Find

a. The law connecting the variables

b. .Find the mass of the ship whose length is 27m,
c. The length of a ship whose mass measures27440𝑘𝑔.

Solution

Let the mass be M and the length be L.

3
𝑀 ∝ √𝐿

3
𝑀 = 𝑘 √𝐿

When 𝑀 = 320𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 = 64𝑚 then constant k becomes:

3
320 = 𝑘 √64

320 = 4𝑘
divide both sides by 4

4𝑘 320
=
4 4

𝑘 = 80

a. The law connecting the variables is

3
𝑀 = 80 √𝐿
b. Given a length of 27𝑚, mass becomes

3
𝑀 = 𝑘 √𝐿

3
= 𝑘 √𝐿

3
= 80 √27

= 80 × 3

29
 = 240𝑘𝑔

Given a mass of 27440, the length will be

3
𝑀 = 𝑘 √𝐿

3
27440 = 80 √𝐿

3
80 √𝐿 = 27440

Divide both sides by 80

3
80 √𝐿 27440
=
80 80
3
√𝐿 = 343

𝐿 = 40353607𝑚

Inverse Variation or Inverse proportion

If two variables 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are related in such a way that as 𝑥 increases , 𝑦 decreases or as 𝑥 decreases , 𝑦
increases, then they are said to be inverse variation or inverse proportion. Symbolically , we write: 𝑦 ∝
1 𝑘
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 is constant of variation or proportionality .
𝑥 𝑥

Example: Given that 𝑦 varies1 inversely as the square of 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 8 when 𝑥 = 2, find the equation
1
connecting 𝑦 and 𝑥 2.Calculate the value of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 6 and 𝑥 when 𝑦 = .
2

Solution

1
𝑦∝
𝑥2

𝑘
𝑦= where 𝑘 is constant of variation.
𝑥2

∴ when 𝑦 = 8 and 𝑥 = 2

𝑘
8=
22

𝑘 =8×4
𝑘 = 32

32
Therefore, the equation connecting 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

When 𝑥 = 6, then 𝑦 = 𝑘
𝑥2

32
=
62

=8
9

𝑘
When 𝑦 = 1, then we have 𝑦 =
2 𝑥2

1 32
=
2 𝑥2

Cross multiply 𝑥 2 = 2 × 32

𝑥 2 = 64

Applying square root to both sides

𝑥 = √64

𝑥=8

Example: The volume of water which a holeow pipe can pump from a well to an overhead tank varies
inversely as the distance between the well and the tank. With a distance of 1.5𝑚, the volume of water
pumped is 40𝑚3 .

Find (𝑎) The law connecting the volume and the distance.

(𝑏) The volume when the distance is 20𝑚.

(𝑐) The distance when the volume is 80𝑚3 .

Solution : let the volume be 𝑉 and distance 𝐷.

𝑉∝ 1
𝑑

31
 𝑘
𝑉= (where 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑑

40 = 𝑘
1.5

𝑘 = 40 × 1.5

𝑘 = 60

(𝑎) The law connecting the volume and the distance is

60
𝑉= 𝑑

(𝑏) when 𝐷 = 20𝑚

𝑉= 𝑘
𝑑

𝑉 = 60
20

𝑉 = 3𝑚3

(𝒄) When 𝑉 = 80𝑚3

𝑉= 𝑘
𝑑

60
80 = 𝑑

Cross multiply

𝐷 = 60
80

𝐷 = 0.75𝑚

Joint Variation

If a quantity 𝑦 is directly proportional to the product of some other quantities 𝑝, and 𝑟 we say that 𝑦
varies jointly with 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 and we write:

𝑦 ∝ 𝑝𝑞𝑟.
 1
Example : if 𝑦 varies directly as 𝑑 and inversely as the square of 𝑥. If 𝑑 = 30, 𝑥 = 24 and 𝑦 = . Find
18

the law connecting the variables. Also find 𝑦 when 𝑑 = 5 and 𝑥 = 2.

Solution

1
𝑦 ∝ d and y ∝
𝑥2

𝑑
𝑦∝
𝑥2

𝑑𝑘
𝑦= 𝑥
2

1
When y= , 𝑑 = 30 , 𝑥 = 24
18

1 30𝑘
=
18 242

1 30𝑘
=
18 576
1 576
𝑘 = 18 × 30

16
𝑘=
15
Therefore, the law connecting the variables will be

16𝑑
𝑦=
15𝑥 2

To find 𝑦 when 𝑑 = 5 , = 2

16 × 5
𝑦=
15 × 𝑥 2

4
𝑦=
3

33
Example : The force 𝐹 needed to stop a car varies directly as its weight 𝑊 and the square root of the
velocity 𝑉 and inversely as the distance 𝑑 travelled.

When 𝐹 = 36 , 𝑊 = 120𝑘𝑔

𝑣 = 100𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 50𝑘𝑚.

Calculate the force required for 𝑣 = 256𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ , = 200𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 800𝑘𝑚.

Solution

𝑤 √𝑣 𝑘
F∝
𝑑

𝑤 √𝑣 𝑘
F=
𝑑

120 × √ 100 𝑘
36 =
50

120 × 10 𝑘
36 =
50

36 = 8𝑘

36
𝑘= 8

𝑘 = 4.5

4.5𝑊 √𝑣
F=
𝑑

4.5 × 200 × √256

F=
800

F = 18 Newtons.
Partial Variation

If a variation is represented in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 where 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 are constants different from zero
and 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠. In such a case, y is said to be partly constant and partly varies as 𝑥.

Example : The cost of maintaining a car is partly constant and partly varies as the distance travelled in
a given month. The cost for a particular month is ₦125.00 when the distance travelled is 300𝑘𝑚 while
for a distance of 12000𝑘𝑚, the cost is ₦350.00. Find the cost for a journey of 16000𝑘𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 the
distance travelled if the cost is ₦230.00

Solution :

Let the cost be 𝐶 and distance 𝑑.

𝐶 =𝑎,𝐶 ∝𝑑

𝐶 = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑘 (where 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 are constant)

125 = 𝑎 + 3000𝑘 . . . (1)

350 = 𝑎 + 12000𝑘 . . . (2)

(1) − (2)

225 = 9000𝑘

𝑘 = 0.025

Substituting for 𝑘 𝑖𝑛 (1)

125 = 𝑎 + 3000(0.025)

125 = 𝑎 + 75

𝑎 = 50

Finding cost when 𝑑 = 16000𝑘𝑚

𝐶 = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑘
35
= 50 + 16000(0.025)

= 50 + 400

= ₦450.00

Also finding the distance when cost = ₦230.00

𝐶 = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑘

230 = 50 + 0.025𝑑

230 − 50 = 0.025𝑑

0.025𝑑 = 180

180
𝑑=
0.025

𝑑 = 7200𝑘𝑚.

Example : the water discharged by a water-pump partly varies as the square of the distance and partly
as the level of pressure in the reservoir. When 302 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 of water is discharged, the level of pressure
is 8𝑚𝑏 while the distance is 20𝑚, 𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 4𝑚𝑏 and the distance is 20𝑚.

Find the quantity of water discharged when the distance is 50𝑚 with a pressure of 32𝑚𝑏.

Solution

1
𝑊 ∝ 𝑑2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 ∝
𝐿

𝑏
𝑊 = 𝑎𝑑 2 + where 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐿

When 𝑊 = 1204 , 𝑑 = 20 , 𝐿 = 4

𝑏
𝑊 = 400𝑎 + . . . (1)
4

When 𝑊 = 302 , = 10 , 𝐿 = 8

𝑏
𝑊 = 100𝑎 + . . . (2)
8

Solving equations (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)

 𝑏
400𝑎 + = 1204
4

𝑏
100𝑎 + = 302
8

𝑏
(1) × 1: 400𝑎 + = 1204
4

𝑏
(2) × 4: 400𝑎 + = 1208
2

𝑏
=4
4

𝑏 = 16

16
Substituting for 𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (1) 400𝑎 + 4
= 1204

400𝑎 + 4 = 1204

400𝑎 = 1200

1200
𝑎= 400
=3

Therefore, 𝑎 = 3 , = 16

To find 𝑊 when 𝑑 = 50 , 𝐿 = 32

𝑏
𝑊 = 𝑎𝑑 2 +
𝐿

16
= 3(50)2 +
32

= 3(2500) + 0.5

= 7500 + 0.5

= 7500.5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.

37
Exercise

1. If 𝐴 varies directly as the cube root of 𝐵 and if 𝐴 = 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵 = 64, 𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 formula
15
connecting the variable. Hence find 𝐵 when 𝐴 = 4.

2. Given that 𝑦 varies inversely as the square of 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 16 when 𝑥 = 4. Find the equation

connecting 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥. Calculate the value of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 12 and 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 1

4

3. If 𝐷 varies directly as m and inversely as 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 = 10 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 5, find the

law connecting 𝑑, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 and find 𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 2.5.
4. The resistance to the motion of a bus is partly constant and partly varies as the square of the
speed. At a speed of 30km/hr the resistance is 70 Newtons while at a speed of 40km/hr, the
resistance is 140 Newtons. What will be the speed given the resistance of 230 Newtons and the
resistance at a speed of 70km/hr?

WEEK 6:

TOPIC:

Change of subject of the formula

Learning Objective:

At the end of the lesson the Students should be able to

-identify what formulae are.
- simplify the expression.
- express the formula using a different variable as a subject.
-substitute values into the formulae.
- change the subject of the formulae.

When a variable which forms a part of the formula is made the subject, we say we have changed the
subject of the formula.

Example: in the formula 𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ , make ℎ the subject of the formula.

Solution

𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

Divide both sides by 2𝜋𝑟 2

𝑉 2𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
=
2𝜋𝑟 2 2𝜋𝑟 2

Therefore, ℎ = 𝑉
2𝜋𝑟 2

Example: make 𝑙 the subject of the formula 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 𝑙

𝑔

Solution

𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔

Divide both sides by 2𝜋

𝑙
𝑇 2𝜋√𝑔
=
2𝜋 2𝜋

𝑇
Therefore , √ 𝑙 =
𝑔 2𝜋

𝑙
2
𝑇 2
Squaring both sides (√ ) = ( )
𝑔 2𝜋

𝑙 𝑇2
= 2
𝑔 4𝜋

Cross multiply

4𝜋 2 𝑙 = 𝑔𝑇 2

39
 𝑇2
Therefore, 𝑙 = 𝑔
4𝜋 2

ℎ2 +𝑘2
Example : make 𝑘 the subject of the formula 𝑇 2 = 4𝜋 2 ( ℎ𝑔
)

Divide both sides by 4𝜋 2

𝑇2 ℎ2 + 𝑘 2
=
4𝜋 2 ℎ𝑔

Cross multiply

4𝜋 2 (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 ) = ℎ𝑔𝑇 2

Open up bracket

4𝜋 2 ℎ2 + 4𝜋 2 𝑘 2 = ℎ𝑔𝑇 2

Subtract 4𝜋 2 ℎ2 from both sides

4𝜋 2 ℎ2 + 4𝜋 2 𝑘 2 − 4𝜋 2 ℎ2 = ℎ𝑔𝑇 2 − 4𝜋 2 ℎ2

Therefore ,

4𝜋 2 𝑘 2 = ℎ𝑔𝑇 2 − 4𝜋 2 ℎ2

Divide both sides by 4𝜋 2

4𝜋 2 𝑘 2 ℎ𝑔𝑇 2 − 4𝜋 2 ℎ2
=
4𝜋 2 4𝜋 2

ℎ𝑔𝑇 24−4𝜋2 ℎ2
Therefore, 𝑘 2 = 𝜋2

Taking square root to both sides

ℎ𝑔𝑇 2 − 4𝜋 2 ℎ2
𝑘=√
4𝜋 2

√ℎ𝑔 𝑇 2 − 2𝜋ℎ
𝑘=
2𝜋
 𝑃𝑅𝑇
Example : simple interest 𝐼 is given by the formula 𝐼 = . Make 𝑃 the subject of the formula.
100

Solution

𝑃𝑅𝑇
𝐼=
100

Cross multiply 𝑃𝑅𝑇 = 100𝐼

Divide both sides by 𝑅𝑇

𝑃𝑅𝑇 100𝑙
=
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇

100𝑙
𝑃 = 𝑅𝑇

Exercise

Make the following the subject of the formula

1
1. =1−1 (𝑣)
𝑢 𝑓 𝑣

2. 𝐷 = 1 𝑀𝐾 2 (𝑚)
3
3. 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝑥
+𝑦 =𝑦 (a)
4. 𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 (s)

41
Week 7:

Topic

Factorization of algebraic expressions of the form 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 .

Learning Objective:

At the end of the lesson the Students should be able to

- expand algebraic expression by removing brackets.
- factorize algebraic expressions involving two or more terms by grouping and using of brackets.
-identify and factorize quadratic expressions.
- factorize the expression of the form 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 .

1. Directed Algebraic Term

Directed algebraic forms like directed numbers are either positive or negative, with the sign
before it.
a. +𝑎 (positivs)
b. −𝑦 (Negative)
c. +25𝑝𝑞 (positive)
d. −10𝑦𝑥 (Negative)

Operation with Directed Algebraic Terms

Addition and subtraction

Example

a. (+𝑎) + (+2𝑎) = 𝑎 + 2𝑎 = 3𝑎
b. (−4𝑎𝑏) + (−10𝑎𝑏) = −4𝑎𝑏 − 10𝑎𝑏 = −14𝑎𝑏
c. (+2𝑐) − (+5𝑐) = 2𝑐 − 5𝑐 = −3𝑐

Multiplication and Division

Simplify the following

a. −7 × (+5𝑎) b. (−7𝑦) × 3 c. (+𝑥) ÷ (+𝑦) d. (+𝑥) ÷ (−𝑦)

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
a. −7 × (+5𝑎) = −7 × 5𝑎 = −35𝑎
 b. (−7𝑦) × 3 = −7𝑦 × 3 = −21𝑦
c. (+𝑥) ÷ (+𝑦) = 𝑥 ÷ 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦
−𝑥
d. (+𝑥) ÷ (−𝑦) = 𝑥 ÷ (−𝑦) = 𝑥 =
−𝑦 𝑦

Find the value of each of the following when 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −2, = 1, 𝑞 = 4

a. 2𝑥𝑦

b. 3𝑝3 𝑞2

Solution

a. 2𝑥𝑦 = 2 × 3 × (−2) = −12

c. 3𝑝3 𝑞2 = 3 × 13 × 42 = 3 × 1 × 16 = 48

Expansion of Brackets

The order in which operations are performed is determined by brackets. A negative sign before a
bracket changes the sign or signs inside the brackets when the bracket is removed. A negative sign
after a bracket does not change the sign or signs within the bracket.

Example : Simplify the following

a. 10𝑝 − (4𝑝 + 2𝑞)

b. (𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧)
c. (3𝑛 − 2) − (𝑛 + 5)
d. 5(𝑦 + 1) − 3(𝑦 + 4)

Solution

a. 10𝑝 − (4𝑝 + 2𝑞) = 10𝑝 − 4𝑝 − 2𝑞 = 6𝑝 − 2𝑞

b. (𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2𝑦 + 𝑧
c. (3𝑛 − 2) − (𝑛 + 5) = 3𝑛 − 2 − 𝑛 − 5 = 2𝑛 − 7
d. 5(𝑦 + 1) − 3(𝑦 + 4) = 5𝑦 + 5 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 2𝑦 – 7

WORD PROBLEMS
Sum and Difference
1. When 30 is added to a number the result is -18. Find the number.
SOLUTION
The number be x
x + 30 = -18
x = - 48
2. The difference between a number and 5 is 20 what are the two positive numbers
SOLUTION
Let the number be x
x – (-5) = 20
x + 5 = 20
x – 15
If x is less than -5
-5 – x = 20
x = -5 – 20
x = -25
3. The sum of three consecutive integers is 138. Find the numbers.
SOLUTION
Let the numbers be n, n + r, and n + 2
n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) = 138
3n + 3 + 138
3n = 138
n = 45
n + 1 = 46
n + 2 = 47
The numbers are 45, 46, and 47
Exercise: Ex 2.1 No 6, 7, 8

Product
3 1
Examples: (1) Find the product of 1 , -0.8 and - 2 (2) what number must be multiplied by 25 to make
4 2
3
? (3) The product of 3 numbers is 3600. If two of the numbers are equal and the third number are 25.
4
Find the two equal numbers.
SOLUTION

1.
7 −8
4
x( )x
10
−5
2 ( ) (2) Let the number be x (3) 25 x x x x = 3600
7 3
= 25 × x = 25 x 2 = 3600
4 4
1 3600
=3 100x = 3 x2 =
2 25
 3
x= x 2 = 144
100
x = 0.03 x = 12
Solving combine products with sum and difference
Examples: (1) Add the sum of the 20 and 30.5 to the position difference between 25 and 45. (2) From
3 5
the sum of 8 ad 7 subtract the negative difference between 15 and 24 (3) find the product of 3 and
4 6
SOLUTION
15 5
1. (20 + 30.5) + (45 – 25) (2) -8 + 7 – 115 – 25 (3) Sum = +
4 6
45+10
= 50.5 + 20 = -8 + 7 + 9
12
55
= 70.5 =8 =
12
2 55
Product = x
5 12
11 5
= =1
6 6
Exercise: Ex. 2.3 No 1, 2, 3, page 17.
Word problems with fractions
Examples:
3 3
1. Find the three-fifth of the sum of 45 and -60. (45 – 60) = (-15) = -9
5 5
25−10 15
2. Divide the difference between 25 and 10 by the product of 6 and 5. = = 0.5
6x5 30
1 1 1 4
3. Find one-quarter of the sum of the product of 2 and 3 and the product of 1 and
8 5 2 9

Solution: [(
1 17 16
x
4 8 5
3 4
+ x
2 9)( )] = 2810 = 1 1315
Exercise: Ex 2.4 No 1, 2, 3, page 18
Problems leading to equations
Examples
3
1. When of a number is added to 30. The result is 20 added to the number find the number.
5
2. When the sum of 28 and a certain number is divided by 5. The result is equal to treble the original
number. What is the number?
SOLUTION
(1) Let the number be x (2) Let the number be x
 3 28+ x
Hence x + 30 = x + 30 = 3x
5 5
Multiply each term by 5 15 x = 28 + x
14 x 28
3 x + 150 = 5 x + 100 =
14 14
5 x - 3 x = 150 -100 x=2
2 x = 50
x = 25

43
Difference of Two Square

It has been established that the difference of two squares of two numbers is equal to the
product of the sum of the numbers and their differences.
i.e 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) this is always true no matter what the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 may
be.

Evaluate the following

a. 𝑎2 − 𝑏2

b. 872 − 822

c. 1012 − 992
d. 16𝑚2 − 9𝑛2

Solution

a. 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
b. 872 − 822 = (87 − 82)(87 + 82) = 196 × 5 = 845
c. 1012 − 992 = (101 + 99)(101 − 99) = 200 × 2 = 400
d. 16𝑚2 − 9𝑛2 = (4𝑚 + 3𝑛)(4𝑚 − 3𝑚)

Factors by Grouping Terms

To factorize a given expression, it is necessary to group like terms or terms that contain common
factors.

Example : Factorize the following by grouping

a. 𝑐𝑏 − 𝑐𝑒 − 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑑𝑒
b. 1 − 𝑛2 − 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑛
c. 𝑑𝑛 − 𝑑𝑝 − 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑝

Solution :

a. 𝑐𝑏 − 𝑐𝑒 − 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑑𝑒 = (𝑏 − 𝑒) − 𝑑(𝑏 − 𝑒) = (𝑏 − 𝑒)(𝑐 − 𝑑)
b. 1 − 𝑛2 − 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑛 = (1 − 𝑛)(1 + 𝑛) − 𝑢(1 + 𝑛) = (1 + 𝑛)(1 − 𝑛 − 𝑢)
c. 𝑑𝑛 − 𝑑𝑝 − 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑑(𝑛 − 𝑝) − 𝐼(𝑛 − 𝑝) = (𝑛 − 𝑝)(𝑑 − 𝐼)
Quadratic Expression

An expression of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎, , 𝑐 are numbers (constants) and 𝑎 ≠ 0 is a quadratic

expression. It has a second degree in 𝑥 and is obtained by multiplying two binomials in 𝑥.

Examples : Simplify the following expressions

a. (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 5) = 2𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 15 = 2𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 15

b. (5𝑥 − 4)(5𝑥 + 4) = 25𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 − 20𝑥 − 16 = 25𝑥 2 − 16
c. (5𝑝 + 2)2 = (5𝑝 + 2)(5𝑝 + 2) = 25𝑝2 + 10𝑝 + 10𝑝 + 4 = 25𝑝2 + 20𝑝 + 4

Factorization of a Quadratic Expression

To factorize 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, we rewrite the expression such that 𝑏𝑥 is written as a sum of two numbers
whose sum is 𝑏𝑥 and whose product is 𝑎𝑐.

Factorize the following

1. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 = 0
2. 6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2 = 0
3. 3𝑥 2 − 13𝑦 − 10 = 0

Solution

1. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 = 0
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 10 = 0
Collect it in pairs

(𝑥 + 2) + 5(𝑥 + 2) = 0

Therefore, (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 5) = 0

For (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 5) to be zero implies that (𝑥 + 2) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 + 5) = 0

45
Hence (𝑥 + 2) = 0

𝒙 = −𝟐

Or (𝑥 + 5) = 0

𝒙 = −𝟓

1. Therefore the solution or the root of the equation 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 = 0

Is 𝑥 = −2 𝑜𝑟 − 5

2. 6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2 = 0
6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 0
Collecting it in pairs, we have
3(2𝑥 − 1) − 2(2𝑥 − 1) = 0
(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑜𝑟 (3𝑥 − 2) = 0
Therefore,
(2𝑥 − 1) = 0
2𝑥 = 1
Divide both sides by 2
𝟏
𝒙=
𝟐

Or

(3𝑥 − 2) = 0

3𝑥 = 2
Divide both sides by 3
𝟐
𝒙=
𝟑

3. 3𝑥 2 − 13𝑦 − 10 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15𝑥 − 10 = 0
Collecting it in pairs
 (3𝑥 + 2) − 5(3𝑥 + 2) = 0
(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
Therefore,
(3𝑥 + 2) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 5) = 0
3𝑥 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5
−2
𝑥= 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5

Exercises

Simplify the following

1. (−36𝑏2 𝑥) ÷ 6𝑏𝑥 2
2. (−5𝑥) × (−4𝑥)
3. (3𝑛 − 2)(2𝑛 − 9)

4. −2(𝑝 − 3𝑞)2

Factorize the following

1. 47𝑟 − 47𝑠

2. 852 − 752
3. 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0
4. (𝑥 − 3)2 = 25
5. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 15 = 0

WEEK 8:

Topic: Algebraic Expression involving Fraction

Learning Objective:
At the end of the lesson the Students should be able to
-solve simple equations involving fraction by eliminating the denominators using the L.C.M of the
denominators.

47
- solve simple equations involving fractions with monomial denominators.
- solve algebraic equations involving fractions with unknown in the numerator.
-- solve algebraic equations involving fractions with unknown in the denominator.
- solve algebraic equations with binomials in the denominator.
- translate word problems involving fractions into mathematical statements.

Example: Simplify the following

𝑎
2𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎−1 2−𝑏
a. − b. 𝑎 − 3
c. 2𝑏
− 𝑎
2𝑏 3𝑑

Solution

𝑎 2𝑐
−
2𝑏 3𝑑

L.C.M of 2𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑑

3𝑎𝑑 − 4𝑏𝑐
=
6𝑏𝑑

𝑎−𝑏
𝑎−
3

3𝑎 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)
=
3

3𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑏
=
3

2𝑎 + 𝑏
=
3

3
Example : Simplify 2 −
𝑥−1 𝑥−2

2 3
−
𝑥−1 𝑥−2

𝐿 ,𝐶 .𝑀

2 3 2(𝑥 − 2) − 3(𝑥 − 1)
− =
𝑥−1 𝑥−2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

2𝑥−4−3𝑥+3
=
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
 −𝑥−1
=
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)

2 1
Example : simplify 3 − +
𝑥−3 (𝑥−3)2

Solution

2 1
3− +
𝑥−3 (𝑥 − 3)2

L.C.M

3(𝑥 − 3)2 − 2(𝑥 − 3) + 1(1)

=
(𝑥 − 3)2

3(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) − 2𝑥 + 6 + 1
=
(𝑥 − 3)2

3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 27 − 2𝑥 + 7
=
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9

3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 34
=
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9

3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 34
=
(𝑥 − 3)2

Exercises

Simplify the following :

1. 𝟏 +
𝟏 𝒂+𝟏
2.
𝒂−𝟏
𝟓
3. −
𝟔 𝒙−𝟏
4. 𝒙−𝟐
𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙
5. 𝟑(𝒙+𝟏)
− 𝟐(𝒙−𝟐)
𝟖 𝟗 𝟑
− +
𝟕𝒙 𝟔𝒙 𝟒𝒙
𝒚+𝟏 𝟓
−
𝒚𝟐 −𝟒 𝒚+𝟐

49