Bootstrap

About the Tutorial

Twitter Bootstrap is the most popular front end framework in the recent time. It is sleek,
intuitive, and powerful mobile first front-end framework for faster and easier webdevelopment.
It uses HTML, CSS and Javascript.
This tutorial will teach you the basics of Bootstrap Framework using which you can
create web projects with ease. The tutorial is divided into sections such as BootstrapBasic
Structure, Bootstrap CSS, Bootstrap Layout Components and Bootstrap Plugins. Each of these
sections contain related topics with simple and useful examples.

Audience

This tutorial has been prepared for anyone who has a basic knowledge of
HTML and CSS and has an urge to develop websites. After completing this
tutorial you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in developing
web projects using Twitter Bootstrap.

i
 Bootstrap

Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ····································································································································i

Audience···················································································································································i

Prerequisites·············································································································································i

Copyright & Disclaimer ·····························································································································i

Table of Contents····································································································································· ii

1. BOOTSTRAP ─ OVERVIEW ·································································································1

2. BOOTSTRAP ─ ENVIRONMENT SETUP ·············································································· 3

Download Bootstrap ································································································································3

File structure············································································································································3

HTML Template ·······································································································································4

3. BOOTSTRAP ─ GRID SYSTEM ····························································································6

What is a Grid? ········································································································································6

What is Bootstrap Grid System? ··············································································································6

Working of Bootstrap Grid System···········································································································6

Media Queries ·········································································································································7

Grid Options ············································································································································8

Responsive Column Resets ···················································································································· 14

Offset Columns ······································································································································ 15

Nesting Columns ···································································································································· 16

Column Ordering ··································································································································· 17

4. BOOTSTRAP ─ CSS OVERVIEW ·······················································································19

HTML5 doctype······································································································································ 19

Mobile First ··········································································································································· 19

Responsive Images ································································································································ 20

 Bootstrap

Typography and Links ···························································································································· 20

Normalize ··············································································································································20

Containers ············································································································································· 20

5. BOOTSTRAP ─ TYPOGRAPHY ···························································································22

Headings ················································································································································ 22

Lead Body Copy ····································································································································· 23

Emphasis ··············································································································································· 23

Abbreviations ········································································································································ 24

Addresses ·············································································································································· 24

Blockquotes ··········································································································································· 25

Lists ······················································································································································· 26

6. BOOTSTRAP ─ CODE ········································································································29

7. BOOTSTRAP ─ TABLES ······································································································30

Basic Table ············································································································································· 30

Optional Table Classes ··························································································································· 31

Contextual classes ································································································································· 35

Responsive tables ·································································································································· 37

8. BOOTSTRAP ─ FORMS ·····································································································39

Form Layout··········································································································································· 39

Supported Form Controls······················································································································· 42

Static Control ·········································································································································45

Form Control States ······························································································································· 46

Form Control Sizing································································································································ 49

Help Text ··············································································································································· 50

9. BOOTSTRAP ─ BUTTONS ·································································································51

Button Size ············································································································································ 52

 Bootstrap

Button State ·········································································································································· 54

Button Tags············································································································································ 57

10. BOOTSTRAP ─ IMAGES ····································································································58

11. BOOTSTRAP ─ HELPER CLASSES ······················································································59

Close icon ·············································································································································· 59

Carets ···················································································································································· 59

Quick Floats ··········································································································································· 59

Center Content Blocks ··························································································································· 60

Clearfix ··················································································································································60

Showing and Hiding Content·················································································································· 61

Screen Reader Content ·························································································································· 61

12. BOOTSTRAP ─ RESPONSIVE UTILITIES ············································································62

Print Classes··········································································································································· 62

13. BOOTSTRAP ─ GLYPHICONS ····························································································64

What are Glyphicons?···························································································································· 64

Where to find Glyphicons? ···················································································································· 64

Usage····················································································································································· 64

14. BOOTSTRAP ─ DROPDOWNS···························································································66

Options ·················································································································································· 67

15. BOOTSTRAP ─ BUTTON GROUPS ····················································································70

Basic Button Group ································································································································ 71

Button Toolbar ······································································································································ 71

Button Size ············································································································································ 72

Nesting ·················································································································································· 72

Vertical Buttongroup ····························································································································· 73

 Bootstrap

16. BOOTSTRAP ─ BUTTON DROPDOWNS ···········································································75

Split Button Dropdowns ························································································································ 76

Button Dropdown Size ··························································································································· 77

Dropup Variation ··································································································································· 78

17. BOOTSTRAP ─ INPUT GROUPS ························································································80

Basic Input Group ·································································································································· 80

Input Group Sizing ································································································································· 81

Checkboxes and Radio Addons ·············································································································· 82

Button Addons······································································································································· 83

Buttons with Dropdowns ······················································································································· 84

Segmented Buttons ······························································································································· 85

18. BOOTSTRAP ─ NAVIGATION ELEMENTS ·········································································88

Tabular Navigation or Tabs ···················································································································· 88

Pills Navigation ······································································································································ 88

Justified Nav ·········································································································································· 90

Disabled Links ········································································································································ 90

Dropdowns ············································································································································ 91

19. BOOTSTRAP ─ NAVBAR ···································································································94

Default Navbar ······································································································································ 94

Responsive Navbar ································································································································ 95

Forms in Navbar ···································································································································· 96

Buttons in Navbar ·································································································································· 97

Text in Navbar ······································································································································· 98

Non-nav Links ········································································································································ 98

Component Alignment ··························································································································· 99

Fixed to Top ········································································································································· 101

 Bootstrap

Fixed to Bottom ··································································································································· 102

Static Top ············································································································································· 103

Inverted Navbar··································································································································· 104

20. BOOTSTRAP ─ BREADCRUMB ······················································································ 106

21. BOOTSTRAP ─ PAGINATION ··························································································107

Pagination ··········································································································································· 107

Pager ··················································································································································· 110

22. BOOTSTRAP ─ LABELS··································································································· 112

23. BOOTSTRAP ─ BADGES ··································································································113

Active Nav States ································································································································· 113

24. BOOTSTRAP ─ JUMBOTRON···························································································115

25. BOOTSTRAP ─ PAGE HEADER ·························································································· 117

26. BOOTSTRAP ─ THUMBNAILS ···························································································118

Adding Custom Content ······················································································································· 119

27. BOOTSTRAP ─ ALERTS ·····································································································122

Dismissal Alerts ··································································································································· 122

Links in Alerts ······································································································································ 124

28. BOOTSTRAP ─ PROGRESS BARS ·····················································································125

Default Progress Bar ···························································································································· 125

Alternate Progress Bar ························································································································· 125

Striped Progress Bar ···························································································································· 127

Animated Progress Bar ························································································································ 128

Stacked Progress Bar ··························································································································· 128

29. BOOTSTRAP ─ MEDIA OBJECT ······················································································ 130

 Bootstrap

30. BOOTSTRAP ─ LIST GROUP ··························································································· 135

Adding Badges to List Group ················································································································ 135

Linking List Group Items······················································································································· 136

Add Custom Content to List Group ······································································································ 137

31. BOOTSTRAP ─ PANELS ···································································································139

Panel with Heading ······························································································································ 139

Panel with Footer ································································································································ 140

Panel Contextual Alternatives ············································································································· 141

Panel with Tables································································································································· 142

Panel with Listgroups··························································································································· 143

32. BOOTSTRAP ─ WELLS···································································································· 145

Sizing ··················································································································································· 145

33. BOOTSTRAP ─ PLUGINS OVERVIEW ············································································· 146

Data Attributes ···································································································································· 146

Programmatic API ································································································································ 146

No Conflict ··········································································································································· 147

Events ·················································································································································· 147

34. BOOTSTRAP ─ TRANSITION PLUGIN ··········································································· 148

Use Cases ············································································································································· 148

35. BOOTSTRAP ─ MODAL PLUGIN ···················································································· 149

Usage··················································································································································· 149

Options ················································································································································ 151

Methods ·············································································································································· 152

Events ·················································································································································· 154

36. BOOTSTRAP ─ DROPDOWN PLUGIN ··········································································· 157

 Bootstrap

Usage··················································································································································· 157

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Methods ·············································································································································· 160

37. BOOTSTRAP ─ SCROLLSPY PLUGIN ···············································································162

Usage··················································································································································· 162

Options ················································································································································ 164

Methods ·············································································································································· 165

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38. BOOTSTRAP ─ TAB PLUGIN ································································································· 172

Usage··················································································································································· 172

Fade Effect ···········································································································································173

Methods ·············································································································································· 174

Events ·················································································································································· 177

39. BOOTSTRAP ─ TOOLTIP PLUGIN·························································································· 180

Usage··················································································································································· 180

Options ················································································································································ 182

Methods ·············································································································································· 183

Events ·················································································································································· 185

40. BOOTSTRAP ─ POPOVER PLUGIN ························································································ 187

Usage··················································································································································· 187

Options ················································································································································ 188

Methods ·············································································································································· 190

Events ·················································································································································· 192

41. BOOTSTRAP ─ ALERT PLUGIN······················································································ 194

Usage··················································································································································· 194

Options ················································································································································ 195

 Bootstrap

Methods ·············································································································································· 195

Events ·················································································································································· 196

42. BOOTSTRAP ─ BUTTON PLUGIN····················································································198

Loading State ······································································································································· 198

Single Toggle········································································································································ 199

Checkbox ············································································································································· 199

Radio ··················································································································································· 200

Usage··················································································································································· 200

Options ················································································································································ 200

Methods ·············································································································································· 200

43. BOOTSTRAP ─ COLLAPSE PLUGIN ··············································································· 204

Usage··················································································································································· 206

Options ················································································································································ 207

Methods ·············································································································································· 207

Events ·················································································································································· 210

44. BOOTSTRAP ─ CAROUSEL PLUGIN ················································································213

Optional Captions ································································································································ 214

Usage··················································································································································· 215

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Methods ·············································································································································· 216

Events ·················································································································································· 219

45. BOOTSTRAP ─ AFFIX PLUGIN ························································································ 222

Usage··················································································································································· 222

Positioning via CSS ······························································································································· 228

Options ················································································································································ 229

 1. Bootstrap ─ Overview

What is Twitter Bootstrap?

Bootstrap is a sleek, intuitive, and powerful, mobile first front-end framework for faster
and easier web development. It uses HTML, CSS, and Javascript.
Bootstrap was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at Twitter. It was released as
an open source product in August 2011 on GitHub.

Why Use Bootstrap?

 Mobile first approach: Bootstrap 3 framework consists of Mobile first styles
throughout the entire library instead of them in separate files.

 Browser Support: It is supported by all popular browsers.

 Easy to get started: With just the knowledge of HTML and CSS anyone can get
started with Bootstrap. Also the Bootstrap official site has a good documentation.

 Responsive design: Bootstrap's responsive CSS adjusts to Desktops, Tablets and

Mobiles. More about the responsive design is in the chapter BootstrapResponsive
Design.

 Provides a clean and uniform solution for building an interface for developers.
 It contains beautiful and functional built-in components which are easy to
customize.

 It also provides web-based customization.

 And best of all it is an open source.

1
 Bootstrap

What Bootstrap Package Includes?

 Scaffolding: Bootstrap provides a basic structure with Grid System, link
styles, and background. This is covered in detail in the section Bootstrap
Basic Structure.
 CSS: Bootstrap comes with the feature of global CSS settings, fundamental
HTML elements styled and enhanced with extensible classes, and an
advanced grid system. This is covered in detail in the section Bootstrap with
CSS.

 Components: Bootstrap contains over a dozen reusable components built

to provide iconography, dropdowns, navigation, alerts, pop-overs, and much
more. This is covered in detail in the section Layout Components.

 JavaScript Plugins: Bootstrap contains over a dozen custom jQuery plugins.

You can easily include them all, or one by one. This is covered in details in the
section Bootstrap Plugins.
 Customize: You can customize Bootstrap's components, LESS variables, and
jQuery plugins to get your very own version.

2
 2. Bootstrap ─ Environment Setup

It is very easy to setup and start using Bootstrap. This chapter will explain how to download
and setup Bootstrap. We will also discuss the Bootstrap file structure, and demonstrate its
usage with an example.

Download Bootstrap
You can download the latest version of Bootstrap from http://getbootstrap.com/. When
you click on this link, you will get to see a screen as below:

Here you can see two buttons:

 Download Bootstrap: Clicking this, you can download the precompiled and
minified versions of Bootstrap CSS, JavaScript, and fonts. No documentation or original
source code files are included.

 Download Source: Clicking this, you can get the latest Bootstrap LESS
and JavaScript source code directly from GitHub.
If you work with Bootstrap's uncompiled source code, you need to compile the LESS files
to produce usable CSS files. For compiling LESS files into CSS, Bootstrap officially supports
only Recess, which is Twitter's CSS hinter based on less.js.

For better understanding and ease of use, we shall use precompiled version of Bootstrap
throughout the tutorial. As the files are complied and minified, you don't have to bother
every time including separate files for individual functionality. At the time of writing this
tutorial the latest version (Bootstrap 3) was downloaded.

File structure
Precompiled Bootstrap
Once the compiled version Bootstrap is downloaded, extract the ZIP file, and you will see
the following file/directory structure:.

3
 Bootstrap

As you can see, there are compiled CSS and JS (bootstrap.*), as well as compiled and
minified CSS and JS (bootstrap.min.*). Fonts from Glyphicons are included, as it is the
optional Bootstrap theme.

Bootstrap Source Code

If you have downloaded the Bootstrap source code then the file structure would be as
follows:

 The files under less/, js/, and fonts/ are the source code for Bootstrap CSS, JS,
and icon fonts (respectively).
 The dist/ folder includes everything listed in the precompiled download section
above.
 docs-assets/, examples/, and all *.html files are Bootstrap documentation.

HTML Template
A basic HTML template using Bootstrap would look like this:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bootstrap 101 Template</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<!-- Bootstrap -->
<link href="css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
 Bootstrap

<!-- HTML5 Shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries
-->
<!-- WARNING: Respond.js doesn't work if you view the page
via file:// -->
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/
html5shiv.js"></script>
<script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/
respond.min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

<!-- jQuery (necessary for Bootstrap's JavaScript plugins) -->

<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery.js"></script>
<!-- Include all compiled plugins (below), or include individual files as needed
-->
<script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Here you can see the jquery.js, bootstrap.min.js and bootstrap.min.css files that are
included to make a normal HTM file to the Bootstrapped Template. Just make sure to
include jQuery library before you include Bootstrap library.
More details about each of the elements in this above piece of code will be discussed in
the chapter Bootstrap CSS Overview.

This template structure is already included as part of the Try it (online compiler) tool.
Hence in all the examples (in the following chapters) of this tutorial you will only see the
contents of the <body> element. Once you click on the Try it option available at the top
right corner of example, and you will see the entire code.

Example
Now let's try an example using the above template. Try the following example using Try
it option available at the top right corner of the below sample code box on our website:

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

In all the subsequent chapters we have used dummy text from the site
http://www.lipsum.com/.

5
In this chapter, we shall discuss the Bootstrap Grid System.

What is a Grid?
As put by Wikipedia:
In graphic design, a grid is a structure (usually two-dimensional) made up of a series of
intersecting straight (vertical, horizontal) lines used to structure the content. It is widely
used to design layout and content structure in print design. In web design, it is a very
effective method to create a consistent layout rapidly and effectively using HTML and CSS.
To put in simple words, grids in web design organize and structure content, makes the
websites easy to scan and reduces the cognitive load on users.

What is Bootstrap Grid System?

As put by the official documentation of Bootstrap for grid system:

Bootstrap includes a responsive, mobile first fluid grid system that appropriately scales
up to 12 columns as the device or viewport size increases. It includes predefined classes
for easy layout options, as well as powerful mixins for generating more semantic layouts.
Let us understand the above statement. Bootstrap 3 is mobile first in the sense that the
code for Bootstrap now starts by targeting smaller screens like mobile devices, tablets,
and then “expands” components and grids for larger screens such as laptops, desktops.

Mobile First Strategy

 Content
o Determine what is most important.
 Layout

o Design to smaller widths first.

o Base CSS address mobile device first; media queries address for tablet,
desktops.

 Progressive Enhancement

o Add elements as screen size increases.

Working of Bootstrap Grid System

Grid systems are used for creating page layouts through a series of rows and columns that
house your content. Here's how the Bootstrap grid system works:
 Rows must be placed within a .container class for proper alignment and padding.

 Use rows to create horizontal groups of columns. 6

 Bootstrap

 Content should be placed within the columns, and only columns may be the
immediate children of rows.

 Predefined grid classes like .row and .col-xs-4 are available for quickly making
grid layouts. LESS mixins can also be used for more semantic layouts.
 Columns create gutters (gaps between column content) via padding. That padding
is offset in rows for the first and the last column via negative margin on .rows.

 Grid columns are created by specifying the number of twelve available columns you
wish to span. For example, three equal columns would use three .col-xs-4.

Media Queries
Media query is a really fancy term for "conditional CSS rule". It simply applies some
CSS, based on certain conditions set forth. If those conditions are met, the style is applied.
Media Queries in Bootstrap allow you to move, show and hide content based on the
viewport size. Following media queries are used in LESS files to create the key breakpoints
in the Bootstrap grid system.

/* Extra small devices (phones, less than 768px) */

/* No media query since this is the default in Bootstrap */

/* Small devices (tablets, 768px and up) */

@media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) { ... }

/* Medium devices (desktops, 992px and up) */

@media (min-width: @screen-md-min) { ... }

/* Large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up) */

@media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { ... }

Occasionally these are expanded to include a max-width to limit CSS to a narrower set
of devices.

@media (max-width: @screen-xs-max) { ... }

@media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) and (max-width: @screen-sm-max) { ... }
@media (min-width: @screen-md-min) and (max-width: @screen-md-max) { ... }
@media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { ... }

Media queries have two parts, a device specification and then a size rule. In the above
case, the following rule is set:
 Bootstrap

Let us consider this line:

@media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) and (max-width: @screen-sm-max) { ... }

For all devices no matter what kind with min-width: @screen-sm-min, if the width of the
screen gets smaller than @screen-sm-max, then do something.

Grid Options
The following table summarizes aspects of how Bootstrap grid system works across
multiple devices:

Extra small Medium

Small devices Large devices
devices devices
Tablets Desktops
Phones Desktops
(≥768px) (≥1200px)
(<768px) (≥992px)

Collapsed to Collapsed to Collapsed to

Grid Horizontal at start, horizontal start, horizontal start, horizontal
behavior all times above above above
breakpoints breakpoints breakpoints

Max
container None (auto) 750px 970px 1170px
width

Class
.col-xs- .col-sm- .col-md- .col-lg-
prefix

# of
12 12 12 12
columns

Max
column Auto 60px 78px 95px
width

30px 30px 30px

30px
Gutter (15px on each (15px on each (15px on each
(15px on each side
width side of a side of a side of a
of a column)
column) column) column)

Nestable Yes Yes Yes Yes

Offsets Yes Yes Yes Yes

 Bootstrap

Column
Yes Yes Yes Yes
ordering

Basic Grid Structure

Following is basic structure of Bootstrap grid:

<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-*-*"></div>
<div class="col-*-*"></div>
</div>
<div class="row">...</div>
</div>
<div class="container">....

Let us see some simple grid examples:

Example: Stacked-to-horizontal
Let us see a simple grid example with simple layout: two columns, two paragraphs per
column. (Here styling for each column is used. You can avoid it.)

<div class="container">
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

<div class="row">

<div class="col-md-6" style="background-color: #dedef8; box-shadow:

inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut
enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris
nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
</p>

<p>Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem

accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa
quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae
vitae dicta sunt explicabo.
</p>
 Bootstrap

</div>

<div class="col-md-6" style="background-color: #dedef8;box-shadow:

inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;">
<p>Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem
accusantium doloremque laudantium.
</p>

<p> Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit
amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius
modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat
voluptatem.
</p>
</div>
</div>

Details
 <div class="container">...</div> element is added to ensure proper centering
and maximum width for layout.
 Once container is added, next you need to think in terms of rows. Add <div
class="row">...</div> and columns <div class="col-md-6"></div> inside
the rows.

 Every row in the grid is made up of 12 units and you can define the desired size
of your columns using those units. In our example we have two columns each made
of 6 units wide i.e 6+6=12.

You can try some more options like:

<div class="col-md-3"></div> and <div class="col-md-9"></div>

or <div class="col-md-7"></div> and <div class="col-md-5"></div>.

Experiment and make sure that the sum always needs to be 12.
 Bootstrap

Example: Medium and Large Device

We have seen the basic grid system in ‘Example: Stacked-to-horizontal’. Here we have
used 2 divs and gave them the 50%/50% split at the medium viewport width:

<div class="col-md-6">. .. </div>

<div class="col-md-6">. .. </div>

But at large, your design could really be better as a 33%/66%. So what we’re going to
do is, set it up to change the column widths at the breakpoint:

<div class="col-md-6 col-lg-4">.... </div>

<div class="col-md-6 col-lg-4">.... </div>

Now Bootstrap is going to say “at the medium size, I look at classes with md in them
and use those. At the large size, I look at classes with the word lg in them and use those.
In this case, our 2 divs will go from a 50%/50% split and then up to a 33%/66%. Check
it out in the following example. (Here styling for each column is used. You can avoid it.)

<div class="container">
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

<div class="row">

<div class="col-md-6 col-lg-4" style="background-color: #dedef8;

box-shadow: inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut
enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris
nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
</p>

<p>Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem

accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa
quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae
vitae dicta sunt explicabo.
</p>
</div>

<div class="col-md-6 col-lg-8"" style="background-color: #dedef8;

box-shadow: inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;">
 Bootstrap

<p>Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem

accusantium doloremque laudantium.
</p>

<p> Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit
amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius
modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat
voluptatem.
</p>
</div>
</div>

Example: Mobile, tablet, desktops

We have seen an example for Medium and Large Device. Now let us take it to another
level, where we would want to change it for the extra small phone size as well. Say we
want to add the option for the columns to be split 75%/25% for tablets, we go like this:

<div class="col-sm-3 col-md-6 col-lg-4">.... </div>

<div class="col-sm-9 col-md-6 col-lg-8">.... </div>

Now this gives us 3 different column layouts at each point. On a phone, it will be 75% on
the left, and 25% on the right. On a tablet, it will be 50%/50% again, and on a large
viewport, it will be 33%/66%. Three different layouts for each of the three responsive
sizes. Check it out in the following example. (Here styling for each column is used. You
can avoid it.)

<div class="container">
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

<div class="row">

<div class="col-sm-3 col-md-6 col-lg-8"

style="background-color: #dedef8; box-shadow:
inset 1px -1px 1px #444,
 Bootstrap

inset -1px 1px 1px #444;">

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod
tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,
quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo
consequat.
</p>

<p>Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem

accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa
quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta
sunt explicabo.
</p> </div>

<div class="col-sm-9 col-md-6 col-lg-4"

style="background-color: #dedef8; box-shadow:

inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px
#444;">
<p>Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem
accusantium doloremque laudantium.
</p>

<p> Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit
amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius
modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat
voluptatem.
</p>
</div>
</div>

13
 Bootstrap

Responsive Column Resets

With the four tiers of grids available, you are bound to run into issues where at certain
breakpoints, the columns don't clear quite right as one is taller than the other. To fix that,
use a combination of a class .clearfix and the responsive utility classes as shown in the
following example:

<div class="container">
<div class="row" >
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3"
style="background-color: #dedef8;
box-shadow: inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;"> <p>Lorem
ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit.</p>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3"
style="background-color: #dedef8;box-shadow:
inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod
tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut

enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris

nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

</p>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor incididunt ut.
</p>
</div>

<div class="clearfix visible-xs"></div>

<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3"

style="background-color: #dedef8;
box-shadow:inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;"> <p>Ut enim
ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco
laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. </p>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3"
style="background-color: #dedef8;box-shadow:

14
 Bootstrap

inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod
tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim
</p> </div>
</div>
</div>

Resize your viewport or check it out on your phone for a desired result of this example.

Offset Columns
Offsets are a useful feature for more specialized layouts. They can be used to push columns
over for more spacing (for example). The .col-xs=* classes don’t support offsets, but they
are easily replicated by using an empty cell.
To use offsets on large displays, use the .col-md-offset-* classes. These classes increase
the left margin of a column by * columns where * range from 1 to 11.
In the following example, we have <div class="col-md-6">..</div>. We will center this
using class .col-md-offset-3.

<div class="container">

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

<div class="row" >

<div class="col-xs-6 col-md-offset-3"
style="background-color: #dedef8;box-shadow:
inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. </p> </div>

</div>
</div>

15
 Bootstrap

Nesting Columns
To nest your content with the default grid, add a new .row and set of .col-md-
* columns within an existing .col-md-* column. Nested rows should include a set of
columns that add up to 12.
In the following example, the layout has two columns, with the second one being split
into four boxes over two rows.

<div class="container">

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

<div class="row">

<div class="col-md-3" style="background-color: #dedef8;box-shadow: inset

1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;">
<h4>First Column</h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit.</p> </div>

<div class="col-md-9" style="background-color: #dedef8;box-shadow: inset

1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;"> <h4>Second Column- Split
into 4 boxes</h4>
<div class="row">

<div class="col-md-6" style="background-color: #B18904;

box-shadow: inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px 444;">
<p>Consectetur art party Tonx culpa semiotics. Pinterest
assumenda minim organic quis.
</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6" style="background-color: #B18904;
box-shadow: inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px 444;"> <p> sed do
eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna
aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris
nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
</p> </div>
</div>

16
 Bootstrap

<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6" style="background-color: #B18904;
box-shadow: inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px 444;"> <p>quis nostrud
exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. </p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6" style="background-color: #B18904;
box-shadow: inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;"> <p>Lorem ipsum
dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad
minim.</p>
</div> </div>
</div> </div>
</div>

Column Ordering
Another nice feature of Bootstrap grid system is that you can easily write the columns in
an order, and show them in another one. You can easily change the order of built-in grid
columns with .col-md-push-* and .col-md-pull-* modifier classes where * rangefrom
1 to11.

In the following example we have two columns layout with left column being thenarrowest
and acting as a sidebar. We will swap the order of these columns using .col- md-push-*
and.col-md-pull-* classes.

<div class="container">
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

<div class="row">

17
 Bootstrap

<p>Before Ordering</p>
<div class="col-md-4" style="background-color: #dedef8;
box-shadow: inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;"> I am on
left
</div>
<div class="col-md-8" style="background-color: #dedef8;
box-shadow: inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px #444;"> I am on
right
</div>
</div><br>
<div class="row"> <p>After
Ordering</p>
<div class="col-md-4 col-md-push-8"
style="background-color: #dedef8; box-shadow:
inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px
#444;">
I was on left </div>
<div class="col-md-8 col-md-pull-4"
style="background-color: #dedef8; box-shadow:
inset 1px -1px 1px #444, inset -1px 1px 1px
#444;">
I was on right </div>
</div>

</div>

18
 4. Bootstrap ─ CSS Overview

This chapter provides an overview of the key pieces of Bootstrap's infrastructure,including

Bootstrap's approach to better, faster, stronger web development.

HTML5 doctype
Bootstrap makes use of certain HTML elements and CSS properties that require the use
of the HTML5 doctype. Hence, include the below piece of code for HTML5 doctype at the
beginning of all your projects using Bootstrap.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
....
</html>

Mobile First
Since Bootstrap 3 has been launched, Bootstrap has become ‘mobile first’. It means mobile
first styles can be found throughout the entire library instead of them in separate files. You
need to add the viewport meta tag to the <head> element, to ensure proper rendering
and touch zooming on mobile devices.

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

 width property controls the width of the device. Setting it to device-width will make
sure that it is rendered across various devices (mobiles, desktops, tablets...) properly.
 initial-scale=1.0 ensures that when loaded, your web page will be rendered at a
1:1 scale, and no zooming will be applied out of the box.
Add user-scalable=no to the content attribute, to disable zooming capabilities on mobile
devices as shown below. Users are only able to scroll and not zoom with this change, and
results in your site feeling a bit more like a native application.

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,

initial-scale=1.0,
maximum-scale=1.0,
user-scalable=no">

Normally maximum-scale=1.0 is used along with user-scalable=no. As mentioned above

user-scalable=no may give users an experience more like a native app, hence Bootstrap
doesn't recommend using this attribute.
 Bootstrap

Responsive Images
Bootstrap 3 allows you to make the images responsive by adding a class .img- responsive
to the <img> tag. This class applies max-width: 100%; and height: auto; to the image
so that it scales nicely to the parent element.

<img src="..." class="img-responsive" alt="Responsive image">

Typography and Links

Bootstrap sets a basic global display (background), typography, and link styles:

 Basic Global display: Sets background-color: #fff; on the <body> element.

 Typography: Uses the @font-family-base, @font-size-base, and @line-height-
base attributes as the typographic base.
 Link styles: Sets the global link color via attribute @link-color and apply link
underlines only on:hover.

If you intend to use LESS code, you may find all these within scaffolding.less.

Normalize
Bootstrap uses Normalize to establish cross browser consistency.
Normalize.css is a modern, HTML5-ready alternative to CSS resets. It is a small CSS file
that provides better cross-browser consistency in the default styling of HTML elements.

Containers
Use class .container to wrap a page's content and easily center the content's as shown
below.

<div class="container">
...
</div>

Take a look at the .container class in bootstrap.css file:

.container {
padding-right: 15px;
padding-left: 15px;
margin-right: auto;
margin-left: auto;
}

Note that, due to padding and fixed widths, containers are not nestable by default.
 Bootstrap

Take a look at bootstrap.css file:

@media (min-width: 768px) {

.container {

width: 750px;
}
}

Here you can see that CSS has media-queries for containers with width. This helps for
applying responsiveness and within those the container class is modified accordingly to
render the grid system properly.

21
 5. Bootstrap ─ Typography

Bootstrap uses Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, and sans-serif in its default font stack.
Using typography feature of Bootstrap you can create headings, paragraphs, lists and other
inline elements. Let see learn each one of these in the following sections.

Headings
All HTML headings (h1 to h6) are styled in Bootstrap. An example is shown below:

<h1>I'm Heading1 h1</h1>

<h2>I'm Heading2 h2</h2>
<h3>I'm Heading3 h3</h3>
<h4>I'm Heading4 h4</h4>
<h5>I'm Heading5 h5</h5>
<h6>I'm Heading6 h6</h6>

The above code segment with Bootstrap will produce following result:

Inline Subheadings
To add an inline subheading to any of the headings, simply add <small> around any of
the elements or add .small class and you will get smaller text in a lighter color as shown
in the example below:

<h1>I'm Heading1 h1. <small>I'm secondary Heading1 h1</small></h1>

<h2>I'm Heading2 h2. <small>I'm secondary Heading2 h2</small></h2>
<h3>I'm Heading3 h3. <small>I'm secondary Heading3 h3</small></h3>
<h4>I'm Heading4 h4. <small>I'm secondary Heading4 h4</small></h4>
<h5>I'm Heading5 h5. <small>I'm secondary Heading5 h5</small></h5>
<h6>I'm Heading6 h6. <small>I'm secondary Heading1 h6</small></h6>

22
 Bootstrap

The above code segment with Bootstrap will produce the following result:

Lead Body Copy

To add some emphasis to a paragraph, add class="lead". This will give you a larger
font size, lighter weight, and a taller line height as in the following example:

<h2>Lead Example</h2>
<p class="lead">This is an example paragraph demonstrating the use of lead
body copy. This is an example paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body
copy.This is an example paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body copy.This
is an example paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body copy.This is an
example paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body copy.</p>

Emphasis
HTML's default emphasis tags such as <small>, sets text at 85% the size of the parent,
<strong> emphasizes a text with heavier font-weight, and <em> emphasizes a text
in italics.
Bootstrap offers a few classes that can be used to provide emphasis on texts as seen
in the following example:
Bootstrap